The Covariation Between Burnout and Sick Leave Due to Mental Disorders Is Explained by a Shared Genetic Liability: A Prospective Swedish Twin Study With a Five-Year Follow-up

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Mather ◽  
Gunnar Bergström ◽  
Victoria Blom ◽  
Pia Svedberg
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sick Leave ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Genetic Liability ◽  
Familial Factors ◽  
Shared Genetic

Background: This study aims to assess whether the associations between burnout and sick leave due to stress-related mental disorders, other mental disorders, and somatic conditions are influenced by familial (genetic and shared environmental) factors.Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 23,611 Swedish twins born between 1959 and 1985, who answered a web-based questionnaire, including the Pines Burnout Measure 2004–2006, were included. Registry data on sick leave spells from the response date until December 31, 2010 were obtained from the Swedish Social Insurance Agency. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for the association between burnout and sick leave for the whole sample, while conditional logistic regression of the same-sex discordant twin pairs was used to estimate the association between burnout and sick leave, adjusting for familial confounding. The Bivariate Cholesky models were used to assess whether the covariation between burnout and sick leave was explained by common genetic and/or shared environmental factors.Results: Burnout was a risk factor for sick leave due to stress-related and other mental disorders, and these associations were explained by familial factors. The phenotypic correlation between burnout and sick leave due to somatic conditions was 0.07 and the association was not influenced by familial factors. The phenotypic correlations between burnout and sick leave due to stress-related (0.26) and other mental disorders (0.30) were completely explained by common genetic factors.Conclusions: The association between burnout and sick leave due to stress-related and other mental disorders seems to be a reflection of a shared genetic liability.

scholarly journals Associations between adolescent social phobia, sickness absence and unemployment: a prospective study of twins in Sweden

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 931-936
Author(s):  
Ridwanul Amin ◽  
Pia Svedberg ◽  
Jurgita Narusyte
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Familial Factors ◽  
A Prospective Study

Abstract Background Little is known about adolescent mental health problems, including social phobia, as risk factors for future work incapacity. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between social phobia in adolescence and unemployment and sickness absence (SA) in early adulthood, also evaluating the role of familial factors (genetics and shared environment). Methods A sample of 2845 Swedish twins born in 1985–86 in Sweden was followed longitudinally in the population-based and prospective Twin study of CHild and Adolescent Development. Information on twins’ social phobia was collected at ages 13–4, 16–7 and 19–20 years. Logistic regression providing odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) was used to analyze the associations between social phobia, unemployment and SA during the follow-up 2006–12. The influence of familial factors was evaluated by conditional logistic regression. Results Presence of social phobia during adolescence was associated with increased odds for unemployment and SA in young adulthood. For unemployment, the highest OR was at the age of 13–4 years (1.58 [95% CI: 1.22–2.06]), and the associations became null after adjusting for familial factors. For SA, the highest OR was at the age of 19–20 years (1.73 [95% CI: 1.13–2.65]), and the estimates changed slightly after adjusting for familial factors. Conclusions : Results suggest that social phobia experienced in adolescence contribute to early adulthood unemployment and SA. Familial factors seemed to explain the association between social phobia and unemployment.

scholarly journals Adverse outcomes of sick leave due to mental disorders: prospective studies of discordant twin pairs

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Mather ◽  
J Narusyte ◽  
A Ropponen ◽  
G Bergström ◽  
V Blom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Sick Leave ◽  
Outpatient Care ◽  
Disability Pension ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Familial Factors ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Sick leave due to mental disorders is common. We investigated if sick leave due to mental disorders increased the risk of reoccurring sick leave, disability pension, unemployment, in- and specialized outpatient care, and mortality, using a co-twin design, taking genetics and shared environment (familial factors) into account. Methods The register-based open cohort studies contained twin pairs 18-64 years old discordant for sick leave due to a mental disorder. First, 2202 pairs were followed up to 8 years from the end of the sick leave spell for reoccurring sick leave, disability pension and unemployment. Second, 4979 twin pairs were followed up to 9 years from the beginning of the sick leave spell for death, inpatient and specialized outpatient care. Conditional Cox proportional hazard regression, adjusting for familial factors, was used to calculate Hazard Ratios (HR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Results Those with sick leave due to mental disorders had 3.64 (CI: 3.24-4.08) times higher risk of reoccurring sick leave the first two years and the first year, they had 12.24 (CI: 8.11-18.46) times the risk for disability pension. The risk of unemployment was 1.99 (CI: 1.72-2.31). The HR for inpatient care was 1.90 (CI: 1.66-2.17) among men but lower among women. For men the risk of outpatient care was higher the first 2 years (HR: 2.08, CI: 1.87-2.31), and for women the HR was 1.57 (CI: 1.47-1.68) for the whole study time. There was an increased risk of death among men (HR: 2.91, CI: 1.70-4.99), but not among women. Conclusions By adjusting for familial factors we could investigate if the same factors that predispose to sick leave due to mental disorders also predispose to morbidity, mortality and unemployment and hence explain the associations. But, sick leave due to mental disorders was associated with a higher risk of work related and health outcomes, independent of familial factors. The risks varied over time and differed among women and men.

