Prostatakarzinom – von der konventionellen zur molekularen Diagnostik

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
Rainer Grobholz

Zusammenfassung. Das Prostatakarzinom ist der häufigste Tumor des Mannes und aufgrund von Vorsorgeprogrammen und verbesserter Aufklärung ist die Inzidenz derzeit weiter steigend. Neben der verbesserten klinischen Diagnostik hat die Bildgebung mittels multiparametrischer Magnetresonanztomographie (mpMRT) grosse Fortschritte erzielt. In Verbindung mit dem transrektalen Ultraschall (TRUS) und den MRT Daten ist eine gezieltere Diagnostik von auffälligen Herden in Form von sogenannten Fusionsbiopsien möglich. Die Einbindung der mpMRT in das Biopsieverfahren hat, im Vergleich zur konventionellen TRUS gesteuerten Biopsie, zu einer erhöhten Sensitivität für die Detektion klinisch signifikanter Tumoren geführt. Da das biologische Verhalten der Prostatakarzinome eine starke Heterogenität aufweist, ist es wichtig, behandlungsbedürftige Tumoren früh zu erkennen. Neben den klinischen Parametern spielt die bioptische Diagnostik dabei eine zentrale Rolle. Für die Einschätzung der Aggressivität ist der Gleason-Score nach wie vor einer der zentralen Parameter. Derzeit liegt die dritte Überarbeitung seit der Originalpublikation im Jahre 1966 vor. Um die Probleme des Gleason-Gradings zu umgehen, wurden neue Grad-Gruppen entwickelt, welche auf dem Gleason-Grading aufbauen. Hierbei werden einzelne oder mehrere Gleason-Scores in fünf verschiedene Gruppen mit gleichem biologischen Outcome zusammengefasst. Diese Gruppen erlauben eine sehr gute Unterteilung in Tumoren mit exzellenter Prognose und nur sehr geringem Progressionsrisiko sowie in Tumoren mit schlechter Prognose und hohem Progressionsrisiko. Diese Einteilung erleichtert das Gespräch mit dem Patienten und hilft bei der Auswahl der passenden Therapie. Gleichwohl gibt es noch Fälle, bei denen mehrere Optionen möglich sind und bei denen die Entscheidung für die eine oder andere Therapiestrategie schwierig sein kann. Um der Lösung dieses Problems näher zu kommen, sind derzeit Multigentests verfügbar, welche das Tumorgewebe auf eine bestimmte Anzahl von Genveränderungen untersuchen und daraus einen Scorewert berechnen, anhand welchem eine Risikoabstufung für ein aggressives biologisches Verhalten abgeleitet werden kann. Die Verfügbarkeit dieser Multigentests konnte die klinische Entscheidungsfindung hinsichtlich des weiteren therapeutischen Procedere verbessern, wie die ersten prospektiven Studien zu diesem Thema zeigen konnten. Grössere multizentrische prospektive klinische Studien mit entsprechenden klinischen Verlaufsdaten stehen jedoch noch aus, weshalb derzeit seitens der Fachgesellschaften noch keine Empfehlungen für den Einsatz von Multigentests abgegeben wurden.

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (21) ◽  
pp. 3459-3464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Stark ◽  
Sven Perner ◽  
Meir J. Stampfer ◽  
Jennifer A. Sinnott ◽  
Stephen Finn ◽  
...  

Purpose Gleason grading is an important predictor of prostate cancer (PCa) outcomes. Studies using surrogate PCa end points suggest outcomes for Gleason score (GS) 7 cancers vary according to the predominance of pattern 4. These studies have influenced clinical practice, but it is unclear if rates of PCa mortality differ for 3 + 4 and 4 + 3 tumors. Using PCa mortality as the primary end point, we compared outcomes in Gleason 3 + 4 and 4 + 3 cancers, and the predictive ability of GS from a standardized review versus original scoring. Patients and Methods Three study pathologists conducted a blinded standardized review of 693 prostatectomy and 119 biopsy specimens to assign primary and secondary Gleason patterns. Tumor specimens were from PCa patients diagnosed between 1984 and 2004 from the Physicians' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Lethal PCa (n = 53) was defined as development of bony metastases or PCa death. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated according to original GS and standardized GS. We compared the discrimination of standardized and original grading with C-statistics from models of 10-year survival. Results For prostatectomy specimens, 4 + 3 cancers were associated with a three-fold increase in lethal PCa compared with 3 + 4 cancers (95% CI, 1.1 to 8.6). The discrimination of models of standardized scores from prostatectomy (C-statistic, 0.86) and biopsy (C-statistic, 0.85) were improved compared to models of original scores (prostatectomy C-statistic, 0.82; biopsy C-statistic, 0.72). Conclusion Ignoring the predominance of Gleason pattern 4 in GS 7 cancers may conceal important prognostic information. A standardized review of GS can improve prediction of PCa survival.


