scholarly journals Interaction of Contact Herbicides and Timing of Dicamba Exposure on Soybean

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Mason C Castner ◽  
Jason K Norsworthy ◽  
L Tom Barber ◽  
Trenton L Roberts ◽  
Edward E Gbur
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Soybean Cultivar ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Three Factor

Abstract Dicamba residues in sprayers are difficult to remove and may interact with subsequent herbicides including contact herbicides labeled for use in soybean. Without proper tank cleanout, applicators treating dicamba-resistant and non-dicamba-resistant crops are at risk of contaminating the spray solution with dicamba residue from previous applications. Experiments were conducted in Fayetteville, AR in 2018 and 2019 with the first evaluating consequences of dicamba tank contamination with contact herbicides and the second experiment addressing the impact of dicamba exposure on a glufosinate-resistant soybean cultivar relative to a contact herbicide application. Experiments for tank contamination and timing of dicamba exposure were designed as a three-factor- and a two-factor- randomized complete block with four replications, respectively, considering site-year as a fixed effect in each experiment. Dicamba at 0, 0.056, 0.56, and 5.6 g ae ha −1 was applied alone, with glufosinate, with acifluorfen, or with glufosinate plus acifluorfen to V3 soybean. Dicamba applied in combination with contact herbicides exacerbated visible auxin symptomology over dicamba alone at 21 and 28 days after treatment (DAT), while dicamba at 5.6 g ae ha −1 reduced soybean height. Injury and height reductions caused by dicamba mixtures with contact herbicides did not reduce grain yield. In the second experiment, dicamba was applied at 2.8 g ae ha −1 at VC, V1, V2, V3, and at 3, 7, and 10 days after a glufosinate application to V3 soybean (DATV3). Greater soybean injury was observed when dicamba exposure followed a glufosinate application than when dicamba preceded glufosinate or was applied in a mixture with glufosinate, with yield reductions resulting from 7 and 10 DATV3 dicamba applications. Dicamba exposure in the presence of contact herbicides resulted in increased auxin symptomology and can be intensified if soybean are exposed to dicamba following a contact herbicide application.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Herbicides When Spray Solution Application Is Delayed

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Eure ◽  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Loren R. Fisher ◽  
Alan C. York
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Solution Preparation ◽  
The Impact

Information is limited concerning the impact of delaying applications of pesticides after solution preparation on efficacy. Experiments were conducted to determine weed control when diclosulam, dimethenamid-P, flumioxazin, fomesafen, imazethapyr, pendimethalin, andS-metolachlor were applied preemergence the day of solution preparation or 3, 6, and 9 days after solution preparation. Herbicide solutions were applied on the same day regardless of when prepared. Control of broadleaf signalgrass, common lambsquarters, entireleaf morningglory, and Palmer amaranth by these herbicides was not reduced regardless of when herbicide solutions were prepared. Surprisingly entireleaf morningglory control by all herbicides increased when herbicide application was delayed by 9 days. In separate experiments, control of broadleaf signalgrass by clethodim, common ragweed by glyphosate and lactofen, entireleaf morningglory by lactofen, Italian rye grass by glyphosate and paraquat, and Palmer amaranth by atrazine, dicamba, glufosinate, glyphosate, imazethapyr, lactofen, and 2,4-D was affected more by increase in weed size due to delayed application than the time between solution preparation and application.

Soil and weather conditions associated with plant damage from post-emergent metribuzin in lentil (Lens culinaris) in southern Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 958
Author(s):  
Larn S. McMurray ◽  
Christopher Preston ◽  
Albert Vandenberg ◽  
Dili Mao ◽  
Jeffrey G. Paull
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Plant Damage ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
The Impact

