Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and fifth generation (5G): an indispensable technology for sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave future generation mobile terminal applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Insha Ishteyaq ◽  
Khalid Muzaffar
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Coupling ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Mobile Terminal ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Mimo Antenna ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Almost All

Abstract The in-depth exploration in the future 5G technology symbolizes a revolution in technology for antenna designers to encounter the all time increasing need as well as demand for higher data rate wireless communications. The paper gives out an exhaustive review of the evolution and characteristics of the 5G spectrum allocations, the MIMO antenna design with regard to mutual coupling reduction techniques and safer user applications. It precisely covers almost all the aspects of 5G which mainly include the types of antenna designs and their performance parameters related to MIMO design. The paper also presents a brief description of massive MIMO technology for base station applications. The main aim of the paper is: (1) to emphasize the frequencies allocated for the 5G including sub-6 Ghz and mm-wave bands; (2) to underline the suitable antenna designs for MIMO applications for mobile devices and base stations; (3) to highlight the mutual coupling effects in MIMO designs and its reduction techniques; (4) to consider the gaps in the literature and the challenges for reducing SAR effects for the safety of the users. This review paper has been an attempt to explore the evolution of 5G bands and antenna designs for 5G applications, comparison based on the literature, and the techniques implemented for enhancing the MIMO antenna performances.

MIMO antennas with diversity and mutual coupling reduction techniques: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1763-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leeladhar Malviya ◽  
Rajib Kumar Panigrahi ◽  
M. V. Kartikeyan
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Coupling ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Mimo Antenna ◽  
Mimo Antennas ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Coupling Correlation ◽  
Mutual Coupling Reduction

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna is at core of the presently available wireless technologies. The design of MIMO antennas over a limited space requires various approaches of mutual coupling reduction, otherwise gain, efficiency, diversity gain, and radiation patterns will be severely affected. Various techniques have been reported in literature to control this degrading factor and to improve the performance of the MIMO antennas. In this review paper, we have carried out an extensive thorough investigation of diversity and mutual coupling (correlation) reduction techniques in compact MIMO antennas.

Dual circular slot ring triple-band MIMO antenna for 5G applications

Frequenz ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Kumar ◽  
Santosh Kumar Mahto ◽  
Rashmi Sinha ◽  
Arvind Choubey
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Coupling ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Mobile Terminal ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Mimo Antenna ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Smart Wearable ◽  
Triple Band

AbstractA Triple-band Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna for 5G mobile terminal applications is proposed in this paper. The design comprises four-port/two resonators, each having two concentric circular slot ring radiators etched on a ground plane of size 50 mm ${\times}$ 50 mm. The antenna is fed by perpendicularly arranged 50 Ω microstrip line feeds on the top layer. Decoupling techniques were used to suppress mutual coupling between the two resonators. The perpendicular arrangement of the feed lines and port reduces mutual coupling between the two ports and increases isolation. The antenna operates in multiple bands: 3.35–3.69 GHz, 24–28 GHz, and 37–40 GHz frequency range with central frequencies at 3.5 GHz, 26 GHz, and 38 GHz, respectively allocated for 5G. The antenna provides a gain of 2.7–7.8 dB and a radiation efficiency of 0.49–0.85 in the operating bands. Diversity performance is studied in terms of the Envelop Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Diversity Gain (DG), and Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) were found to be less than 0.01, greater than 9.99 dB, and less than −10 dB respectively. The proposed antenna offers good S-parameters, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), TARC, radiation pattern, high gain, and low ECC. The antenna was fabricated and tested. The measured results and simulated results are in good agreement. It possesses sufficient potential for 5G mobile terminal and smart wearable applications.

scholarly journals Mutual Coupling Reduction of DRA for MIMO Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
N. Al Shalaby ◽  
S. G. El-Sherbiny
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Coupling ◽  
Dielectric Material ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Antenna System ◽  
Parasitic Element ◽  
Mimo Antenna ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Element Method

In this paper, A multiple input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna using two Square Dielectric Resonators (SDRs) is introduced. The mutual coupling between the two SDRAs is reduced using two different methods; the first method is based on splitting a spiral slot in the ground plane, then filling the slot with dielectric material, "E.=2.2". The second method is based on inserting a copper parasitic element, having the same shape of the splitted Spiral, between the two SDRAs.  The effect of replacing the copper parasitic element with Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) parasitic element "SOC12 doped long-MWCNT BP" is also studied. The antenna system is designed to operate at 6 GHz. The analysis and simulations are carried out using finite element method (FEM). The defected ground plane method gives a maximum isolation of l8dB at element spacing of 30mm (0.6λo), whereas the parasitic element method gives a maximum isolation of 42.5dB at the same element spacing.