2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Montironi ◽  
Liang Cheng ◽  
Marina Scarpelli ◽  
Antonio Lopez-Beltran

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eirini Arvaniti ◽  
Kim S. Fricker ◽  
Michael Moret ◽  
Niels J. Rupp ◽  
Thomas Hermanns ◽  
...  

AbstractThe Gleason grading system remains the most powerful prognostic predictor for patients with prostate cancer since the 1960’s. Its application requires highly-trained pathologists, is tedious and yet suffers from limited inter-pathologist reproducibility, especially for the intermediate Gleason score 7. Automated annotation procedures constitute a viable solution to remedy these limitations.In this study, we present a deep learning approach for automated Gleason grading of prostate cancer tissue microarrays with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. Our system was trained using detailed Gleason annotations on a discovery cohort of 641 patients and was then evaluated on an independent test cohort of 245 patients annotated by two pathologists. On the test cohort, the inter-annotator agreements between the model and each pathologist, quantified via Cohen’s quadratic kappa statistic, were 0.75 and 0.71 respectively, comparable with the inter-pathologist agreement (kappa=0.71). Furthermore, the model’s Gleason score assignments achieved pathology expert-level stratification of patients into prognostically distinct groups, on the basis of disease-specific survival data available for the test cohort.Overall, our study shows promising results regarding the applicability of deep learning-based solutions towards more objective and reproducible prostate cancer grading, especially for cases with heterogeneous Gleason patterns.


2003 ◽  
Vol 127 (8) ◽  
pp. 1007-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Renshaw ◽  
Delray Schultz ◽  
Kerri Cote ◽  
Marian Loffredo ◽  
David E. Ziemba ◽  
...  

Abstract Context.—Gleason grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma in core needle biopsies is important for predicting prognosis and selecting appropriate therapy. Previous studies have shown that Gleason scores assigned by general pathologists have a low correlation with those assigned by urologic pathologists, and that general pathologists tend to undergrade prostate carcinoma. Objective.—To determine if the performance of general pathologists grading prostate needle biopsies has changed over time. Design.—Four hundred sixteen prostate biopsies from men treated at a single community-based institution between 1987 and 2000 were reviewed by one urologic pathologist (A.A.R.). The correlation between the original Gleason score and the reviewer's score was determined over time. Results.—Cases were divided into those performed and originally interpreted in the first half of the study (1987–1996) and those performed and originally interpreted in the second half (1996–2000). Overall concordance for exact Gleason score was 59% (244/416). The exact concordance of the Gleason score assigned by the original pathologist and the reviewer during the first half of the study was 51%, whereas in the second half of the study the concordance was significantly greater (66.3%, P = .002). However, when grouped into score categories of 6 or less, 7, and 8 or greater, there was no significant difference in the exact concordance between the first half of the study (78.3%) and the second half (78.4%). Fifty-five percent of the cases in which there was discordance were graded as 7 by the reference pathologist and 6 or less by the original pathologist. There was no correlation between concordance in Gleason score and the percentage of tissue involved by carcinoma. Conclusion.—The concordance between general pathologists' Gleason grading and that of a reference pathologist in this study is much higher than that in previously reported studies. Although exact concordance has significantly improved over time, concordance by clinically significant groups has remained high throughout the study, is dominated by the difference between Gleason score 7 and 6 or less, and is unrelated to the size of the tumor focus.


2013 ◽  
Vol 137 (12) ◽  
pp. 1740-1746 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Scott Lucia ◽  
David G. Bostwick ◽  
Matthew C. Somerville ◽  
Ivy L. Fowler ◽  
Roger S. Rittmaster

Context.—Use of the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) 2005 modified Gleason score may result in higher scores compared with the classic Gleason scoring system. Objective.—To compare scores derived using the 2 scoring systems. Design.—On-study and for-cause biopsies were centrally reviewed and assigned a classic Gleason score in the Reduction by Dutasteride of prostate Cancer Events trial. Positive biopsies were reviewed by an independent pathologist in a secondary review using the ISUP 2005 modified Gleason score. The independent pathologist also recorded a classic Gleason score. Results.—In total, 1482/1507 (98%) positive biopsy results were independently reviewed. Scores assigned by the 2 pathologists (classic versus modified) agreed in 83% (1230 of 1481) of cases; 99% (1471 of 1481) of cancers were within ±1 of their previous score. Of discordant cases, similar numbers of biopsies were upgraded and downgraded in the secondary review, with minor differences in the score distributions. Interobserver agreement was good, with κ values ranging from 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56–0.67) to 0.70 (95% CI, 0.65–0.76). The overall number of high-grade tumors (Gleason score 8–10; n = 48) remained constant between reviews, with 3 fewer cases in the placebo group (n = 16) and 3 more in the dutasteride group (n = 32) in the secondary review. When comparing the independent pathologist's modified scores versus the classic, 17 of 1481 cancers (1.1%) were upgraded (including 9 of 17 upgrades [53%] to high-grade tumors). Conclusions.—This analysis showed similar score distributions between the classic and modified Gleason scoring systems. The differences seen between the 2 pathologists' scores likely reflect differences in interpretation rather than the scoring system chosen.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 2918-2925
Author(s):  
Manan B Shah ◽  
Kalyani Raju ◽  
Harish Kumar G

