A Meta-Analysis of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Management in Annual and Perennial Systems

AbstractField bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisL.) is a persistent, perennial weed species that infests a variety of temperate habitats around the globe. To evaluate the efficacy of general management approaches and impacts on crop yield and to identify research gaps, we conducted a series of meta-analyses using published studies focusing onC. arvensismanagement in annual cropping and perennial systems. Our analysis of 48 articles (560 data points) conducted in annual systems indicated that 95% of data points measured efficacy over short time frames (within 2 yr of treatment). Furthermore, only 27% of data points reported impacts ofC. arvensismanagement on crop yield. In annual systems, herbicide control dominated the literature (~80% of data points) and was an effective management technique up to 2 yr posttreatment. Integrated management, with or without herbicides, and three nonchemical techniques were similarly effective as herbicide at reducingC. arvensisup to 2 yr posttreatment. In addition, integrated approaches, with or without herbicides, and two nonchemical techniques had positive effects on crop yield. There were few differences among herbicide mechanism of action groups onC. arvensisabundance in annual systems. There were only nine articles (28 data points) concerningC. arvensismanagement in perennial systems (e.g., pasture, rangeland, lawn), indicating more research effort has been directed toward annual systems. In perennial systems, biocontrol, herbicide, and non-herbicide integrated management techniques were equally effective at reducingC. arvensis, while competition and grazing were not effective. Overall, our results demonstrate that while chemical control ofC. arvensisis generally effective and well studied, integrated and nonchemical control practices can perform equally well. We also documented the need for improved monitoring of the efficacy of management practices over longer time frames and including effects on desired vegetation to develop sustainable weed management programs.

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Undesirable Effects of Goal Setting on Perceived Fairness, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior

Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O ◽

10.1026/0932-4089/a000267 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 97-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nina Keith

Keyword(s):

Goal Setting ◽

Unethical Behavior ◽

The United States ◽

Goal Commitment ◽

Management Technique ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Perceived Fairness ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Positive Effects ◽

And Performance

Abstract. The positive effects of goal setting on motivation and performance are among the most established findings of industrial–organizational psychology. Accordingly, goal setting is a common management technique. Lately, however, potential negative effects of goal-setting, for example, on unethical behavior, are increasingly being discussed. This research replicates and extends a laboratory experiment conducted in the United States. In one of three goal conditions (do-your-best goals, consistently high goals, increasingly high goals), 101 participants worked on a search task in five rounds. Half of them (transparency yes/no) were informed at the outset about goal development. We did not find the expected effects on unethical behavior but medium-to-large effects on subjective variables: Perceived fairness of goals and goal commitment were least favorable in the increasing-goal condition, particularly in later goal rounds. Results indicate that when designing goal-setting interventions, organizations may consider potential undesirable long-term effects.

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INFLUENCE OF GREENHOUSE SHADING AND DIFFERENT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ALLEVIATING HEAT STRESS, IMPROVING PLANT NUTRIENTS STATUS, FLOWERING GROWTH AND YIELD OF TOMATO

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v51i4.1079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 1001-1014

Author(s):

Sulaiman & Sadiq

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Management Practices ◽

Nutrient Management ◽

Block Design ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Reproductive Growth ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Nutrition Programs ◽

The Impact

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons to evaluate the impact of the shading and various nutrition programs on mitigating heat stress, reducing the use of chemical minerals, improving the reproductive growth and yield of tomato plant. Split-plot within Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in this study. Shading factor was allocated in the main plots and the nutrition programs distributed randomly in the subplots. Results indicate that shading resulted in the decrease of daytime temperature by 5.7˚C as an average for both seasons; thus a significant increasing was found in leaf contents of macro nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium), and micro nutrients (Iron, Zinc and Boron), except the Iron content in 2018 growing season. Furthermore, shading improved significantly the reproductive growth and tomato yield. Among the plant nutrition programs, the integrated nutrient management (INM) including the application of organic substances, bio inoculum of AMF and 50% of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers; lead to the enhancement of nutrients content, reproductive characteristics and plant yield. Generally, combination of both shading and INM showed positive effects on plants nutrient status and persisting balance on tomato flowering growth and fruits yield.

