INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN CATEGORY WIDTH AND FAIRNESS PERCEPTION OF SELECTION DECISIONS

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Singer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Fairness Perception ◽  
Fairness Perceptions ◽  
Perceptions Of Fairness ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Main Effect

The study examined the effect of individual differences in category width on fairness perception of selection decisions. The hypothesis was that narrow categorizers would have more exaggerated perceptions of fairness than broad categorizers. Subjects completed Pettigrew's (1958) Category-Width Scale and a questionnaire designed to assess fairness perceptions of selection outcomes. Although the results of individual differences in fairness perception were consistent and were in the same directions as hypothesized, the main effect of “categorizer” did not reach statistical significance. The results also showed that merit-based selections were perceived as fair. Selections involving preferential treatment were perceived as equally unfair as conventional discrimination against minority candidates.

The Roles of Organizational Politics and Fairness in the Relationship between Performance Management Systems and Trust

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong M. Lau ◽  
Glennda Scully
Keyword(s):  
Performance Management ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Organizational Politics ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Fairness Perceptions ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Perceptions Of Fairness ◽  
Performance Measurement Systems ◽  
Financial Performance Measures ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Organizational politics is ubiquitous in organizations. Yet to date, no prior research has investigated, in a systematic empirical manner, the mediating role of organizational politics in performance measurement systems. The primary purpose of this research is to investigate if perceptions of organizational politics mediate the relationships between performance measures and employees' trust in their superiors. As organizational politics may also affect employees' perceptions of fairness, a model is used to investigate (1) if performance measures affect organizational politics; (2) if organizational politics, in turn, affects procedural and interpersonal fairness; and (3) if fairness perceptions subsequently affect trust in superiors. Based on a sample of 104 responses, the partial least squares results indicate that organizational politics and fairness perceptions significantly mediate the nonfinancial performance measures and trust relationship. In contrast, the results indicate that the mediating effects of organizational politics and fairness on the relationship between financial performance measures and trust are generally insignificant.

scholarly journals Comprehension and Eye Movements in the Processing of Subject- and Object-Relative Clauses: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 915
Author(s):  
Marianna Stella ◽  
Paul E. Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Processing Difficulty ◽  
Object Relative

In this study, we examined eye movements and comprehension in sentences containing a relative clause. To date, few studies have focused on syntactic processing in dyslexia and so one goal of the study is to contribute to this gap in the experimental literature. A second goal is to contribute to theoretical psycholinguistic debate concerning the cause and the location of the processing difficulty associated with object-relative clauses. We compared dyslexic readers (n = 50) to a group of non-dyslexic controls (n = 50). We also assessed two key individual differences variables (working memory and verbal intelligence), which have been theorised to impact reading times and comprehension of subject- and object-relative clauses. The results showed that dyslexics and controls had similar comprehension accuracy. However, reading times showed participants with dyslexia spent significantly longer reading the sentences compared to controls (i.e., a main effect of dyslexia). In general, sentence type did not interact with dyslexia status. With respect to individual differences and the theoretical debate, we found that processing difficulty between the subject and object relatives was no longer significant when individual differences in working memory were controlled. Thus, our findings support theories, which assume that working memory demands are responsible for the processing difficulty incurred by (1) individuals with dyslexia and (2) object-relative clauses as compared to subject relative clauses.

scholarly journals Comparison of 1-Repetition-Maximum Performance Across 3 Weightlifting Overhead Pressing Exercises and Sport Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 862-867
Author(s):  
Marcos A. Soriano ◽  
Amador García-Ramos ◽  
Antonio Torres-González ◽  
Joaquín Castillo-Palencia ◽  
Pedro J. Marín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Mixed Group ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Main Effect

Objective: To (1) compare the 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) performance between the push press, push jerk, and split jerk and (2) explore these differences between weightlifters, CrossFit athletes, and a mixed group of athletes. Methods: Forty-six resistance-trained males (age 28.8 [6.4] y; height 180.0 [6.0] cm; body mass 84.1 [10.2] kg; weightlifting training experience 3.64 [3.14] y) participated in this study. The 1RM performance of the push press, push jerk, and split jerk was assessed during the same session in a sequential order (ie, combined 1RM assessment method). Thirty-six participants were retested to determine between-sessions reliability of the 1RM values. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) showed a high between-sessions reliability for the push press (ICC = .98; 95% CI, .95–.99), push jerk (ICC = .99; 95% CI, .98–1.00), and split jerk (ICC = .99; 95% CI, .98–1.00). There was a significant main effect of exercise (η2 = .101) and exercise × group interaction (η2 = .012) on 1RM performance (P < .001), whereas the main effect of group did not reach statistical significance (P = .175). Conclusions: This study provides evidence that the weightlifting overhead press derivatives affect 1RM performance. In addition, the interaction of exercise and sport group was caused by the higher differences in 1RM performance between exercises for weightlifters compared with CrossFit and a mixed group of athletes. Therefore, strength and conditioning professionals should be aware that the differences in 1RM performance between weightlifting overhead-press derivatives may be affected by sport group.