Background: Prostatic carcinoma is one of the most common carcinomas among men throughout the world. Gleason score (GS) system is used in reporting and assessing the prognosis of prostatic carcinoma. The GS has undergone modifications. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the new 2014 ISUP Modified Gleason System and Gleason grading (GG) on reporting of prostatic carcinoma. Methodology: This is a retrospective Study. All cases reported as adenocarcinoma prostate from January 2013 to July 2018 were included in the study. The GS done previously as per 2005 criteria was noted. The GS system and GG were done on the microslides retrieved as per 2015 criteria and compared with that of GS already recorded and also with old risk stratification. Results: Comparing the GS of 2005 and 2015 criteria, there was a marked decrease (80%) in Gleason score 6; among these cases, 80% cases were graded as score 7, and 20% cases were graded as score 8. There is also a 28.57% decrease in Gleason score 8 and 60% increase in Gleason score 9 due to the new criteria for pattern 4. The GG 1,2,3,4 and 5 constituted 3.03%, 18.18%, 15.15%, 15.15%, and 48.49% of cases respectively. Conclusion: The new GS and GG has more impact on prognosis of adenocarcinoma prostate as GS 6 has better prognosis and GG gives better risk stratification compared to the previous risk stratification.  


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Scatigno Saad ◽  
George de Queiroz Rosas ◽  
Homero José de Farias e Melo ◽  
Henrique Armando Azevedo Gabriele ◽  
Jacob Szejnfeld

AbstractPurposeTo compare diffusion images and coefficients obtained with 4 b-value versus 12 b-value apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping for characterization of prostate lesions and how these coefficients relate and compare to the PI-RADS™ classification and Gleason grading system.MethodsPatients with indications for prostate cancer testing (n=158) underwent multiparametric 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two diffusion sequences were acquired, one with 4 b values and one with 12 b values. ADC maps were calculated for each (ADC4 and ADC12) and the respective coefficients were tested for correlation with PI-RADS™ classification and Gleason score.ResultsThe ADC12 sequence produced images of superior quality and sharpness than ADC4. Normal-area means (ADC4, 1793.3×10−6mm2/s; ADC12, 1100×10−6mm2/s) were significantly lower than those of lesion areas (ADC4, 1105.9×10−6mm2/s; ADC12, 689.4×10−6mm2/s) (p<0.001). Both techniques behaved similarly and correlated well with PI-RADS™ classification, distinguishing scores 3, 4, and 5 and with means tending to decline with increasing Gleason grade. ADC12 mapping yielded higher specificity than ADC4 (82.6% vs. 72.3%).ConclusionsDiffusion with 12 values is a viable technique for examination of the prostate. It produced higher-quality images than current techniques and correlates well with PI-RADS™ classification and Gleason score.


2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e17504-e17504
Author(s):  
Marlena Janiczek ◽  
Łukasz Szylberg ◽  
Paulina Antosik ◽  
Andrzej Marszalek

e17504 Background: The inflammatory reaction pathways have impact on tumor cells development or anti-tumor responses. Both by the activity of the innate and acquired immune response signalling pathways. A proper acquired immune response is considered as anti-tumor. While inadequate innate or acquired stimulation of the immune system can cause chronic inflammation that can lead to oncogenesis. Numerous reports have revealed a relationship between chronic prostatitis and prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of the study is to retrospectively assess the histological material of PCa with the Gleason grading score. The histological material evaluated the level of inflammatory factors of pathways initiated by IL-17A and IL-17F. The evaluation of the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-17RA, IL-17RC, AKT1, EBPbeta, TRAF 6 and NF-kB made it possible to assess the influence of the inflammatory process on the progression of PCa. Methods: Studies were carried out on archival tissue material in the form of paraffin blocks of 40 men with PCa after radical prostatectomy. The control group of 10 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The material was obtained by the transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The immunohistochemistry was performed on the material prepared in this way using specific primary antibodies against IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-17RA, IL-17RC, ACT1, TRAF-6, C/EBPbeta and NF-kB. The expression of the antibody to be examined using the light microscopy and the Remmele Stegner score (IRS) in cancer staining were then evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: In statistical analysis, it was shown that the inflammatory pathway IL17A/IL-17RC/TRAF6/NF-kB occurs in both BPH and PCa. IL-17 RA did not show expression in any group of patients and in the control group. In addition, along with the increase in the grading of Gleason score, a decrease in the expression of the tested inflammatory parameters was demonstrated. Conclusions: The inflammatory process has an impact on the cancer of prostate cancer. There is a correlation between the grades according to Gleason score and the level of expression of inflammation parameters. Activation of the inflammatory pathway through IL17A/IL-17RC/TRAF6/NF-kB cascade could correlate PCa development on the base of BPH. Evaluation of the inflammatory pathway in PCa, the initiated IL-17, may become a starting point for further research on an attempt to use, for example, immunotherapy in PCa.


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