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Effect of Row Spacing and Seeding Rate on Russian Thistle (Salsola tragus) in Spring Barley and Spring Wheat

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10010126 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 126

Author(s):

Judit Barroso ◽

Nicholas G. Genna

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Seeding Rate

Russian thistle (Salsola tragus L.) is a persistent post-harvest issue in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Farmers need more integrated management strategies to control it. Russian thistle emergence, mortality, plant biomass, seed production, and crop yield were evaluated in spring wheat and spring barley planted in 18- or 36-cm row spacing and seeded at 73 or 140 kg ha−1 in Pendleton and Moro, Oregon, during 2018 and 2019. Russian thistle emergence was lower and mortality was higher in spring barley than in spring wheat. However, little to no effect of row spacing or seeding rate was observed on Russian thistle emergence or mortality. Russian thistle seed production and plant biomass followed crop productivity; higher crop yield produced higher Russian thistle biomass and seed production and lower crop yield produced lower weed biomass and seed production. Crop yield with Russian thistle pressure was improved in 2018 with 18-cm rows or by seeding at 140 kg ha−1 while no effect was observed in 2019. Increasing seeding rates or planting spring crops in narrow rows may be effective at increasing yield in low rainfall years of the PNW, such as in 2018. No effect may be observed in years with higher rainfall than normal, such as in 2019.

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Organic Farming and Cover-Crop Management Reduce Pest Predation in Austrian Vineyards

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12030220 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 220

Author(s):

Jo Marie Reiff ◽

Sebastian Kolb ◽

Martin H. Entling ◽

Thomas Herndl ◽

Stefan Möth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Farming ◽

Pest Control ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Management Practices ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Lobesia Botrana ◽

Management Options ◽

Natural Pest Control ◽

Predation Rates

Habitat simplification and intensive use of pesticides are main drivers of global arthropod declines and are, thus, decreasing natural pest control. Organic farming, complex landscapes, and local vineyard management practices such as implementation of flower-rich cover-crop mixtures may be a promising approach to enhance predator abundance and, therefore, natural pest control. We examined the effect of organic versus integrated management, cover-crop diversity in the vineyard inter-rows, and landscape composition on the natural pest control of Lobesia botrana eggs and pupae. Predation of L. botrana pupae was reduced by organic farming and species-poor cover-crops by about 10%. Predation rates of L. botrana eggs did not differ significantly in any of the studied management options. Dominant predators were earwigs (Forficulidae), bush crickets (Tettigoniidae), and ants (Formicidae). Negative effects of organic viticulture are most likely related to the negative nontarget effects on arthropods related to the frequent sulfur and copper applications in combination with the avoidance of strongly damaging insecticides by integrated winegrowers. While a 10% difference in predation rates on a single pest stage is unlikely to have strong practical implications, our results show that the assumed effectiveness of environmentally friendly agriculture needs to be evaluated for specific crops and regions.

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Integrated Management of Downy Mildew on Slicing Cucumber With Fungicides and Host Resistance But Not Trellising

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-19-0323-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (10) ◽

pp. 2592-2598

Author(s):

Anthony P. Keinath

Keyword(s):

Downy Mildew ◽

Host Resistance ◽

Management Practices ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Cultivar Resistance ◽

Fall Season ◽

Fungicide Treatment ◽

Progress Curve ◽

Management Techniques ◽

The Mean

The objective of this study was to evaluate fungicide applications, host resistance, and trellising, alone and in combination, as management practices for downy mildew on slicing cucumber. A split-split plot experimental design was used with three and four replications in spring and fall 2017, respectively. The whole-plot treatment was fungicide, four applications of chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik 6SC) alternated with three applications of cyazofamid (Ranman 400SC), or water. Split plots were nontrellised or trellised with four strings supported by stakes. Split-split plots were cultivar Bristol, which is intermediately resistant to downy mildew, or cultivar Speedway, which is susceptible to downy mildew with similar parentage as Bristol. In both seasons, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values were lower with fungicides than water for both cultivars. In the spring, AUDPC for Bristol was lower than for Speedway regardless of fungicide treatment. In the fall, Bristol had a lower AUDPC than Speedway with fungicides, but the AUDPC did not differ between the two cultivars with water. The mean AUDPC for trellised plants (376.2) was lower than for nontrellised plants (434.0; P = 0.007). Fungicide applications increased marketable and total fruit weights in both seasons (P ≤ 0.0002). Marketable weight with fungicides was almost double (93% greater) the marketable weight with water. Marketable weight was 55% greater for Bristol than for Speedway in spring, but yields did not differ between cultivars in fall (season-by-cultivar interaction, P ≤ 0.0003). Because trellising had no effect on marketable yields (P = 0.11), trellising is not recommended for managing downy mildew on slicing cucumber. Of the three management techniques examined, fungicides had the largest effects on disease and yields, followed by cultivar resistance.