scholarly journals Minimization of Mutual Coupling Using Neutralization Line Technique for 2.4 GHz Wireless Applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Noor Najwa Wan Marzudi ◽  
Zuhairiah Zainal Abidin ◽  
Siti Zarina Mohd Muji ◽  
Yue Ma ◽  
Raed A. Abd-Alhameed
Keyword(s):  
Reflection Coefficient ◽  
Mutual Coupling ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Impedance Bandwidth ◽  
Mimo Antenna ◽  
Mimo Antennas ◽  
Wireless Applications ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Neutralization Line

This paper presented a planar printed multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with a dimension of 100 x 45 mm2. It composed of two crescent shaped radiators placed symmetrically with respect to the ground plane. Neutralization line applied to suppress mutual coupling. The proposed antenna examined both theoretically and experimentally, which achieves an impedance bandwidth of 18.67% (over 2.04-2.46 GHz) with a reflection coefficient < -10 dB and mutual coupling minimization of < -20 dB. An evaluation of MIMO antennas is presented, with analysis of correlation coefficient, total active reflection coefficient (TARC), capacity loss and channel capacity. These characteristics indicate that the proposed antenna suitable for some wireless applications.

scholarly journals High gain 5G MIMO antenna for mobile base station

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusnita Rahayu ◽  
Indah Permata Sari ◽  
Dara Incam Ramadhan ◽  
Razali Ngah
Keyword(s):  
Linear Array ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Impedance Bandwidth ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Mimo Antenna ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Mobile Base Station ◽  
Mobile Base

This article presented a millimeter wave antenna which operated at 38 GHz for 5G mobile base station. The MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna consisted of 1x10 linear array configurations. The proposed antenna’s size was 88 x 98 mm^2  and printed on 1.575 mm-thick Rogers Duroid 5880 subsrate with dielectric constant of ε_r= 2.2 and loss tangent (tanδ) of 0.0009. The antenna array covered along the azimuth plane to provide the coverage to the users in omnidirection. The simulated results showed that the single element antenna had the reflection coefficient (S11) of -59 dB, less than -10 dB in the frequency range of 35.5 - 39.6 GHz. More than 4.1 GHz of impedance bandwidth was obtained. The gain of the antenna linear array was 17.8 dBi while the suppression of the side lobes was -2.7 dB.  It showed a high array gain throughout the impedance bandwidth with overall of VSWR were below 1.0646. It designed using CST microwave studio.

scholarly journals Wearable Metamaterial Dual-Polarized High Isolation UWB MIMO Vivaldi Antenna for 5G and Satellite Communications

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1559
Author(s):  
Adam R. H. Alhawari ◽  
Tale Saeidi ◽  
Abdulkarem Hussein Mohammed Almawgani ◽  
Ayman Taher Hindi ◽  
Hisham Alghamdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Coupling ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Satellite Communications ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
Diversity Gain ◽  
Mimo Antenna ◽  
Antenna Performance ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Conductive Textile

A low-profile Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna showing dual polarization, low mutual coupling, and acceptable diversity gain is presented by this paper. The antenna introduces the requirements of fifth generation (5G) and the satellite communications. A horizontally (4.8–31 GHz) and vertically polarized (7.6–37 GHz) modified antipodal Vivaldi antennas are simulated, fabricated, and integrated, and then their characteristics are examined. An ultra-wideband (UWB) at working bandwidths of 3.7–3.85 GHz and 5–40 GHz are achieved. Low mutual coupling of less than −22 dB is achieved after loading the antenna with cross-curves, staircase meander line, and integration of the metamaterial elements. The antennas are designed on a denim textile substrate with = 1.4 and h= 0.5 mm. A conductive textile called ShieldIt is utilized as conductor with conductivity of 1.8 × 104. After optimizing the proposed UWB-MIMO antenna’s characteristics, it is increased to four elements positioned at the four corners of a denim textile substrate to be employed as a UWB-MIMO antenna for handset communications, 5G, Ka and Ku band, and satellite communications (X-band). The proposed eight port UWB-MIMO antenna has a maximum gain of 10.7 dBi, 98% radiation efficiency, less than 0.01 ECC, and acceptable diversity gain. Afterwards, the eight-ports antenna performance is examined on a simulated real voxel hand and chest. Then, it is evaluated and compared on physical hand and chest of body. Evidently, the simulated and measured results show good agreement between them. The proposed UWB-MIMO antenna offers a compact and flexible design, which is suitably wearable for 5G and satellite communications applications.