Multiple field experiments and a controlled-environment temperature study were conducted to investigate soil and weather conditions responsible for herbicide phytotoxicity in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) from post-emergent application of metribuzin. A linear relationship was observed between plant injury (% necrosis) and metribuzin rate in all 12 environments, but in only 11 environments for anthesis dry weight and nine environments for both plant density and grain yield. Grain-yield reduction from label metribuzin rates of 135 g a.i. ha–1 for sand and 285 g a.i. ha–1 for clay ranged from 0% to 32% and 0% to 67%, respectively, across all environments. Principal component analysis of soil and weather factors around the time of herbicide application suggested that metribuzin-induced plant damage in lentil was due to a combination of multiple soil and weather factors. However, heavy rainfall within 10 days of herbicide application, particularly on light-textured soils or where soil moisture was low, was most strongly linked to plant damage. Experiments targeting the impact of reductions in temperature post-metribuzin application showed no effect, and of light intensities pre- and post-metribuzin application showed low effects on plant-damage measures. Because rainfall in the 10 days after application is a major determinant of metribuzin damage in winter-grown lentil in southern Australia, a higher level of selective tolerance to metribuzin than that present in commercial cultivars is needed for its safe post-emergent use. Early and late measures of plant damage will be required to assess accurately plant tolerance to post-emergent metribuzin application in lentil.

The Democratic Costs of Constitutionalization— The European Case

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Grimm
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Law ◽  
European Court ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the democratic costs of constitutionalization by focusing on the European case. It first considers the interdependence of democracy and constitutionalism before discussing how constitutionalization can put democracy at risk. It then explores the tension between democracy and fundamental rights, the constitutionalization of the European treaties, and the European Court of Justice’s (ECJ) two separate judgments regarding the relationship between European law and national law. It also assesses the impact of the ECJ’s jurisprudence on democracy, especially in the area of economic integration. The chapter argues that the legitimacy problem the EU faces is caused in part by over-constitutionalization and that the remedy to this problem is re-politicization of decisions with significant political implications.

scholarly journals Estimating the Impact of Decoupled Payments on Farm Production in Northern Ireland: An Instrumental Variable Fixed Effect Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3222
Author(s):  
Kehinde Oluseyi Olagunju ◽  
Myles Patton ◽  
Siyi Feng
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Agricultural Subsidies ◽  
Decoupled Payments ◽  
Current Production ◽  
The Impact

The production stimulating impact of agricultural subsidies has been a well-debated topic in agricultural policy analysis for some decades. In light of the EU reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in year 2005 in which agricultural subsidies were decoupled from current production decisions and the modification to this payment in 2015, this study investigates the impact of decoupled payments under these two reforms on livestock production in Northern Ireland. The study uses a farm-level panel dataset covering 2008–2016 period and employs an instrumental variable fixed effect model to control for relevant sources of endogeneity bias. According to the empirical results, the production impacts of decoupled payments were positive and significant but with differential impacts across livestock production sectors, suggesting that decoupled payments still maintain a significant effect on agricultural production and provide an indication of the supply response to changes in decoupled payments.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Root-Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei) and Crown Rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum) on Diverse Cereal Cultivars in a Conservation Farming System

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 867
Author(s):  
John P. Thompson ◽  
Timothy G. Clewett
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum ◽  
Conservation Farming ◽  
Pratylenchus Thornei ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
The Impact

In two experiments on a farm practicing conservation agriculture, the grain yield of a range of wheat cultivars was significantly (p < 0.001) negatively related to the post-harvest population densities of Pratylenchus thornei in the soil profile to 45 cm depth. In a third and fourth experiment with different rotations, methyl bromide fumigation significantly (p < 0.05) decreased (a) a low initial population density of P. thornei in the soil profile to 90 cm depth and (b) a high initial population of P. thornei to 45 cm depth, and a medium level of the crown rot fungus, Fusarium pseudograminearum, at 0–15 cm depth to a low level. For a range of wheat and durum cultivars, grain yield and response to fumigation were highly significantly (p < 0.001) related to (a) the P. thornei tolerance index of the cultivars in the third experiment, and (b) to both the P. thornei tolerance index and the crown rot resistance index in the fourth experiment. In the latter, grain yield was significantly (p < 0.001) positively related to biomass at anthesis and negatively related to percentage whiteheads at grain fill growth stage. One barley cultivar was more tolerant to both diseases than the wheat and durum cultivars. Crop rotation, utilizing crop cultivars resistant and tolerant to both P. thornei and F. pseudograminearum, is key to success for conservation farming in this region.