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Aminocyclopyrachlor Absorption, Translocation and Metabolism in Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-12-00071.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 63-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

R. Bradley Lindenmayer ◽

Scott J. Nissen ◽

Philip P. Westra ◽

Dale L. Shaner ◽

Galen Brunk

Keyword(s):

Plant Tissue ◽

Time Course ◽

Plant Tissues ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Weed Species ◽

Convolvulus Arvensis ◽

Single Leaf ◽

Field Bindweed ◽

Treated Leaf ◽

Aboveground Tissue

Field bindweed is extremely susceptible to aminocyclopyrachlor compared to other weed species. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine if absorption, translocation, and metabolism of aminocyclopyrachlor in field bindweed differs from other, less susceptible species. Field bindweed plants were treated with 3.3 kBq14C-aminocyclopyrachlor by spotting a single leaf mid-way up the stem with 10 µl of herbicide solution. Plants were then harvested at set intervals over 192 h after treatment (HAT). Aminocyclopyrachlor absorption reached a maximum of 48.3% of the applied radioactivity by 48 HAT. A translocation pattern of herbicide movement from the treated leaf into other plant tissues emerged, revealing a nearly equal aminocyclopyrachlor distribution between the treated leaf, aboveground tissue, and belowground tissue of 13, 14, and 14% of the applied radioactivity by 192 HAT. Over the time-course, no soluble aminocyclopyrachlor metabolites were observed, but there was an increase in radioactivity recovered bound in the nonsoluble fraction. These results suggest that aminocyclopyrachlor has greater translocation to belowground plant tissue in field bindweed compared with results from other studies with other herbicides and other weed species, which could explain the increased level of control observed in the field. The lack of soluble metabolites also suggests that very little metabolism occurred over the 192 h time course.

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Applying Nitrogen Site-Specifically Using Soil Electrical Conductivity Maps and Precision Agriculture Technology

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/tsw.2001.95 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 767-776 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E.D. Lund ◽

M.C. Wolcott ◽

G.P. Hanson

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Case Studies ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Soil Texture ◽

Precision Agriculture ◽

Management Practices ◽

N Availability ◽

Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽

Variable Yield ◽

Wide Range

Soil texture varies significantly within many agricultural fields. The physical properties of soil, such as soil texture, have a direct effect on water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, crop yield, production capability, and nitrogen (N) loss variations within a field. In short, mobile nutrients are used, lost, and stored differently as soil textures vary. A uniform application of N to varying soils results in a wide range of N availability to the crop. N applied in excess of crop usage results in a waste of the grower’s input expense, a potential negative effect on the environment, and in some crops a reduction of crop quality, yield, and harvestability. Inadequate N levels represent a lost opportunity for crop yield and profit. The global positioning system (GPS)-referenced mapping of bulk soil electrical conductivity (EC) has been shown to serve as an effective proxy for soil texture and other soil properties. Soils with a high clay content conduct more electricity than coarser textured soils, which results in higher EC values. This paper will describe the EC mapping process and provide case studies of site-specific N applications based on EC maps. Results of these case studies suggest that N can be managed site-specifically using a variety of management practices, including soil sampling, variable yield goals, and cropping history.

