A Generalizability Study of Time Discounting: Some People React More Strongly to Domain Differences Than Others

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius J. König
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Domain Interaction ◽  
Time Discounting ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Domain Independence ◽  
Generalizability Analysis ◽  
Generalizability Study ◽  
First Time ◽  
Domain Differences

Whereas individual differences in the degree of time discounting have been found to be meaningfully related to important outcome variables, some researchers have reported evidence that individual differences in time discounting cannot be generalized among domains - a phenomenon called domain independence. However, the Participant × Domain interaction and its importance in relation to the main effect of domain have never been studied. In the present paper, generalizability analysis is used for the first time to separate the sources of variance in time discounting choices (into differences between participants, domains, magnitudes, delays, and their interactions). Results show that the most important source of variance is the Participant × Domain interaction. Differences between participants and between magnitudes were also important. Thus, several sources of variance in time discounting choices should be acknowledged. Most importantly, people seem to differ in their reaction to domains.

Cognitive Reflection Effects on Time Discounting

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Białek ◽  
Przemysław Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Time Discounting ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
The Way

Abstract. In this work, we investigated individual differences in cognitive reflection effects on delay discounting – a preference for smaller sooner over larger later payoff. People are claimed to prefer more these alternatives they considered first – so-called reference point – over the alternatives they considered later. Cognitive reflection affects the way individuals process information, with less reflective individuals relying predominantly on the first information they consider, thus, being more susceptible to reference points as compared to more reflective individuals. In Experiment 1, we confirmed that individuals who scored high on the Cognitive Reflection Test discount less strongly than less reflective individuals, but we also show that such individuals are less susceptible to imposed reference points. Experiment 2 replicated these findings additionally providing evidence that cognitive reflection predicts discounting strength and (in)dependency to reference points over and above individual difference in numeracy.

scholarly journals Comprehension and Eye Movements in the Processing of Subject- and Object-Relative Clauses: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 915
Author(s):  
Marianna Stella ◽  
Paul E. Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Processing Difficulty ◽  
Object Relative

In this study, we examined eye movements and comprehension in sentences containing a relative clause. To date, few studies have focused on syntactic processing in dyslexia and so one goal of the study is to contribute to this gap in the experimental literature. A second goal is to contribute to theoretical psycholinguistic debate concerning the cause and the location of the processing difficulty associated with object-relative clauses. We compared dyslexic readers (n = 50) to a group of non-dyslexic controls (n = 50). We also assessed two key individual differences variables (working memory and verbal intelligence), which have been theorised to impact reading times and comprehension of subject- and object-relative clauses. The results showed that dyslexics and controls had similar comprehension accuracy. However, reading times showed participants with dyslexia spent significantly longer reading the sentences compared to controls (i.e., a main effect of dyslexia). In general, sentence type did not interact with dyslexia status. With respect to individual differences and the theoretical debate, we found that processing difficulty between the subject and object relatives was no longer significant when individual differences in working memory were controlled. Thus, our findings support theories, which assume that working memory demands are responsible for the processing difficulty incurred by (1) individuals with dyslexia and (2) object-relative clauses as compared to subject relative clauses.

Perinatal Coaching—A New Beginning

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet Cooper ◽  
June Dreznick ◽  
Beatrice Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
New Beginning ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
First Time

A hospital-based perinatal coaching program fosters communication between first-time parents and their infants. Support provided includes learning about babies' individual differences, normal responses, bonding principles, modeling techniques, early childhood development, as well as realistic expectations of new parents.

Locus of Control as a Personality and Situational Variable

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Mc Donald ◽  
Vincent J. Tempone ◽  
William L. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Experimental Task ◽  
Personality Variable ◽  
Skilled Performance ◽  
Situational Variable ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Previous studies of the personality variable, locus of control (LC), have focused on the relationship between LC and chance versus skilled performance. This study examined the interaction between LC and an experimental task which elicited in Ss differential levels of control as a subjectively felt state. The experimental task consisted in driving an automobile simulator in such a way that S felt he had maximum or little control over the number of errors he made in his driving performance on subsequent trials. S's performance on the simulator and his own evaluation of that performance were studied in relation to the amount of control experienced and individual differences in LC assessed by a forced-choice questionnaire. Although experimental manipulation of control had significant effects on performance, there was no significant interaction with this main effect and individual differences in LC.

