Determination of Carotenoids in Yellow Maize, the Effects of Saponification and Food Preparations

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzhingi ◽  
Yeum ◽  
Russell ◽  
Johnson ◽  
Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Carotenoid Concentration ◽  
Eye Health ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
C30 Column ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Food Consumed

Maize is an important staple food consumed by millions of people in many countries. Yellow maize naturally contains carotenoids which not only provide provitamin A carotenoids but also xanthophylls, which are known to be important for eye health. This study was aimed at 1) evaluating the effect of saponification during extraction of yellow maize carotenoids, 2) determining the major carotenoids in 36 genotypes of yellow maize by high-performance liquid chromatography with a C30 column, and 3) determining the effect of cooking on the carotenoid content of yellow maize. The major carotenoids in yellow maize were identified as all-trans lutein, cis-isomers of lutein, all-trans zeaxanthin, α- and β-cryptoxanthin, all-trans β-carotene, 9-cis β-carotene, and 13-cis β-carotene. Our results indicated that carotenoid extraction without saponification showed a significantly higher yield than that obtained using saponification. Results of the current study indicate that yellow maize is a good source of provitamin A carotenoids and xanthophylls. Cooking by boiling yellow maize at 100° C for 30 minutes increased the carotenoid concentration, while baking at 450° F for 25 minutes decreased the carotenoid concentrations by almost 70% as compared to the uncooked yellow maize flour.

Vitamin A Value of Plant Food Provitamin A - Evaluated by the Stable Isotope Technologies

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangwen Tang
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
Plant Foods ◽  
A Value ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Β Carotene

Humans need vitamin A and obtain essential vitamin A by conversion of plant foods rich in provitamin A and/or absorption of preformed vitamin A from foods of animal origin. The determination of the vitamin A value of plant foods rich in provitamin A is important but has challenges. The aim of this paper is to review the progress over last 80 years following the discovery on the conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A and the various techniques including stable isotope technologies that have been developed to determine vitamin A values of plant provitamin A (mainly β-carotene). These include applications from using radioactive β-carotene and vitamin A, depletion-repletion with vitamin A and β-carotene, and measuring postprandial chylomicron fractions after feeding a β-carotene rich diet, to using stable isotopes as tracers to follow the absorption and conversion of plant food provitamin A carotenoids (mainly β-carotene) in humans. These approaches have greatly promoted our understanding of the absorption and conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A. Stable isotope labeled plant foods are useful for determining the overall bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoids from specific foods. Locally obtained plant foods can provide vitamin A and prevent deficiency of vitamin A, a remaining worldwide concern.

scholarly journals Extraction and Analysis by HPLC-DAD of Carotenoids in Human Faeces from Spanish Adults

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 484
Author(s):  
Elena Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽  
Beatriz Beltrán-de-Miguel ◽  
Kerly X. Samaniego-Aguilar ◽  
Milagros Sánchez-Prieto ◽  
Rocío Estévez-Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Carotenoid Concentration ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Human Faeces ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Β Carotene

Carotenoids are bioactive compounds with widely accepted health benefits. Their quantification in human faeces can be a useful non-invasive approach to assess their bioavailability. Identification and quantification of major dietary carotenoids in human faeces was the aim of the present study. Faeces and dietary intake were obtained from 101 healthy adults (45–65 years). Carotenoid concentrations were determined by HPLC in faeces and by 3-day food records in dietary intake. Carotenoids quantified in faeces (μg/g dry weight, median) were: β-carotene (39.5), lycopene (20), lutein (17.5), phytoene (11.4), zeaxanthin (6.3), β-cryptoxanthin (4.5), phytofluene (2.9). α-carotene (5.3) and violaxanthin were found 75.5% and 7.1% of the faeces. The carotenoids found in the highest concentrations corresponded to the ones consumed in the greatest amounts (μg/d): lycopene (13,146), phytoene (2697), β-carotene (1812), lutein+zeaxanthin (1148). Carotenoid concentration in faeces and in dietary intake showed correlation for the total non-provitamin A carotenoids (r = 0.302; p = 0.003), phytoene (r = 0.339; p = 0.001), phytofluene (r = 0.279; p = 0.005), lycopene (0.223; p = 0.027), lutein+zeaxanthin (r = 0.291; p = 0.04) and β-cryptoxanthin (r = 0.323; p = 0.001). A high proportion of dietary carotenoids, especially those with provitamin A activity and some of their isomers, reach the large intestine, suggesting a low bioavailability of their intact forms.