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Diluent Volume Influences Susceptibility of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Biotypes to Glyphosate

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00040446 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 565-569 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Carla N. Duncan Yerkes ◽

Stephen C. Weller

Keyword(s):

Amphoteric Surfactant ◽

Convolvulus Arvensis ◽

Field Bindweed ◽

Spray Volume ◽

Carrier Volume

Two biotypes of field bindweed differing in their susceptibility to glyphosate were used to determine if diluent or carrier volume and additional surfactant could overcome differences in intraspecific response to glyphosate. In greenhouse studies, glyphosate (formulated product) was applied at 1.68 kg/ha in three diluent volumes (142, 189, and 237 L/ha), with and without 1 % (v/v) additional amphoteric surfactant. Nonparametric and ordinal categorical analyses indicated that field bindweed biotype, diluent volume, and surfactant significantly increased glyphosate phytotoxicity 7 DAT. Only biotype and volume were significant 21 DAT. The tolerant biotype was less injured at the 189 and 237 L/ha volumes than the susceptible biotype. Field bindweed injury was similar at a diluent volume of 142 L/ha for both biotypes. These greenhouse studies suggest that control of field bindweed may be improved with glyphosate by using low spray volume in concert with additional surfactant.

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Influence of Weed Management Practices and Crop Rotation on Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Population Dynamics and Crop Yield-Years III and IV

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-09-006.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 417-426 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Vince M. Davis ◽

Kevin D. Gibson ◽

Thomas T. Bauman ◽

Stephen C. Weller ◽

William G. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Population Dynamics ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Plant Density ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Management Systems ◽

No Till

Horseweed is an increasingly common and problematic weed in no-till soybean production in the eastern cornbelt due to the frequent occurrence of biotypes resistant to glyphosate. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of crop rotation, winter wheat cover crops (WWCC), residual non-glyphosate herbicides, and preplant application timing on the population dynamics of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed and crop yield. A field study was conducted from 2003 to 2007 in a no-till field located at a site that contained a moderate infestation of GR horseweed (approximately 1 plant m−2). The experiment was a split-plot design with crop rotation (soybean–corn or soybean–soybean) as main plots and management systems as subplots. Management systems were evaluated by quantifying in-field horseweed plant density, seedbank density, and crop yield. Horseweed densities were collected at the time of postemergence applications, 1 mo after postemergence (MAP) applications, and at the time of crop harvest or 4 MAP. Viable seedbank densities were also evaluated from soil samples collected in the fall following seed rain. Soybean–corn crop rotation reduced in-field and seedbank horseweed densities vs. continuous soybean in the third and fourth yr of this experiment. Preplant herbicides applied in the spring were more effective at reducing horseweed plant densities than when applied in the previous fall. Spring-applied, residual herbicide systems were the most effective at reducing season-long in-field horseweed densities and protecting crop yields since the growth habit of horseweed in this region is primarily as a summer annual. Management systems also influenced the GR and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotype population structure after 4 yr of management. The most dramatic shift was from the initial GR : GS ratio of 3 : 1 to a ratio of 1 : 6 after 4 yr of residual preplant herbicide use followed by non-glyphosate postemergence herbicides.

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Crop Yield and Soil Fertility Status of Long-Term Rice-Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems

International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/ijasbt.v5i1.17001 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 42-50

Author(s):

Nabin Rawal ◽

Rajan Ghimire ◽

Devraj Chalise

Keyword(s):

Soil Fertility ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Management Practices ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Nutrient Supply ◽

Available Phosphorus

Balanced nutrient supply is important for the sustainable crop production. We evaluated the effects of nutrient management practices on soil properties and crop yields in rice (Oryza sativa L.) - rice - wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system in a long-term experiment established at National Wheat Research Program (NWRP), Bhairahawa, Nepal. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block experiment with nine treatments and three replications. Treatments were applied as: T1- no nutrients added, T2- N added; T3- N and P added; T4- N and K added; T5- NPK added at recommended rate for all crops. Similarly, T6- only N added in rice and NPK in wheat at recommended rate; T7- half N; T8- half NP of recommended rate for both crops; and T9- farmyard manure (FYM) @10 Mg ha-1 for all crops in rotation. Results of the study revealed that rice and wheat yields were significantly greater under FYM than all other treatments. Treatments that did not receive P (T2, T3, T7, T8) and K (T2, T4) had considerably low wheat yield than treatments that received NPK (T5) and FYM (T9). The FYM lowered soil pH and improved soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P), and exchangeable potassium (K) contents than other treatments. Management practices that ensure nutrient supply can increase crop yield and improve soil fertility status.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(1): 42-50

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