Wolfgang Köhler’s the Mentality of Apes and the Animal Psychology of his Time

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Ruiz ◽  
Natividad Sánchez

AbstractIn 1913, the Anthropoid Station for psychological and physiological research in chimpanzees and other apes was founded by the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (Berlin) near La Orotava, Tenerife. Eugene Teuber, its first director, began his work at the Station with several studies of anthropoid apes’ natural behavior, particularly chimpanzee body language. In late 1913, the psychologist Wolfgang Köhler, the second and final director of the Station, arrived in Tenerife. During his stay in the Canary Islands, Köhler conducted a series of studies on intelligent behavior in chimpanzees that would become classics in the field of comparative psychology. Those experiments were at the core of his book Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen (The Mentality of Apes), published in 1921. This paper analyzes Köhler’s experiments and notions of intelligent behavior in chimpanzees, emphasizing his distinctly descriptive approach to these issues. It also makes an effort to elucidate some of the theoretical ideas underpinning Köhler’s work. The ultimate goal of this paper is to assess the historical significance of Köhler’s book within the context of the animal psychology of his time.

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Taherdangkoo ◽  
Mahsa Paziresh ◽  
Mehran Yazdi ◽  
Mohammad Bagheri

AbstractIn this paper, we propose an optimization algorithm based on the intelligent behavior of stem cell swarms in reproduction and self-organization. Optimization algorithms, such as the Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm, can give solutions to linear and non-linear problems near to the optimum for many applications; however, in some case, they can suffer from becoming trapped in local optima. The Stem Cells Algorithm (SCA) is an optimization algorithm inspired by the natural behavior of stem cells in evolving themselves into new and improved cells. The SCA avoids the local optima problem successfully. In this paper, we have made small changes in the implementation of this algorithm to obtain improved performance over previous versions. Using a series of benchmark functions, we assess the performance of the proposed algorithm and compare it with that of the other aforementioned optimization algorithms. The obtained results prove the superiority of the Modified Stem Cells Algorithm (MSCA).


1943 ◽  
Vol 75 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
H. W. Bailey

Knowledge of scholarly literature produced in recent years in Georgia is all too little disseminated in England. I was delighted to receive a copy of vol. xiii of the Bulletin of the Marr Institute of Languages, History, and Material Culture, published by the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR (Sahartvelos SSR Mecnierebata Ak'ademia), Tiflis, 1942. This volume contains “A Bilingual Inscription from Armazi near Mcheta in Georgia,” by Professor George Tseretheli, written in Georgian with an almost complete English translation, and with three excellent photographs. The bilingual inscription is in Greek (10 lines) and Aramaic (11 lines), and is one of two inscriptions found at Armazi, 22 km. from Tiflis, in 1940 in excavations under the direction of the late I. Javakhishvili. A report of this discovery was made at the Session of the Scientific Council of the Institute in 1940, and at the first Conference of the Georgian Academy of Sciences on the 1st March, 1941. The Greek inscription was published by S. Qaukhchishvili (Qauχčlišvili) and A. Shanidze in 1941. Professor Tseretheli has analysed the Aramaic inscription, its script, language, and historical significance, and offered a translation. The script which he proposes to call Armazian Aramaic, a new variety of this alphabet; is of great importance for the history of writing in Georgia.


Author(s):  
Oleg Rinchinov

The collection of the Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch is based on Tibet and Mongolian books accumulated by generations of Buryat scholars, local historians, museum workers. In accordance with the RF Government Regulations of December 23, 2016 № 2800-r, RAS SB Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies is an academic organization to deposit of the RF Archival Fund documents that constitute the national property. To preserve and to study this rich heritage, the Institute’s Center for Oriental Manuscripts and Xylography was established. The author describes in detail the specialized database comprising bibliographic records of medical literature in the Center’s Tibetan collection. Based on the revealed information objects, authority records (metadata) of the following types were created: «person», «work», and «location». The rare publications were processed in accordance with the description scheme introduced by the international consortium Asian Classics Input Project (ACIP). The database gives insight into the content and genre diversity of the Tibetan medical literature corpus оn the whole, and may be used for developing offline and online apps for research and education; it can also make the core of e-libraries and knowledge bases.


