Genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 225-225
Author(s):  
B. Gjerde ◽  
B. Villanueva

The high yields obtained in agriculture rely heavily on the use of domesticated and genetically improved breeds and varieties. Until quite recently this has not been the case for most farmed aquaculture species that, in the genetic sense, are still much closer to the wild state than are the major terrestrial animals and food crops. Less than 10 % of the total world aquaculture production is based on improved strains. Due to a growing human population and a decline in production from capture fisheries, there is therefore a great disparity between the need for increased aquaculture production and the genetic quality of the strains available to meet that need. Moreover, full benefits of investments in management improvements (feed and feeding practices, control of diseases, etc.) can only be obtained through the use of genetically improved animals.

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.Y. Xie ◽  
A.D. Yanchuk

Abstract This report describes the procedures that are currently used in British Columbia for predicting the breeding values of parents, estimating the genetic worth of orchard seedlots, and projecting the yields of genetically improved stocks. Breeding value is a measure of the genetic quality of an individual as a parent. There are several procedures available for its estimation/prediction. Among those, the best linear prediction (BLP) relaxes most of the assumptions required by the others and minimizes the error variance of prediction. In most situations in British Columbia, it should provide predictions with satisfactory accuracy and precision with greatly reduced computational complexity. In this province, breeding value for growth potential is expressed as percent gain of stem volume over the unimproved population at a designated rotation age.Genetic worth is an important attribute of the genetic quality of a seedlot. It represents the average level of genetic gain expected for the trait of concern at a designated rotation age when a seedlot is used for reforestation. Currently, the genetic worth of a seedlot is estimated by the mean breeding value of all the parents, including those that contribute to pollen contamination and supplemental mass pollination, weighted by their proportional gamete contributionsThe yield of a genetically improved plantation is projected by incorporating the genetic worth of the seedlot into the existing growth model developed based on extensive data from managed unimproved stands. The current approach not only takes account of the stand dynamics determined by site conditions and silvicultural regimes but also the declining nature of expected gain over time because of imperfect age-age genetic correlation.Because of errors from genetic and environmental sampling, measurement, and analysis, as well as possible violation of model assumptions, estimates/predictions may still be subject to errors and/or biases. Various conservative measures have been taken to minimize any possible upwards biases. As more matured data and advanced analytical technologies become available, both the accuracy and precision will be improved. The advancement made in the procedures described in this document should contribute to superior decisions in many aspects of forest management. West. J. Appl. For. 18(2):88–100.


2020 ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
Т.Э. Остонакулов ◽  
А.А. Шамсиев

В 2017–2019 годах изучены сортообразцы сладкого картофеля на староорошаемых лугово-сероземных почвах Зарафшанской долины. Цель исследований – комплексная оценка сортообразцов батата в условиях Зарафшанской долины по скороспелости, росту, развитию, интенсивному размножению, формированию урожая, компактности клубней в гнезде, продуктивности, урожайности и лежкости клубней и выделение из них перспективных, а также разработка приемов агротехнологии получения высоких урожаев для данных условий. Почвы опытного участка характеризуются благоприятными агрофизическими и водными свойствами и низким содержанием гумуса, нитратного азота, подвижного фосфора и содержанием обменного калия от низкого до среднего. Сравнивали 18 сортообразцов батата. Выделенные сортообразцы изучали при ширине междурядий 70 и 90 см со схемой 70×25 и 90×20 см по 1, 2 и 3 растения в гнезде. Для получения рассады сортообразцов батата брали по 40 клубней и высаживали 20–22 февраля в пленочной теплице при температуре 15–18 °C, заделывая их на глубину 3–5 см. Влажность почвы поддерживали на уровне 65–70%. Через 7–10 дней после высадки почки начинают прорастать, а через 43–48 дней формируется рассада высотой 12–15 см, готовая для высадки в поле. Высадка рассады, как и других рассадных культур (томата, перца, баклажана) – по схеме 70×20–25 см во второй-третьей декаде апреля. Уход включал в себя междурядную обработку (культивация), прополку, борьбу с сорняками, подкормку, поливы. Уборка урожая – в конце сентября-начале октября с помощью картофелекопателя. В результате исследований выделились сорта по скороспелости, дружности формирования ростков, ускоренному размножению, продуктивности, компактности клубней в гнезде и с высоким товарным урожаем – Сочакинур, Хар-Бей и Япон. Возделывание этих сортообразцов по схеме 70×25 и 90×20 см способствует получению товарного урожая высокого качества не менее 43–48 т/га. In 2017–2019, studies were conducted on the study of varieties of sweet potatoes on old-irrigated meadow-gray-earth soils of the Zarafshan valley. The purpose of the research is a comprehensive assessment of sweet potato varieties in the conditions of the Zarafshan valley in terms of early maturity, growth, development, intensive reproduction, yield formation, compactness of tubers in the nest, productivity, yield and keeping quality of tubers and the selection of promising ones, as well as the development of methods of agricultural technology for obtaining high yields for given conditions. The soil is characterized by favorable agrophysical and water properties and low content of humus, nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and a low-average content of exchange potassium. Eighteen sweet potato varieties were compared. The selected variety samples were studied with a row spacing of 70 and 90 cm with a scheme of 70×25 and 90×20 cm for 1, 2 and 3 seedlings in the nest. To obtain seedlings of sweet potato varieties, 40 tubers were taken and planted on February 20–22 in a film greenhouse at a temperature of 15–18 °C, seeding to a depth of 3–5 cm, the soil moisture was maintained at 65–70%. 7–10 days after planting, the buds began to germinate, and after 43–48 days, seedlings were formed with a height of 12–15 cm, which is ready for planting in the field. Planting seedlings in the field is carried out, as well as other seedlings (tomato, pepper, eggplant) according to the scheme 70x20–25 cm in the second or third decade of April. Growing includes inter-row processing (cultivation), weeding, weed control, top dressing, watering. Harvesting in late September, early October with a potato digger. As a result of the research, varieties were identified in terms of early maturity, sprout formation, accelerated reproduction, productivity, compactness of tubers in the nest and ensuring a high marketable yield – Sochakinur, Xar-Bey, and Japon. The cultivation of these varieties according to the scheme 70×25 and 90×20 cm contributes to the production of a commodity crop at 43–48 t/ha with good qualities.


Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Elena Corredoira ◽  
Rita L. Costa

The increasing degradation of forests, together with a higher demand for wood and fruit, has led to the need for more efficient trees adapted to the current climatic conditions and, thus, to the need for genetic improvement programs [...]


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1076
Author(s):  
Manuel Delgado-Pertíñez ◽  
Alberto Horcada

The quality of meat and dairy products can be evaluated from the perspective of the farmer seeking high yields and profits or the consumer for whom sensory characteristics are the most important, although health and ethical aspects, such as animal welfare and the environmental impact of the production system, are increasingly becoming concerns worldwide [...]


2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Murphy ◽  
Julian G. Mercer

A substantial proportion of noncommunicable disease originates in habitual overconsumption of calories, which can lead to weight gain and obesity and attendant comorbidities. At the other end of the spectrum, the consequences of undernutrition in early life and at different stages of adult life can also have major impact on wellbeing and quality of life. To help address some of these issues, greater understanding is required of interactions with food and contemporary diets throughout the life course and at a number of different levels: physiological, metabolic, psychological, and emotional. Here we review the current literature on the effects of dietary manipulation on anxiety-like behaviour. This evidence, assembled from study of preclinical models of diet challenge from gestation to adult life, supports a role for diet in the important connections between psychology, physiology, and behaviour. Analogous processes in the human population in our current obesogenic environment are likely to contribute to individual and societal challenges in this area.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard B. Degenholtz ◽  
Abby L. Resnick ◽  
Natalie Bulger ◽  
Lichun Chia

The quality of life (QOL) of the approximately 1.5 million nursing facility (NF) residents in the US is undoubtedly lower than desired by residents, families, providers, and policy makers. Although there have been important advances in defining and measuring QOL for this population, there is a need for interventions that are tied to standardized measurement and quality improvement programs. This paper describes the development and testing of a structured, tailored assessment and care planning process for improving the QOL of nursing home residents. The Quality of Life Structured Resident Interview and Care Plan (QOL.SRI/CP) builds on a decade of research on measuring QOL and is designed to be easily implemented in any US nursing home. The approach was developed through extensive and iterative pilot testing and then tested in a randomized controlled trial in three nursing homes. Residents were randomly assigned to receive the assessment alone or both the assessment and an individualized QOL care plan task. The results show that residents assigned to the intervention group experienced improved QOL at 90- and 180-day follow-up, while QOL of residents in the control group was unchanged.


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Fariba Moradi ◽  
Zohreh Balaghi ◽  
Mohsen Moghadami ◽  
Hassan Joulaei ◽  
Najaf Zare

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> Understanding clients’ perspectives on quality improvement programs is essential to achieve the goals of health services. Determining client satisfaction could help decision makers to implement programs fit to their needs as perceived by service providers and clients. This study aimed to assess the level of satisfaction among women attending health centers regarding the services received in governmental health facilities in Shiraz, southern Iran.</p><p><strong>METHOD:</strong> This cross-sectional study was performed in 24 urban health centers. Using systematic random sampling method, 8 clinics were assigned to each group. Then questionnaires were distributed among 240 married women in 15-49 year-old age group who had referred to selected clinics for receiving some services. For data analysis, SPSS version 15 software and Chi-square statistical procedure were used to evaluate clients’ satisfaction.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Data showed that 101 out of 240 respondents were completely satisfied with the personnel as well as the health center. Furthermore, satisfaction was found to be the highest among clients of those centers ranked as middle class socioeconomic status, while no significant difference was found between centers based on their socioeconomic status.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The results of the present study would enable policy-makers to effectively improve the quality of health care, keeping a balance between providers’ and patients’ perspectives on the quality of health care.</p>


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