Examining Fairness Perceptions of Financial Resource Allocations in U.S. Olympic Sport

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Dittmore ◽  
Daniel Mahony ◽  
Damon P.S. Andrew ◽  
Mary A. Hums
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Financial Resource ◽  
Executive Directors ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Fairness Perceptions ◽  
Perceptions Of Fairness ◽  
Olympic Movement ◽  
Sport Industry ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Olympic Sport

The purpose of this study was to measure U.S. National Governing Body (NGB) administrators’ perceptions of fairness of financial resource allocation within the U.S. Olympic Movement. This study extends previous research on distributive justice in the sport industry by examining a new setting and controlling for the potential moderating effect of procedural justice. Presidents and executive directors responded to a survey containing three resource allocation scenarios. Study participants most often identifiedneed to be competitively successfulas the most fair distribution principle, but believedequity based on medals wonwas the most likely to be used. Results also indicated significant differences in the perceived fairness of distribution principles based on the budget size of the NGB, the membership size of the NGB, and the NGB’s success in the Olympic Games. These results have implications for the evolving priorities of NGBs, how these priorities are being addressed, and possible reactions to resource distribution decisions.

Locus of Control as a Personality and Situational Variable

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Mc Donald ◽  
Vincent J. Tempone ◽  
William L. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Experimental Task ◽  
Personality Variable ◽  
Skilled Performance ◽  
Situational Variable ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Previous studies of the personality variable, locus of control (LC), have focused on the relationship between LC and chance versus skilled performance. This study examined the interaction between LC and an experimental task which elicited in Ss differential levels of control as a subjectively felt state. The experimental task consisted in driving an automobile simulator in such a way that S felt he had maximum or little control over the number of errors he made in his driving performance on subsequent trials. S's performance on the simulator and his own evaluation of that performance were studied in relation to the amount of control experienced and individual differences in LC assessed by a forced-choice questionnaire. Although experimental manipulation of control had significant effects on performance, there was no significant interaction with this main effect and individual differences in LC.

The Tell-Tale Hand

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Stefanie Pavlovic
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Digit Ratio ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fourth Digit ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Intense Research ◽  
Anatomical Trait

Abstract. The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), an inconspicuous, but sexually differentiated anatomical trait (men present lower 2D:4D than women), has received intense research interest recently. Fairly strong evidence points to 2D:4D as a biomarker for the organizational (permanent) effects of prenatal testosterone on the brain and behavior. 2D:4D has been shown to be a correlate of a wealth of sex-dependent, hormonally influenced traits and phenotypes, which reach into the domains of behavior, fertility, health, physique, sexuality, and sports and also deeply into differential psychology (ability, cognition, and personality). This study investigated whether individual differences in 2D:4D are related to individual differences in attractiveness, sex typicality, and other attributes ascribed to palm images by raters. For both sexes, more sex-atypical trait expressions (i.e., higher 2D:4D in male, but lower 2D:4D in female palm specimens) were related to higher aggregate ratings of attractiveness, healthiness, sexiness, imagined handshake pleasantness, and imagined person dominance, albeit only the last association achieved formal statistical significance with two-tailed testing. These findings suggest that 2D:4D might be a correlate of perceived dominance and possibly also of other attributes. Digit ratio associations with sex-typicality ratings (sex-of-hand judgments and perceived palm masculinity and femininity) were inconsistent and mostly of smaller size. Finger lengths (2D and 4D) were generally more strongly and consistently related to palm attributes than 2D:4D was. Implications of the findings, study limitations, and directions for future research are considered.

A Generalizability Study of Time Discounting: Some People React More Strongly to Domain Differences Than Others

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius J. König
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Domain Interaction ◽  
Time Discounting ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Domain Independence ◽  
Generalizability Analysis ◽  
Generalizability Study ◽  
First Time ◽  
Domain Differences

Whereas individual differences in the degree of time discounting have been found to be meaningfully related to important outcome variables, some researchers have reported evidence that individual differences in time discounting cannot be generalized among domains - a phenomenon called domain independence. However, the Participant × Domain interaction and its importance in relation to the main effect of domain have never been studied. In the present paper, generalizability analysis is used for the first time to separate the sources of variance in time discounting choices (into differences between participants, domains, magnitudes, delays, and their interactions). Results show that the most important source of variance is the Participant × Domain interaction. Differences between participants and between magnitudes were also important. Thus, several sources of variance in time discounting choices should be acknowledged. Most importantly, people seem to differ in their reaction to domains.

scholarly journals Consumers’ Perceptions of Price Steering in Shopping Online for Tourism

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jean Michel CHAPUIS
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
Perceptions Of Fairness ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Rate Parity ◽  
Post Purchase ◽  
Pricing Schemes ◽  
Different Order