scholarly journals Optimal precoder designs for sum rate maximization in MIMO multiuser multicells

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-101
Author(s):  
Kha Hoang Ha ◽  
Long Dinh Nguyen ◽  
Tuan Hong Do
Keyword(s):  
Design Problem ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Transmission Strategy ◽  
Difference Of Convex Functions ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Difference Of Convex ◽  
Sum Rate ◽  
User Interference

This paper is concerned with the joint linear precoder design problem for the multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) heterogeneous networks (HetNets) in which multiple femto base stations (FBSs) coexist with a macro base station (MBS). To tackle the inter-user interference in the macrocell, we exploit the blockdiagonalization scheme and then use the convex optimization to maximize the sum rate of the macrocell. The FBS transmission strategy is to maximize the sum-rate of femtocells subject to the transmitted power constraints per FBS and restrictions on the cross-tier interference to macro-users (MUs). Such a design problem is typically nonconvex, and, thus, challenging to find the FBS precoders. We reformulate the design problem of the FBS precoders as a d.c. (difference of convex functions) programming, and develop an efficient iterative algorithm to obtain the optimal precoders. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the other methods in terms of the total sum-rate of the HetNet.

scholarly journals Sectoral dual-polarized MIMO antenna for 5G-NR band N77 base station

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1611
Author(s):  
Muhsin Muhsin ◽  
Afina Lina Nurlaili ◽  
Aulia Saharani ◽  
Indah Rahmawti Utami
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Mimo Systems ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Mimo Antenna ◽  
Future Technology ◽  
New Radio ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Dual Polarized

<span>Massive internet of things (IoT) in 5G has many advantages as a future technology. It brings some challenges such as a lot of devices need massive connection. In this case, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems offer high performance and capacity of communications. There is a challenge of correlation between antennas in MIMO. This paper proposes three-sectors MIMO base station antenna for 5G-New Radio (5G-NR) band N77 with dual polarized configuration to reduce the correlation. The proposed antenna has a maximum coupling of -16.90 dB and correlation below 0.01. The obtained bit error rate (BER) performance is very close to non-correlated antennas with bandwidth of 1.87 GHz. It means that the proposed antenna has been well designed.</span>

scholarly journals Mutual Coupling Reduction Using a Protruded Ground Branch Structure in a Compact UWB Owl-Shaped MIMO Antenna

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mchbal ◽  
N. Amar Touhami ◽  
H. Elftouh ◽  
A. Dkiouak
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Coupling ◽  
Impedance Matching ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Monopole Antenna ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
Impedance Bandwidth ◽  
Mimo Antenna ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Uwb Applications

A compact ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) antenna with high isolation is designed for UWB applications. The proposed MIMO antenna consists of two identical monopole antenna elements. To enhance the impedance matching, three slots are formed on the ground plane. The arc structure as well as the semicircle with an open-end slot is employed on the radiating elements the fact which helps to extend the impedance bandwidth of the monopole antenna from 3.1 up to 10.6 GHz, which corresponds to the UWB band. A ground branch decoupling structure is introduced between the two elements to reduce the mutual coupling. Simulation and measurement results show a bandwidth range from 3.1 to 11.12 GHz with |S11_|<−15 dB, |S21_|<−20 dB, and ECC < 0.002.

scholarly journals MUTUAL COUPLING EFFECT ON MIMO ANTENNA

2014 ◽  
pp. 247-250
Author(s):  
BHUSHAN R. KALAMKAR ◽  
SACHIN S. KHADE ◽  
B.L. BADJATE
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Array ◽  
Mutual Coupling ◽  
Mimo Systems ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mimo Antenna ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Plate Antenna

To reduce mutual coupling effect on MIMO Antenna this paper presents the analysis of bent ground plane antennas for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO). First, the three plate antenna array patterns of the envelope correlation coefficients are proposed to evaluate the diversity performance of antennas in MIMO systems. Following this, a compact three-element suspended plate antenna array with a bent ground plane is presented. The diversity performance of the design is experimentally and numerically analysed.

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