The Use of the Defense Mechanism Test to Aid in Understanding the Personality of Senior Executives and the Implications for Their Careers

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olya Khaleelee
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Senior Executives ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Test Profiles ◽  
Real Test

This paper describes the use of the Defense Mechanism Test as an aid in helping to assess senior executives in four areas: for selection, development, career strategy, and crisis intervention. The origins of this test, developed to measure the defense mechanisms used to protect the individual from stress, are described. The paper shows how it was used to predict the capacity of trainee fighter pilots to withstand stress and its later application to other stressful occupations. Finally, some ideal types of the test are shown followed by four real test profiles, two of them with their associated histories.

scholarly journals Features of psychological protection of students of IHE who are engaged in swimming

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
N. Dakal ◽  
O. Cherevichko ◽  
K. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Psychological Defense ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

The purpose of psychological protection is to maintain the integrity of the "self-concept" of the individual by protecting his consciousness from negative traumatic experiences, fear of failure, anxiety or uncertainty in their actions. The authors who studied this phenomenon in sports note that the psychological protection of the athlete - is a system of mechanisms and methods of mental self-regulation of consciousness and behavior of the individual in extreme mental conditions. Psychological defense mechanisms are manifested in students as a regulatory system that is activated in a situation of internal or external conflict. Based on it, students often show such a defense mechanism as substitution, regression, and compensation. Considering the manifestation of protective mechanisms in boys and girls, we obtained the following indicators: reactive formations (73% in girls and 51% in boys) and projection (73% in girls and 54% in boys) (p <0.05); in boys prevails: suppression (65% in boys and 45% in girls) and intellectualization (69% in boys and 56.1% in girls) (p <0.05). We found differences in the choice of the dominant mechanism of psychological protection by swimming students. The leading mechanism in the studied contingent is substitution, and the least preferred is suppression. The study identified the manifestation of the main mechanisms of psychological protection in students who swim and analyzed certain types of protection with a description of the specific features of the system of protective mechanisms and the level of their impact depending on gender differences.

Defense Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phebe Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Loss Of Self ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Unconscious Mind

Defense mechanisms are mental operations that function outside of awareness. In this sense, they operate in the unconscious mind. Such mechanisms were first identified by Sigmund Freud in connection with psychopathology but later were understood to be part of normal everyday functioning. Defenses serve the purpose of protecting the individual from excessive anxiety and loss of self-esteem. Defense mechanisms have been found to change with age, based on the complexity of the mental operations involved. Once a child understands how a defense mechanism functions, the mechanism tends to be used less frequently and a cognitively more complex mechanism is adopted.

scholarly journals MEMAHAMI PENCITRAAN POLITIK MELALUI PENDEKATAN MEKANISME PERTAHANAN DIRI

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Musdalifah Dachrud ◽  
Aris Soleman
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
The Political ◽  
Real Character ◽  
The Real ◽  
Conscious Effort ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The Individual

Political imagery is one way that has the potential to lead and persuade people to political choices. The issue is raised imaging behavior of a politician(candidate) is not necessarily the same as the real character and personality. Defense mechanism is one of the studies in psychology that can provide insight and understanding of the political imagery. Sigmund Freud explained that the defense mechanisms are not conscious effort to show the process that protects the individual from anxiety through the perversion of reality. Keywords: political imagery, defense mechanism Pencitraan politik merupakan salah satu cara yang berpotensi untuk menggiring dan merayu rakyat terhadap pilihan politiknya. Permasalahannya adalah perilaku pencitraan yang dimunculkan seorang politisi (calon) belum tentu sama dengan karakter dan kepribadian yang sesungguhnya. Mekanisme pertahanan diri (defense mechanism) merupakan salah satu kajian dalam psikologi yang dapat memberikan pandangan dan pemahaman mengenai pencitraan politik. Sigmund Freud menjelaskan bahwa mekanisme pertahanan diri adalah upaya menunjukkan proses tidak sadar yang melindungi individu dari kecemasan melalui pemutarbalikkan kenyataan. Kata Kunci: pencitraan politik, mekanisme pertahanan diri

scholarly journals Defense Mechanism Functioning in Patients With Breast Cancer: Using the Defense Mechanism Rating Scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Saab ◽  
Matias Hartmann ◽  
Xue Han
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the highest incidence rates in Lebanon. Previous studies had focused scarcely on the unconscious protective shield of patients with BC or BC survivors against cancer, while only some studies had focused on the relationship between defense mechanisms (DMs) and high adaptation with the disease process and progress. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the reaction of inpatients with BC toward the disease by measuring DMs in the Lebanon context.Methods: Seventy inpatients with BC were recruited randomly from six hospitals. Their DMs were measured using the Defense Mechanism Rating Scale. Moreover, the Relationship Anecdotes Paradigm (RAP) was used with three recent life vignettes of initial diagnosis, family, and daily life. The data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and Spearman's rank.Results: Patients with stage 2 BC used more high-adaptive defense levels than patients with stage 4 BC who used more minor image distorting defense levels. Moreover, patients with stage 2 BC used more self-observation and undoing, while patients with stage 4 BC used more devaluation.Conclusion: The severity of BC, the age of carriers, and the social status may lead to higher use of DMs, at the level of the individual defense and the hierarchal or the tripartite levels.