A Specific Method for the Determination of Provitamin A Carotenoids in Orange Juice

1975 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel K Reeder ◽  
Gary L Park
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Orange Juice ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Limits Of Detection ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Β Carotene

Abstract A method has been developed for rapidly determining the amounts of ∝-carotene, β-carotene, and cryptoxanthin in orange juice. The procedure includes extraction, saponification, and high-speed liquid chromatography. Limits of detection for the 3 carotenoids are 0.04, 0.02, and 0.04 μg/ml, respectively.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation of Beta-carotene and Lutein Contents in Lettuce

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 870-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beiquan Mou
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Primitive Form ◽  
Carotenoid Concentration ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Wild Accessions ◽  
Β Carotene

There is increasing medical evidence for the health benefits derived from dietary intake of carotenoid antioxidants, such as β-carotene and lutein. Enhancing the nutritional levels of vegetables would improve the nutrient intake without requiring an increase in consumption. A breeding program to improve the nutritional quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) must start with an assessment of the existing genetic variation. To assess the genetic variability in carotenoid contents, 52 genotypes including crisphead, leaf, romaine, butterhead, primitive, Latin, and stem lettuces, and wild species were planted in the field in Salinas, Calif., in the Summer and Fall of 2003 with four replications. Duplicate samples from each plot were analyzed for chlorophyll (a and b), β-carotene, and lutein concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Wild accessions (L. serriola L., L. saligna L., L. virosa L., and primitive form) had higher β-carotene and lutein concentrations than cultivated lettuces, mainly due to the lower moisture content of wild lettuces. Among major types of cultivated lettuce, carotenoid concentration followed the order of: green leaf or romaine > red leaf > butterhead > crisphead. There was significant genetic variation in carotenoid concentration within each of these lettuce types. Crisphead lettuce accumulated more lutein than β-carotene, while other lettuce types had more β-carotene than lutein. Carotenoid concentration was higher in summer than in the fall, but was not affected by the position of the plant on the raised bed. Beta-carotene and lutein concentrations were highly correlated, suggesting that their levels could be enhanced simultaneously. Beta-carotene and lutein concentrations were both highly correlated with chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll concentrations, suggesting that carotenoid content could be selected indirectly through chlorophyll or color measurement. These results suggest that genetic improvement of carotenoid levels in lettuce is feasible.

scholarly journals Multi-strategy engineering greatly enhances provitamin A carotenoid accumulation and stability in Arabidopsis seeds

aBIOTECH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianhu Sun ◽  
Qinlong Zhu ◽  
Ziqing Wei ◽  
Lauren A. Owens ◽  
Tara Fish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Seed Maturation ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Total Carotenoid ◽  
Carotenoid Accumulation ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Total Carotenoid Content ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Β Carotene

AbstractStaple grains with low levels of provitamin A carotenoids contribute to the global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency and therefore are the main targets for provitamin A biofortification. However, carotenoid stability during both seed maturation and postharvest storage is a serious concern for the full benefits of carotenoid biofortified grains. In this study, we utilized Arabidopsis as a model to establish carotenoid biofortification strategies in seeds. We discovered that manipulation of carotenoid biosynthetic activity by seed-specific expression of Phytoene synthase (PSY) increases both provitamin A and total carotenoid levels but the increased carotenoids are prone to degradation during seed maturation and storage, consistent with previous studies of provitamin A biofortified grains. In contrast, stacking with Orange (ORHis), a gene that initiates chromoplast biogenesis, dramatically enhances provitamin A and total carotenoid content and stability. Up to 65- and 10-fold increases of β-carotene and total carotenoids, respectively, with provitamin A carotenoids composing over 63% were observed in the seeds containing ORHis and PSY. Co-expression of Homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT) with ORHis and PSY further increases carotenoid accumulation and stability during seed maturation and storage. Moreover, knocking-out of β-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2) by CRISPR/Cas9 not only potentially facilitates β-carotene accumulation but also minimizes the negative effect of carotenoid over production on seed germination. Our findings provide new insights into various processes on carotenoid accumulation and stability in seeds and establish a multiplexed strategy to simultaneously target carotenoid biosynthesis, turnover, and stable storage for carotenoid biofortification in crop seeds.

High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Provitamin A in Orange Juice

1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Orange Juice ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Single Column ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract A quantitative method has been developed for the determination of α- and β-carotenes and β-cryptoxanthin, the provitamin A carotenoids in orange juice. The carotenoids were separated by high performance liquid chromatography on a single column in approximately 30 min. The procedure may also be used to measure zeta-carotene and α-cryptoxanthin.

