Design and Compressive Behavior of Controllable Irregular Porous Scaffolds: Based on Voronoi-Tessellation and for Additive Manufacturing

Bone preservation and primary regeneration is a daily challenge in the field of dental medicine. In recent years, bioresorbable metals based on magnesium (Mg) have been widely investigated due to their bone-like modulus of elasticity, their high biocompatibility, antimicrobial, and osteoconductive properties. Synthetic Mg-based biomaterials are promising candidates for bone regeneration in comparison with other currently available pure synthetic materials. Different alloys based on Mg were developed to fit clinical requirements. In parallel, advances in additive manufacturing offer the possibility to fabricate experimentally bioresorbable metallic porous scaffolds. This review describes the promising clinical results of resorbable Mg-based biomaterials for bone repair in osteosynthetic application and discusses the perspectives of use in oral bone regeneration.

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Design and 3D bioprinting of interconnected porous scaffolds for bone regeneration. An additive manufacturing approach

Journal of Manufacturing Processes ◽

10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.01.057 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 64 ◽

pp. 655-663

Author(s):

Renan Roque ◽

Gustavo Franco Barbosa ◽

Antônio Carlos Guastaldi

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Bone Regeneration ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

3D Bioprinting

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A Review of Bone Graft Substitutes Made From HA-Polymer Composite Scaffolds and Fabrication Potential With Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing Processes

Volume 1: Processing ◽

10.1115/msec2015-9366 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Hera Wu ◽

Shuting Lei

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Bone Graft ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Bone Graft Substitute ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Composite Scaffolds ◽

Bone Graft Substitutes ◽

Manufacturing Technologies ◽

High Level

Hydroxyapatite, a bioactive ceramic, has been combined with biodegradable polymers to create composite three-dimensional interconnected porous scaffolds for bone graft substitutes. The materials and fabrication methods of these composite scaffolds are reviewed. The resulting mechanical and biological properties of scaffolds produced from the combination of certain materials and fabrication methods are analyzed. Requirements for a bone graft substitute and third generation scaffolds with the addition of osteoinductive and osteogenic features to composite scaffolds including biomolecule delivery and cell seeding are also introduced. Finally, the benefits of using additive manufacturing technologies to enable high level of control over the design of interconnected pore structure are discussed.

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Additive Manufacturing of Biopolymers for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: An Overview, Potential Applications, Advancements, and Trends

International Journal of Polymer Science ◽

10.1155/2021/4907027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dhinakaran Veeman ◽

M. Swapna Sai ◽

P. Sureshkumar ◽

T. Jagadeesha ◽

L. Natrayan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Regenerative Medicine ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Wide Range ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries

As a technique of producing fabric engineering scaffolds, three-dimensional (3D) printing has tremendous possibilities. 3D printing applications are restricted to a wide range of biomaterials in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Due to their biocompatibility, bioactiveness, and biodegradability, biopolymers such as collagen, alginate, silk fibroin, chitosan, alginate, cellulose, and starch are used in a variety of fields, including the food, biomedical, regeneration, agriculture, packaging, and pharmaceutical industries. The benefits of producing 3D-printed scaffolds are many, including the capacity to produce complicated geometries, porosity, and multicell coculture and to take growth factors into account. In particular, the additional production of biopolymers offers new options to produce 3D structures and materials with specialised patterns and properties. In the realm of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM), important progress has been accomplished; now, several state-of-the-art techniques are used to produce porous scaffolds for organ or tissue regeneration to be suited for tissue technology. Natural biopolymeric materials are often better suited for designing and manufacturing healing equipment than temporary implants and tissue regeneration materials owing to its appropriate properties and biocompatibility. The review focuses on the additive manufacturing of biopolymers with significant changes, advancements, trends, and developments in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering with potential applications.

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Laser additive manufacturing of Zn porous scaffolds: Shielding gas flow, surface quality and densification

Journal of Material Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.065 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 368-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Peng Wen ◽

Yu Qin ◽

Yanzhe Chen ◽

Maximilian Voshage ◽

Lucas Jauer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Surface Quality ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Shielding Gas ◽

Laser Additive Manufacturing ◽

Flow Surface

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Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Permeability of Trabecular-Like Porous Scaffold by Additive Manufacturing

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology ◽

10.3389/fbioe.2021.779854 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Long Chao ◽

Chen Jiao ◽

Huixin Liang ◽

Deqiao Xie ◽

Lida Shen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bone Repair ◽

Bone Cells ◽

Porous Scaffold ◽

Bone Ingrowth ◽

Voronoi Tessellation ◽

Stress Shielding ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Porous Structures ◽

Element Analysis

Human bone cells live in a complex environment, and the biomimetic design of porous structures attached to implants is in high demand. Porous structures based on Voronoi tessellation with biomimetic potential are gradually used in bone repair scaffolds. In this study, the mechanical properties and permeability of trabecular-like porous scaffolds with different porosity levels and average apertures were analyzed. The mechanical properties of bone-implant scaffolds were evaluated using finite element analysis and a mechanical compression experiment, and the permeability was studied by computational fluid dynamics. Finally, the attachment of cells was observed by confocal fluorescence microscope. The results show that the performance of porous structures can be controlled by the initial design of the microstructure and tissue morphology. A good structural design can accurately match the performance of the natural bone. The study of mechanical properties and permeability of the porous structure can help address several problems, including stress shielding and bone ingrowth in existing biomimetic bone structures, and will also promotes cell adhesion, migration, and eventual new bone attachment.