A Study of Memory and Psychological Defense Mechanism in Julian Barnes’s The Sense of an Ending

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Aliakbari Harehdasht ◽  
Zahra Ekbatäni
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Psychological Defense ◽  
Julian Barnes ◽  
Self Image

In The Sense of an Ending, Julian Barnes portrays the mysterious workings of the human mind as it distorts facts towards the end of a self-image that one can live with. The protagonist in the novel deploys certain psychological defense mechanisms in order to protect himself from feelings of anxiety, only to experience even more profound anxiety due to his excessive use of them. The significance of the present paper lies in its novel view of the book. So far, the critique on the novel has mainly been focused on the workings of time on memory; however, the present paper investigates how psychological defense mechanisms blur the protagonist’s perception of reality and distort his memories. This paper also attempts to attract scholarly interest in the study of psychological defense mechanisms in the study of The Sense of an Ending which has so far been to the best of our knowledge overlooked

Comparison of Defense Mechanisms Utilized in Perception by Congenitally Blind and Sighted Respondents

1984 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 228-230
Author(s):  
Sam Minskoff ◽  
John M. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Ego Defenses ◽  
Congenitally Blind

The present study examined specific defense mechanisms involved in perceptions of congenitally blind and sighted respondents. The Defense Mechanism Inventory was given 30 blind and 30 sighted subjects, randomly selected. One-way analyses of variance on specific defenses indicated nonsignificant differences between the groups who tended to show comparable patterns of ego defenses. Findings suggest any discrepancies in perception between such groups are not likely based on differences in the use of various defense mechanisms as measured by the Defense Mechanism Inventory.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Hormesis in PancreaticβCells: Does Uncoupling Protein 2 Play a Role?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Li ◽  
Suzana Stojanovski ◽  
Pierre Maechler
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Glucose Sensing ◽  
Mitochondrial Uncoupling ◽  
Mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Cellular Stresses ◽  
Excessive Nutrients

In pancreaticβcells, mitochondrial metabolism translates glucose sensing into signals regulating insulin secretion. Chronic exposure ofβcells to excessive nutrients, namely, glucolipotoxicity, impairsβ-cell function. This is associated with elevated ROS production from overstimulated mitochondria. Mitochondria are not only the major source of cellular ROS, they are also the primary target of ROS attacks. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP2, even though its uncoupling properties are debated, has been associated with protective functions against ROS toxicity. Hormesis, an adaptive response to cellular stresses, might contribute to the protection againstβ-cell death, possibly limiting the development of type 2 diabetes. Mitochondrial hormesis, or mitohormesis, is a defense mechanism observed in ROS-induced stress-responses by mitochondria. Inβcells, mitochondrial damages induced by sublethal exogenous H2O2can induce secondary repair and defense mechanisms. In this context, UCP2 is a marker of mitohormesis, being upregulated following stress conditions. When overexpressed in nonstressed naïve cells, UCP2 confers resistance to oxidative stress. Whether treatment with mitohormetic inducers is sufficient to restore or ameliorate secretory function ofβcells remains to be determined.

scholarly journals AUDREY TURNER’S CONFLICTS AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN KINSELLA’S 'FINDING AUDREY'

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
M. Aprianto Budie Nugroho ◽  
Sely Viladinia
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Narrative Research ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Main Character

A story becomes interesting because of the existence of the characters’ conflicts. This research objectives were to investigate the conflicts and defense mechanisms in Audrey Turner, the main character of Finding Audrey novel written by Sophie Kinsella. This research was conducted in qualitative method by using narrative research design. The collected data were identified, categorized, and analyzed based on literature and psychology perspectives of Islam’s (2016) theory and defense mechanisms by Cramer (2006). The findings show that person vs him/herself as the internal conflict is found 52 times (67.5%). The first external conflict found is person vs person which appears 23 times (29.9%) It is followed by person vs society and person vs nature conflicts, each of which appears once only (1.3%). Three kinds of defense mechanisms are found as well. The denial defense mechanisms are found 72 times (54.1%) whereas projection and identification are each found as many as 48 times (36.1%) and 13 times (9.8%). It means that  Audrey, as the main character, mostly faces conflicts against her own self and feels of fears affected from her anxiety disorder and people around her. To deal with her conflicts, Audrey mostly uses denial as a defense mechanism to protect herself.

scholarly journals Relations between typological personality traits and mechanisms of psychological defense

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-D) ◽  
pp. 517-527
Author(s):  
Vitaliy V. Kabakov ◽  
Andrey E. Sorokin ◽  
Anatoly V. Ryapukhin
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Psychological Defense ◽  
The Individual

Research object is the typological personality traits. Subject of research is the relation of temperament and the mechanism of psychological defense. Purpose of the research is to reveal the relation between the typological characteristics of the personality and the mechanisms of psychological defense. The hypothesis of the research is the assumption that there is a relation between the typological characteristics of the personality and the mechanisms of psychological defense. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results obtained can become the basis for the development of a program for the correction or optimization of psychological defense mechanisms based on the typological characteristics of the individual.

Crisis Intervention: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations

1971 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverley Raphael
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Mental And Physical Health

This paper is a theoretical and methodological dissertation on the concept of crisis intervention as an instrument of primary prevention; appropriate current literature is reviewed. The concepts of crisis are discussed briefly, and a concept emphasizing the intrapsychic state of the individual is proposed. The relevance of crisis with its period of disturbed functioning and its potential immediate and long-term sequelae for mental and physical health and social adaptation is reviewed. The concepts of crisis intervention are explored and dealt with. Each is looked at from the aspects of epidemiologically established basis, forms of intervention, both actual and hypothesized, and methodology of evaluation of effectiveness.

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