Uncultivated Brazilian Green Leaves are Richer Sources of Carotenoids than are Commercially Produced Leafy Vegetables

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cintia Nanci Kobori ◽  
Delia B. Rodriguez Amaya
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
International Programs ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Coriander Leaves

Background With the continuing problem of vitamin A deficiency, the recognition of the role of carotenoids in disease prevention, and international programs promoting biodiversity, determination of the carotenoid content of indigenous Brazilian foods is needed. Objective To determine the principal carotenoids in native leaves and compare the levels with those in commercially produced leafy vegetables. Methods The indigenous Brazilian leafy vegetables caruru, mentruz, taioba, serralha, and beldroega were analyzed with the use of a previously developed and validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Parsley and coriander leaves, which were previously shown to be the richest in carotenoids among commercially produced leaves, were analyzed for comparison. Five sample lots of each vegetable collected at different times during the year were analyzed immediately after harvest. Results Lutein concentrations were 119 ± 21, 111 ± 48, 104 ± 44, 87 ± 7, and 34 ± 14 μg/g, and β-carotene contents were 114 ± 22, 97 ± 40, 66 ± 18, 72 ± 9, and 32 ± 14 μg/g for caruru, mentruz, taioba, serralha, and beldroega, respectively. Except for beldroega, these values were higher than those for commercial leaves. Parsley had 88 ± 18 μg/g of lutein and 65 ± 13 μg/g of β-carotene. Coriander leaves contained 74 ± 6 μg/g of lutein and 55 ± 5 μg/g of β-carotene. The violaxanthin and neoxanthin concentrations were also higher in the native leaves. Comparison with values for previously analyzed commercial leafy vegetables confirmed the higher carotenoid levels of the native leaves. Conclusions The indigenous leaves investigated are richer sources of carotenoids than are commercially produced leafy vegetables.

scholarly journals Palm Oil Carotenoids

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choo Yuen May
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Alkyl Esters ◽  
Red Palm Oil ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Nutritional Effects

Crude palm oil is the richest natural plant source of carotenoids in terms of retinol (provitamin A) equivalent. This article reports on » the carotenoids found in palm oil, its fractions, byproducts, and derivatives from the Elaeis guineensis and E. oleifera palms, including their hybrids and a back-cross, as well as the carotenoids of pressed palm fibres, second-pressed oil, palm leaves, and palm-derived alkyl esters; » two novel procedures for preparing highly concentrated sources of carotenoids (>80,000 ppm), by recovery by palm alkyl esters, and by retention and concentration in deacidified and deodorized red palm oil; » the carotenoid content and profiles of the above sources obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography; and » nutritional effects of palm oil carotenoids and their potential applications for health promotion and disease prevention.

scholarly journals Cassava with enhanced β-carotene maintains adequate vitamin A status in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) despite substantial cis-isomer content

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Howe ◽  
Bussie Maziya-Dixon ◽  
Sherry A. Tanumihardjo
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Meriones Unguiculatus ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Mongolian Gerbils ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Isomer Content ◽  
Β Carotene

Efforts to increase β-carotene in cassava have been successful, but the ability of high-β-carotene cassava to prevent vitamin A deficiency has not been determined. Two studies investigated the bioefficacy of provitamin A in cassava and compared the effects of carotenoid content and variety on vitamin A status in vitamin A-depleted Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Gerbils were fed a vitamin A-free diet 4 weeks prior to treatment. In Expt 1, treatments (ten gerbils per group) included 45 % high-β-carotene cassava, β-carotene and vitamin A supplements (intake matched to high-β-carotene cassava group), and oil control. In Expt 2, gerbils were fed cassava feeds with 1·8 or 4·3 nmol provitamin A/g prepared with two varieties. Gerbils were killed after 4 weeks. For Expt 1, liver vitamin A was higher (P < 0·05) in the vitamin A (1·45 (sd 0·23) μmol/liver), lower in the control (0·43 (sd 0·10) μmol/liver), but did not differ from the β-carotene group (0·77 (sd 0·12) μmol/liver) when compared with the high-β-carotene cassava group (0·69 (sd 0·20) μmol/liver). The bioconversion factor was 3·7 μg β-carotene to 1 μg retinol (2 mol:1 mol), despite 48 % cis-β-carotene [(Z)-β-carotene] composition in cassava. In Expt 2, cassava feed with 4·3 nmol provitamin A/g maintained vitamin A status. No effect of cassava variety was observed. Serum retinol concentrations did not differ. β-Carotene was detected in livers of gerbils receiving cassava and supplements, but the cis-to-trans ratio in liver differed from intake. Biofortified cassava adequately maintained vitamin A status and was as efficacious as β-carotene supplementation in the gerbil model.

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