Author(s):  
Pratiwi Kurniati, Metayana Taufani Sitohang, Namira Irza Andari

This paper, discusses the position of Tabarru’ funds in Islamic insurance. The problem raised is how the position of tabarru’ funds in insurance Sharia is said to be purely an element of help. The aim is to analyze and understand the 'true tabarru fund concept', and to find out about sharia insurance and the position of tabarru funds' in sharia insurance. This research is a descriptive approach literature study (library research). From the results of this study concluded that sharia insurance is a sharia-based financial institution and tabarru funds' are part of the customer's investment funds deposited to the sharia insurance financial institution. The position of Tabarru funds for Islamic insurance is the core of the existence of Islamic insurance that cannot be separated. The basis for the implementation of sharia insurance regarding tabarru funds' cannot be released from the DSN-MUI fatwa number 21 / X / 2001 concerning general guidelines for sharia insurance and in DSN-MUI Fatwa Number 53 / DSN-MUI / III / 2006 concerning tabarru agreement. Keywords : Sharia Insurance, Tabarru Fund, Tabarru Agreemen


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Jingran Qi

<p align="justify">With the development of the times, costume show has become a common art form. As the core of the fashion show, the fashion model not only shows the characteristics of the clothing itself, but also represents the fashion trend. There are also many categories of clothing models, depending on the style of clothing. As an art show, clothing models need to present the intrinsic qualities and perfect external image. Beautiful appearance is not enough just for models. If models don't have the right body language to show the unique temperament vividly, the clothing models will not have new attainments in clothing for the performing arts. In view of this situation, this paper fully discusses the necessity of the body language of the fashion model in the fashion show and the way of personalized emotion expression.</p>


Author(s):  
Gladies Imanda Utami Rangkuty ◽  
Dyah Titisari Widyastuti

Arsitektur pecinan di Bagansiapiapi merupakan komponen utama pada kawasan kampung pecinan sebagai sebuah identitas dengan berbagai bentukan fasad yang di pengaruhi budaya Melayu lokal. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kota yang beorientasi ekonomi sering tidak sejalan dengan pemahaman untuk mempertahankan citra bangunan, sehingga memiliki dampak transformasi distrik yang dapat menghilangkan eksistensi arsitektur pecinan yang saat ini berada atau bersinggungan dengan pusat-pusat komersial kota. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada perubahan bentukan fasad yang terjadi di kawasan Jalan Perniagaan Bagansiapiapi. Tipologi arsitektur fasad bangunan pecinan di lakukan dengan tujuan untuk: (1) Mengetahui karakter bentuk elemen pembentuk fasad arsitektur pecinan, (2) Mendapatkan bentukan yang dominan pada setiap elemen pembentuk fasad, sehingga dapat ditemukan bangunan pecinan yang masih mempertahankan keasliannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif, yang diarahkan untuk mendeskripsikan dan mengintrerpretasikan suatu kondisi yang ada. Analisis yang digunakan dengan cara klasifikasi fasad pada elemen arsitektur pecinan melayu diantaranya tipe modul dimensi bangunan, kepemilikan dan fungsi,bentukan komponen fasad (atap, ventilasi, pintu, jendela, dinding, dan panggung). Temuan penelitian ini adalah fasad bangunan pecinan di Bagansiapiapi pada elemen bentukan fasad yang memiliki dominasi: 1) Komposisi modul dimensi inti (a) 1 lantai dengan fungsi rumah tinggal bermaterial kayu, 2) Bentuk atap pelana, bentukan jendela persegi panjang polos dan memiliki ornamen, bentuk pintu dengan dua daun memanjang ke bawah, bentukan jendela memanjang kebawah dengan penempatan komposisi seimbang kanan dan kiri, penyusunan dinding horizontal, penggunaan struktur panggung.   Chinatown architecture in Bagansiapiapi is a significant component of the Chinatown area as an identity with various facade forms influenced by local Malay culture. The growth and development of cities with economic orientation are often not in line with the understanding to maintain the image of the building so that it has the impact of district transformation which can eliminate the existence of Chinatown architecture that currently exists or intersects with the city's commercial centers. This can be seen in the changes in facade formation that occurred in the Bagansiapiapi Commercial Road area. The typology of the facade architecture of the Chinatown building is done with the aim of (1) Knowing the character of the shape of the facade of Chinatown facade, (2) Getting the dominant formation in each facade forming elements, so that Chinatown buildings can still be preserved. The method used is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, which is directed at describing and interpreting an existing condition. The analysis used through classifying facades on architectural elements of Malay Chinatown includes module types of building dimensions, ownership, and functions, formed by facade components (roofs, vents, doors, windows, walls, and stages). The findings of this study are facades of Chinatown buildings in Bagansiapiapi on facade-shaped elements that have dominance: 1) Composition of modules in the core dimension (a) 1 floor with the function of residential houses with wood material, 2) Form of gable, rectangular plain windows and ornaments, the shape of the door with two leaves extends downward, the shape of the window extends downward with the placement of balanced composition right and left, arrangement of horizontal walls, use of the stage structure