scholarly journals Advantages of linking national registries with twin registries for epidemiological research

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Line C. Gjerde ◽  
Fartein Ask Torvik ◽  
Kristian Amundsen Østby ◽  
Gun Peggy Knudsen ◽  
Nikolai Czajkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sick Leave ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Twin Data ◽  
Epidemiological Research ◽  
Socioeconomic Gradient ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Medical Benefits

Linking national registries with twin data represents an opportunity to produce epidemiological research of<br />high quality. National registries contain information on a broad array of variables, some of which cannot be<br />measured reliably in regular health surveys. By taking kinship into consideration, twin studies have the<br />benefit of being able to identify confounding stemming from genetic or shared environmental sources. In<br />this paper, we use examples from our own interview and questionnaire-based twin studies from the Norwegian<br />Twin Registry (NTR) on mental disorders, alcohol use and socioeconomic status linked to registry<br />data on medical benefits to demonstrate the value. In the first example, we examined to what extent genetic<br />and environmental factors contributed to sick leave and disability pension and the association between these<br />two types of benefits. In the second example, we explored the genetic and environmental relationship<br />between personality disorders and sick leave. In the third example, a co-twin control design was applied to<br />explore whether there is a true protective relationship between moderate alcohol consumption and health.<br />The fourth example shows to what degree anxiety and depression are associated with later sick leave granted<br />for not only mental disorders, but also somatic disorders, adjusted for confounding by genetic and shared<br />environmental factors. In the fifth example, we address the socioeconomic gradient in sick leave, adjusting<br />for non-observed confounders associated with the family in a co-twin control design. Our examples illustrate<br />some of the potentials obtainable by linking national registries with twin data. The efforts that have been<br />made to create the NTR in Norway and the International Network of Twin Studies (INTR) internationally<br />make these types of linkage studies easier to conduct and available to more researchers. As there are still<br />many areas to explore, we encourage epidemiological researchers to make use of this possibility.

scholarly journals Life events as predictors for depression in men and women: A Finnish twin study

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Piirtola ◽  
J Kaprio ◽  
O Kiviruusu ◽  
S Viertiö ◽  
J Suvisaari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Genetic Liability ◽  
Familial Factors ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Past Life

Abstract Background Depression is more common in women than in men, but reasons for the sex/gender difference are not fully known. We analyzed sex/gender differences in the association of past life events (LE) with depression, and if the associations are independent of genetic liability. Methods In the 2011 survey of the Finnish Twin Cohort (participation 72%, n = 8410, 45% men, mean age 60 yrs), depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale (cut off value ≥20) showing depression in 13% (11% in men, 15% in women). LE were assessed as negative, positive, and serious (traffic accident, other accident, fire and natural catastrophe, physical abuse, sexual abuse, violent crime, and parental divorce) ones in childhood and/or in adulthood. Pearson’s chi-squared test and age- and sex-adjusted logistic regressions were used to model the strength of associations. The effect of familial factors was tested using conditional logistic regression in 176 genetically identical (MZ) twin pairs (38% male) discordant for depression. Results Women experienced more both negative LE (50%/42%, p &lt; 0.001) and positive LE (60%/40%, p &lt; 0.001) than men. Accidents, physical abuse and violent crime were reported more by men, but women reported more sexual abuse (14%/1%, p &lt; 0.01). All LEs were associated with depression (adjusted Odds Ratios [OR] from 1.24, 95% Confidence Intervals [CI] 1.09 - 1.42 to OR 6.91, 95% CI 3.88 - 12.30). Women with physical abuse or violent crime in childhood or in adulthood were more vulnerable for depression than men. High magnitude of negative LEs in both sexes, low rates of positive LE in women, and physical abuse in women remained significantly associated with depression within MZ pairs suggesting independence from familial factors and genetic liability. Conclusions We found sex difference in LE prevalence and in vulnerability for depression. These do not appear to be accounted for by familial effects. Key messages We found differences between women and men in life event prevalence and in vulnerability for depression. Differences in life experiences and exposures between women and men should be considered in prevention and treatment of depression.

scholarly journals Sick leave due to back pain, common mental disorders and disability pension: Common genetic liability