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Up-Cycling of LCD Glass by Additive Manufacturing of Porous Translucent Glass Scaffolds

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14175083 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (17) ◽

pp. 5083

Author(s):

Arish Dasan ◽

Paulina Ożóg ◽

Jozef Kraxner ◽

Hamada Elsayed ◽

Elena Colusso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Viscous Flow ◽

Porous Ceramic ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Organic Additives ◽

Burn Out ◽

Ceramic Components ◽

High Transition ◽

Manufacturing Technologies ◽

Highly Porous

Additive manufacturing technologies, compared to conventional shaping methods, offer great opportunities in design versatility, for the manufacturing of highly porous ceramic components. However, the application to glass powders, later subjected to viscous flow sintering, involves significant challenges, especially in shape retention and in the achievement of a substantial degree of translucency in the final products. The present paper disclosed the potential of glass recovered from liquid crystal displays (LCD) for the manufacturing of highly porous scaffolds by direct ink writing and masked stereolithography of fine powders mixed with suitable organic additives, and sintered at 950 °C, for 1–1.5 h, in air. The specific glass, featuring a relatively high transition temperature (Tg~700 °C), allowed for the complete burn-out of organics before viscous flow sintering could take place; in addition, translucency was favored by the successful removal of porosity in the struts and by the resistance of the used glass to crystallization.

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Design and Optimization of Lattice Structures: A Review

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10186374 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (18) ◽

pp. 6374

Author(s):

Chen Pan ◽

Yafeng Han ◽

Jiping Lu

Keyword(s):

Topology Optimization ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Voronoi Tessellation ◽

High Strength ◽

Research Literature ◽

Main Concern ◽

Lattice Structures ◽

Uniform Lattice ◽

And Topology ◽

Bio Engineering

Cellular structures consist of foams, honeycombs, and lattices. Lattices have many outstanding properties over foams and honeycombs, such as lightweight, high strength, absorbing energy, and reducing vibration, which has been extensively studied and concerned. Because of excellent properties, lattice structures have been widely used in aviation, bio-engineering, automation, and other industrial fields. In particular, the application of additive manufacturing (AM) technology used for fabricating lattice structures has pushed the development of designing lattice structures to a new stage and made a breakthrough progress. By searching a large number of research literature, the primary work of this paper reviews the lattice structures. First, based on the introductions about lattices of literature, the definition and classification of lattice structures are concluded. Lattice structures are divided into two general categories in this paper: uniform and non-uniform. Second, the performance and application of lattice structures are introduced in detail. In addition, the fabricating methods of lattice structures, i.e., traditional processing and additive manufacturing, are evaluated. Third, for uniform lattice structures, the main concern during design is to develop highly functional unit cells, which in this paper is summarized as three different methods, i.e., geometric unit cell based, mathematical algorithm generated, and topology optimization. Forth, non-uniform lattice structures are reviewed from two aspects of gradient and topology optimization. These methods include Voronoi-tessellation, size gradient method (SGM), size matching and scaling (SMS), and homogenization, optimization, and construction (HOC). Finally, the future development of lattice structures is prospected from different aspects.

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Fabrication of 3D-Printed Biodegradable Porous Scaffolds Combining Multi-Material Fused Deposition Modeling and Supercritical CO2 Techniques

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10061080 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1080 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raúl Sanz-Horta ◽

Carlos Elvira ◽

Alberto Gallardo ◽

Helmut Reinecke ◽

Juan Rodríguez-Hernández

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Supercritical Co2 ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

3D Printed ◽

Internal Pore ◽

A Current

The fabrication of porous materials for tissue engineering applications in a straightforward manner is still a current challenge. Herein, by combining the advantages of two conventional methodologies with additive manufacturing, well-defined objects with internal and external porosity were produced. First of all, multi-material fused deposition modeling (FDM) allowed us to prepare structures combining poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA), thus enabling to finely tune the final mechanical properties of the printed part with modulus and strain at break varying from values observed for pure PCL (modulus 200 MPa, strain at break 1700%) and PLA (modulus 1.2 GPa and strain at break 5–7%). More interestingly, supercritical CO2 (SCCO2) as well as the breath figures mechanism (BFs) were additionally employed to produce internal (pore diameters 80–300 µm) and external pores (with sizes ranging between 2 and 12 μm) exclusively in those areas where PCL is present. This strategy will offer unique possibilities to fabricate intricate structures combining the advantages of additive manufacturing (AM) in terms of flexibility and versatility and those provided by the SCCO2 and BFs to finely tune the formation of porous structures.

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Geometric Modeling of Cellular Materials for Additive Manufacturing in Biomedical Field: A Review

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics ◽

10.1155/2018/1654782 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Gianpaolo Savio ◽

Stefano Rosso ◽

Roberto Meneghello ◽

Gianmaria Concheri

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Geometric Modeling ◽

Solid Freeform Fabrication ◽

Cellular Materials ◽

Point Of View ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Freeform Fabrication ◽

Geometric Point ◽

Manufacturing Technologies

Advances in additive manufacturing technologies facilitate the fabrication of cellular materials that have tailored functional characteristics. The application of solid freeform fabrication techniques is especially exploited in designing scaffolds for tissue engineering. In this review, firstly, a classification of cellular materials from a geometric point of view is proposed; then, the main approaches on geometric modeling of cellular materials are discussed. Finally, an investigation on porous scaffolds fabricated by additive manufacturing technologies is pointed out. Perspectives in geometric modeling of scaffolds for tissue engineering are also proposed.

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