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1045
Author(s):  
Riazmi Yusma Sari ◽  
Anis Masruri

<p>The core process of activities in a library is to develop collections for the advancement of knowledge sources. Collection development in this research is in the library of Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University of Yogyakarta. This study aims to determine the stages of collection development at the UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta library, and its object, namely students with disabilities.<strong></strong></p><p> </p><p>This research uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques used in this study were through observation and interviews. Observations were carried out by directly jumping into the field to explore information related to the stages of collection development, and interviews were conducted with Mrs. Dra. Ida Nor'aini Hadna, M.Pd (Kobid Technical Services) and Isrowiyanti (Information Kour).</p><p>Based on this research, it was concluded that the stages of collection development offered by Evans with 6 components of activities consisting of community analysis in this case the user community, selection policy, selection, procurement, weeding, and evaluation. This theory is applied in the Sunan Kalijaga UIN Yogyakarta library. Normal students and people with disabilities at UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta have the same knowledge needs, grouped in the same class. But in this case what distinguishes it is the way to access that is done by students with disabilities with the addition of assistance through audio and visual media and others.</p>


Author(s):  
Ishihama Yumiko ◽  
Inoue Takehiko

This article discusses three Tibetan letters held by the St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences and originally collected by the Russian Orientalist Fyodor Shcherbatskoy. The three letters are attributed to the well-known figure of Agvaan Dorzhiev, the Buryat who became an aide of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama, but the authors determine that only the third letter is actually by Dorzhiev, while the other two were composed by a Kalmyk leader. The article discusses the historical significance of each of the letters and provides an annotated translation of them.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Azin Taufik ◽  
Nuranita Adiastuty

Abstract This research based on the result of preliminary observation at MTs Nurul Huda Beringin. Documentation of supervision by headmaster who has been held in the school, data showed that the learning mathematics with scientific approach applied by teachers are still not optimal. Based on documenttion of learning outcome students the data that there are 40% of students not reached the minimum competence criteria. Humans have nine types of intelegence, seven of the nine types of intelegence are: verbal/linguistic intelegence, visual/spatial, logical/mathematical, musical, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal. This research is a classroom action research with qualitative descriptive approach implemented in class VII MTs Nurul Hudda Beringin, Cirebon, on the material relations and function. Based on the analysis we concluded that the study of mathematics involving multiple intelegences with scientific approach by the steps: 1) preliminary activities; 2) the core activities consist of observasing, ask, gather information, associates and communicate; and 3) the cover. While multiple intelegences involved in learning is verbal/linguistic intelegence, visual/spatial intelegence, logical/mathematical intelegence, musical intelegence, the intelegence of the body/kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal intelegence. In the first cycle, the average result of observation activities of students and teachers was 70% and 76%  in the unfavorable and fairly category. In the second cycle, the average results of observation activities of students and teacher was 82% and 83%, both  in good categories. In the first cycle, the achievment of students VIII-A is a total of 18 students or 46% students take the final value more than 75. In the second cycle, the achievment of student VIII-A is of the total of 31 students or 80% students obtain the final score more than 75. So the achievment learning was increasing 34% from the first cycle to the second cycle.


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