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1892-1901
Author(s):  
Lisa Mather ◽  
Sanna Kärkkäinen ◽  
Jurgita Narusyte ◽  
Annina Ropponen ◽  
Ellenor Mittendorfer‐Rutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Sick Leave ◽  
Disability Pension ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Genetic Liability

Reductionist thinking and animal models in neuropsychiatric research

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Baran
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Developmental Genetic ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Mechanisms Of Plasticity

AbstractReductionist thinking in neuroscience is manifest in the widespread use of animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Broader investigations of diverse behaviors in non-model organisms and longer-term study of the mechanisms of plasticity will yield fundamental insights into the neurobiological, developmental, genetic, and environmental factors contributing to the “massively multifactorial system networks” which go awry in mental disorders.

scholarly journals Cross-disorder analysis of schizophrenia and 19 immune-mediated diseases identifies shared genetic risk

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (20) ◽  
pp. 3498-3513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie G Pouget ◽  
Buhm Han ◽  
Yang Wu ◽  
Emmanuel Mignot ◽  
Hanna M Ollila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Biliary Cirrhosis ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Shared Genetic

Abstract Many immune diseases occur at different rates among people with schizophrenia compared to the general population. Here, we evaluated whether this phenomenon might be explained by shared genetic risk factors. We used data from large genome-wide association studies to compare the genetic architecture of schizophrenia to 19 immune diseases. First, we evaluated the association with schizophrenia of 581 variants previously reported to be associated with immune diseases at genome-wide significance. We identified five variants with potentially pleiotropic effects. While colocalization analyses were inconclusive, functional characterization of these variants provided the strongest evidence for a model in which genetic variation at rs1734907 modulates risk of schizophrenia and Crohn’s disease via altered methylation and expression of EPHB4—a gene whose protein product guides the migration of neuronal axons in the brain and the migration of lymphocytes towards infected cells in the immune system. Next, we investigated genome-wide sharing of common variants between schizophrenia and immune diseases using cross-trait LD score regression. Of the 11 immune diseases with available genome-wide summary statistics, we observed genetic correlation between six immune diseases and schizophrenia: inflammatory bowel disease (rg = 0.12 ± 0.03, P = 2.49 × 10−4), Crohn’s disease (rg = 0.097 ± 0.06, P = 3.27 × 10−3), ulcerative colitis (rg = 0.11 ± 0.04, P = 4.05 × 10–3), primary biliary cirrhosis (rg = 0.13 ± 0.05, P = 3.98 × 10−3), psoriasis (rg = 0.18 ± 0.07, P = 7.78 × 10–3) and systemic lupus erythematosus (rg = 0.13 ± 0.05, P = 3.76 × 10–3). With the exception of ulcerative colitis, the degree and direction of these genetic correlations were consistent with the expected phenotypic correlation based on epidemiological data. Our findings suggest shared genetic risk factors contribute to the epidemiological association of certain immune diseases and schizophrenia.

Characteristics of Adenocarcinoma of the Gallbladder Following Cholecystectomies in the Hispanic Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 152 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S64-S65
Author(s):  
David Gustafson ◽  
Osvaldo Padilla
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Incidental Finding ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Gallbladder Disease ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis

Abstract Introduction Gallbladder adenocarcinoma (GBC) is a rare malignancy. Frequency of incidental adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder in the literature is approximately 0.2% to 3%. Typically, GBC is the most common type and is discovered late, not until significant symptoms develop. Common symptoms include right upper quadrant pain, nausea, anorexia, and jaundice. A number of risk factors in the literature are noted for GBC. These risk factors are also more prevalent in Hispanic populations. This study sought to compare patients with incidental gallbladder adenocarcinomas (IGBC) to those with high preoperative suspicion for GBC. Predictor variables included age, sex, ethnicity, radiologic wall thickening, gross pathology characteristics (wall thickness, stone size, stone number, and tumor size), histologic grade, and staging. Methods Cases of GBC were retrospectively analyzed from 2009 through 2017, yielding 21 cases. Data were collected via Cerner EMR of predictor variables noted above. Statistical analysis utilized conditional logistic regression analysis. Results The majority of patients were female (n = 20) and Hispanic (n = 19). There were 14 IGBCs and 7 nonincidental GBCs. In contrast with previous research, exact conditional logistic regression analysis revealed no statistically significant findings. For every one-unit increase in AJCC TNM staging, there was a nonsignificant 73% reduction in odds (OR = 0.27) of an incidental finding of gallbladder carcinoma. Conclusion This study is important in that it attempts to expand existing literature regarding a rare type of cancer in a unique population, one particularly affected by gallbladder disease. Further studies are needed to increase predictive knowledge of this cancer. Longer studies are needed to examine how predictive power affects patient outcomes. This study reinforces the need for routine pathologic examination of cholecystectomy specimens for cholelithiasis.

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