scholarly journals Food Insecurity in the United States: Identification, Treatment, and Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 772-773
Author(s):  
Rose Ann DiMaria-Ghalili ◽  
Connie Bales ◽  
Julie Locher
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Geriatric Syndrome ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Food insecurity is an under-recognized geriatric syndrome that has extensive implications in the overall health and well-being of older adults. Understanding the impact of food insecurity in older adults is a first step in identifying at-risk populations and provides a framework for potential interventions in both hospital and community-based settings. This symposium will provide an overview of current prevalence rates of food insecurity using large population-based datasets. We will present a summary indicator that expands measurement to include the functional and social support limitations (e.g., community disability, social isolation, frailty, and being homebound), which disproportionately impact older adults, and in turn their rate and experience of food insecurity and inadequate food access. We will illustrate using an example of at-risk seniors the association between sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and function, with rates of food security in the United States. The translational aspect of the symposium will then focus on identification of psychosocial and environmental risk factors including food insecurity in older veterans preparing for surgery within the Veterans Affairs Perioperative Optimization of Senior Health clinic. Gaining insights into the importance of food insecurity will lay the foundation for an intervention for food insecurity in the deep south. Our discussant will provide an overview of the implications of these results from a public health standpoint. By highlighting the importance of food insecurity, such data can potentially become a framework to allow policy makers to expand nutritional programs as a line of defense against hunger in this high-risk population.

scholarly journals The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on wellbeing and cognitive functioning of older adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah De Pue ◽  
Céline Gillebert ◽  
Eva Dierckx ◽  
Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt ◽  
Rudi De Raedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCOVID-19 took a heavy toll on older adults. In Belgium, by the end of August, 93% of deaths due to COVID-19 were aged 65 or older. Similar trends were observed in other countries. As a consequence, older adults were identified as a group at risk, and strict governmental restrictions were imposed on them. This has caused concerns about their mental health. Using an online survey, this study established the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults aged 65 years or older, and which factors moderate this impact. Participants reported a significant decrease in activity level, sleep quality and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression was strongly related to reported declines in activity level, sleep quality, wellbeing and cognitive functioning. Our study shows that the COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the mental health of older adults. This implies that this group at risk requires attention of governments and healthcare.

European Respiratory Society Statement on Sleep Apnoea, Sleepiness and Driving Risk

2020 ◽  
pp. 2001272
Author(s):  
Maria R Bonsignore ◽  
Winfried Randerath ◽  
Sofia Schiza ◽  
Johan Verbraecken ◽  
Mark W Elliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Accident Risk ◽  
European Respiratory Society ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
The Impact

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is highly prevalent and is a recognised risk factor for motor vehicle accidents (MVA). Effective treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been associated with a normalisation of this increased accident risk. Thus, many jurisdictions have introduced regulations restricting the ability of OSA patients from driving until effectively treated. However, uncertainty prevails regarding the relative importance of OSA severity determined by the apnoea-hypopnoea frequency per hour and the degree of sleepiness in determining accident risk. Furthermore, the identification of subjects at risk for OSA and/or accident risk remains elusive. The introduction of official European regulations regarding fitness to drive prompted the European Respiratory Society to establish a Task Force to address the topic of sleep apnoea, sleepiness and driving with a view to providing an overview to clinicians involved in treating patients with the disorder. The present report evaluates the epidemiology of MVA in patients with OSA, the mechanisms involved in this association, the role of screening questionnaires, driving simulators and other techniques to evaluate sleepiness and/or impaired vigilance, the impact of treatment on MVA risk in affected drivers, and highlights the evidence gaps regarding the identification of OSA patients at risk for MVA.

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