When confronting discriminations during the buying process, the consumers may perceive unfair transactions and some untrustworthy providers.  Price steering is a common manipulation of listing offers tailored to a customer’s request. The consumers receive a same-products list in a different order for the same query on e-shop. The study questions whether its performance is related to discrimination among consumers. This paper mobilizes the theory of Justice to explore perceptions of fairness and trust in the practice of price steering. The proposed framework states that the post-purchase stage reveals perceptions intervening in the effect of price steering on willingness to pay.An experiment with a total 883 respondents is simulating an online shopping. The list of options shown online is manipulated. This study documents the main effect of price steering such as a higher willingness to pay and driving online purchasers toward certain choices. This effect is found to generate up to 20% of extra revenue. The analysis also finds a negative influence on perceptions with no difference between the discriminated segments of the market. Implications for researchers and managers: the pricing schemes should be carefully tailored to maintain fairness, as well as profitability, by considering rate parity across online channels and purchasing experiences.

Increasing the Influence of Permission Safety on App Selections by Changes in Visual Representation

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 797-797
Author(s):  
Aiping Xiong ◽  
Huangyi Ge ◽  
Wanling Zou ◽  
Ninghui Li ◽  
Robert W. Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Color Representation ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Selection Tasks ◽  
Visual Privacy ◽  
User Ratings

Previous studies have shown that inclusion of a permission safety score/cue in the early stage of selecting an app assists users in making safer choices (Chen, Gates, Li, & Proctor, 2015; Gates, Chen, Li, & Proctor, 2014; Rajivan & Camp, 2016). Yet, user ratings were typically weighted more in app-selection decisions than a summary permission safety score, suggesting that app-associated risks are not fully understood or known by users. In daily interactions, people make privacy decisions not just based on rational considerations but also on heuristics (e.g., take the first, Dogruel, Joeckel, & Bowman, 2015). Interfaces of popular online services and systems sometimes exploit these heuristics and biases to nudge people to act in ways that are not always aligned with their own intentions (Stutzma, Gross, & Acquisti, 2013). On the contrary, the goal of present study was to evaluate various formats for presenting the permission safety scores to nudge users to make decisions that are in better agreement with their security and privacy objectives. With 2 studies, we found that a 3-color representation of permission safety promotes safe behavior and communicates privacy of apps well. In Experiment 1, the permission safety score was placed above or below the user rating, and it was conveyed by a number from 1 to 5 paired with a shield or lock icon. The user rating was presented as a number from 1 to 5, paired with a gray star. Participants completed six app-selection tasks, in which, for each, two apps out of six were chosen. The percentage of app selection was higher with increased safety as well as increased user ratings. Permission safety interacted with user rating: For apps with lower user ratings the permission safety did not influence app selection, but for apps with higher user ratings an increased permission safety score led to more app selection. However, neither location (above or below) nor the icon type showed a main effect, nor did they interact. In Experiment 2, the 3-level permission safety score was conveyed by color (red, yellow, green), emoticons (frown, neutral, smile), color with emoticons, or a number from 1 to 3 paired with a lock icon. Participants performed the same tasks as Experiment 1. The results were similar as Experiment 1 except that presentation format interacted with permission safety score. Further analysis showed that that the permission safety score had more influence on app selection when it was represented by conditions with color coding, indicating that permission safety was weighted more in the app-selection decisions when permission safety was presented with 3-color-coding. The role of color in enhancing risk perception is consistent with the role of color in enhancing hazard perception in warning literature (Wogalter, 2006). Given the relative quickness of the decision and the limited cues that users consider during app selection, their attention should be directed to more important app-specific privacy characteristics. Our results provided evidence that 3-color coding can shift users’ attention and influence users to make safer app selections. In designing a visual privacy rating to nudge people away from risky apps, leveraging visual attributes that are prevalent for conveying valence is recommended.

Process vs. Outcome? How to Evaluate the Effects of Participatory Processes on Legitimacy Perceptions

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Hannah Werner ◽  
Sofie Marien
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Participatory Process ◽  
Total N ◽  
Fairness Perceptions ◽  
Perceptions Of Fairness ◽  
Participatory Processes ◽  
The Status ◽  
Process Effects ◽  
Representative Process

Abstract The potential for participatory processes to address deficits in perceptions of legitimacy is strongly debated. This letter discusses how to evaluate the effects of participatory procedures. It argues that participatory processes should not be compared to normative ideals about how citizens should behave, but rather to the status quo of representative decision making. The authors use the example of winner–loser gaps in perceptions of fairness to illustrate the importance of evaluation frameworks, drawing on twelve experiments from the Netherlands and Sweden (total N = 5,352). The study shows that the choice of benchmarks matters substantially for the interpretation of process effects. When comparing participatory processes to the status quo of representative decision making, it finds higher fairness perceptions for a participatory process than for a representative process across all twelve experiments, even when the outcomes are unfavourable.

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