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN CATEGORY WIDTH AND FAIRNESS PERCEPTION OF SELECTION DECISIONS

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Singer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Fairness Perception ◽  
Fairness Perceptions ◽  
Perceptions Of Fairness ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Main Effect

The study examined the effect of individual differences in category width on fairness perception of selection decisions. The hypothesis was that narrow categorizers would have more exaggerated perceptions of fairness than broad categorizers. Subjects completed Pettigrew's (1958) Category-Width Scale and a questionnaire designed to assess fairness perceptions of selection outcomes. Although the results of individual differences in fairness perception were consistent and were in the same directions as hypothesized, the main effect of “categorizer” did not reach statistical significance. The results also showed that merit-based selections were perceived as fair. Selections involving preferential treatment were perceived as equally unfair as conventional discrimination against minority candidates.

scholarly journals Inter-individual differences in human brain structure and morphology link to variation in demographics and behavior

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Llera ◽  
Thomas Wolfers ◽  
Peter Mulders ◽  
Christian F Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Negative Spectrum ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
First Time

We perform a comprehensive integrative analysis of multiple structural MR-based brain features and find for the first-time strong evidence relating inter-individual brain structural variations to a wide range of demographic and behavioral variates across a large cohort of young healthy human volunteers. Our analyses reveal that a robust ‘positive-negative’ spectrum of behavioral and demographic variates, recently associated to covariation in brain function, can already be identified using only structural features, highlighting the importance of careful integration of structural features in any analysis of inter-individual differences in functional connectivity and downstream associations with behavioral/demographic variates.

scholarly journals Individual differences in behaviour explain variation in survival: a meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Moiron ◽  
Kate L. Laskowski ◽  
Petri Toivo Niemelä
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Behavioural Types ◽  
Risky Behaviours ◽  
First Time

Research focusing on among-individual differences in behaviour (“animal personality”) has been blooming for over a decade. One of the central theories explaining the maintenance of behavioural variation posits a trade-off between behaviour and survival with individuals expressing greater “risky” behaviours suffering higher mortality. Here, for the first time, we synthesize the existing empirical evidence for this key prediction. Our results did not support this prediction as there was no directional relationship between riskier behaviour and greater mortality; however there was a significant absolute relationship between behaviour and survival. In total, behaviour explained a significant, but small, portion (4.4%) of the variance in survival. We also found that risky (versus “shy”) behavioural types live longer in the wild, but not in the laboratory. This suggests that individuals expressing risky behaviours might be of overall higher quality but the lack of predation pressure and resource restrictions mask this effect in laboratory environments. Our work implies that individual differences in behaviour explain important differences in survival but not in the direction predicted by theory. Importantly, this suggests that the models predicting survival trade-offs may need revision and/or empiricists may need to reconsider their proxies of risky behaviours when testing such theory.

Studying the main effect and the effect of gene-gene interactions in the formation of individual differences in the level of cognitive function

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-40
Author(s):  
Р.Ф. Еникеева ◽  
А.В. Казанцева ◽  
Ю.Д. Давыдова ◽  
С.Б. Малых ◽  
Э.К. Хуснутдтнова
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Mathematical Anxiety ◽  
Polymorphic Variants ◽  
Individual Success ◽  
Mathematical Operations

Наличие трудностей при выполнении математических операций, связанных с высокой стрессовой неустойчивостью (так называемая математическая тревожность, МТ), представляет важную проблему для достижения индивидуальной успешности. В данной работе был проведен анализ взаимодействия 23 полиморфных вариантов генов, отвечающих за регуляцию нейромедиаторных систем, рабочей памяти и синаптической пластичности, в детерминацию межиндивидуальных различий в уровне МТ. В результате анализа были получены две оптимальные статистические модели межгенных взаимодействий, ассоциированные с уровнем МТ (СREB1 (rs35349697) x DTNBP1 (rs2619522) и DRD2 (rs6277) x ВDNF (rs6265)). The difficulties frequently caused by the presence of high stress sensitivity during performing mathematical operations (mathematical anxiety, MA) in a modern high-tech society represent the important problem for both individual success and economic well-being of a society. We analyzed the interaction of 23 polymorphic variants of genes responsible for the regulation of neurotransmitter systems, working memory and synaptic plasticity, in determining inter-individual differences in the level of mathematical anxiety. As a result, we obtained two optimal statistical models of intergenic interactions associated with the level of mathematical anxiety (СREB1 (rs35349697) x DTNBP1 (rs2619522) and DRD2 (rs6277) x ВDNF (rs6265)).

scholarly journals The “Jim Cantore Effect?” A Preliminary Test of Individual Difference-Induced Media Effects Upon Hurricane Evacuation Decisions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan R. Allen ◽  
Matthew J. Bolton ◽  
H. Michael Mogil ◽  
Jennifer Toole ◽  
Lara K. Ault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Media Effects ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Hurricane Evacuation ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Media Condition

We conducted this study to test for an interaction of media effects and individual differences that could affect hurricane evacuation decision-making. Participants responded in an online, Qualtrics-hosted survey to many demographic and individual difference questionnaires assessing decisions one would make in a hurricane evacuation. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two video conditions (reporter emotionality: high or low) and asked a number of questions about the field-reporting meteorologist they viewed. We predicted an interaction between intuitive thinking (which is faster and more emotional) and emotional reporting such that highly intuitive thinkers would be more likely to evacuate when presented with more emotional hurricane field reporting. This hypothesis was rejected. However, there was a main effect of intuition, whereby highly intuitive people expressed more fear for weather (but not hurricanes). Furthermore, there was a main effect of media condition: People exposed to highly emotional field reporting in general were more likely to evacuate. These results are discussed in light of meteorological communication standards and principles.

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