scholarly journals Defense Mechanism Functioning in Patients With Breast Cancer: Using the Defense Mechanism Rating Scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Saab ◽  
Matias Hartmann ◽  
Xue Han
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the highest incidence rates in Lebanon. Previous studies had focused scarcely on the unconscious protective shield of patients with BC or BC survivors against cancer, while only some studies had focused on the relationship between defense mechanisms (DMs) and high adaptation with the disease process and progress. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the reaction of inpatients with BC toward the disease by measuring DMs in the Lebanon context.Methods: Seventy inpatients with BC were recruited randomly from six hospitals. Their DMs were measured using the Defense Mechanism Rating Scale. Moreover, the Relationship Anecdotes Paradigm (RAP) was used with three recent life vignettes of initial diagnosis, family, and daily life. The data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and Spearman's rank.Results: Patients with stage 2 BC used more high-adaptive defense levels than patients with stage 4 BC who used more minor image distorting defense levels. Moreover, patients with stage 2 BC used more self-observation and undoing, while patients with stage 4 BC used more devaluation.Conclusion: The severity of BC, the age of carriers, and the social status may lead to higher use of DMs, at the level of the individual defense and the hierarchal or the tripartite levels.

The Use of the Defense Mechanism Test to Aid in Understanding the Personality of Senior Executives and the Implications for Their Careers

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olya Khaleelee
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Senior Executives ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Test Profiles ◽  
Real Test

This paper describes the use of the Defense Mechanism Test as an aid in helping to assess senior executives in four areas: for selection, development, career strategy, and crisis intervention. The origins of this test, developed to measure the defense mechanisms used to protect the individual from stress, are described. The paper shows how it was used to predict the capacity of trainee fighter pilots to withstand stress and its later application to other stressful occupations. Finally, some ideal types of the test are shown followed by four real test profiles, two of them with their associated histories.

scholarly journals Beyond the mask of deference: exploring the relationship between ruptures and transference in a single-case study

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Locati ◽  
Pietro De Carli ◽  
Emanuele Tarasconi ◽  
Margherita Lang ◽  
Laura Parolin
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Single Case Study ◽  
Alliance Ruptures ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between transference and therapeutic alliance has been long discussed. It is only recently, however, that empirical evidence has provided support for a tight correspondence between several transference dimensions and rupture and resolution processes. In the present single-case study, we used alliance ruptures as a key dimension to understand patient’s transference dynamics. This was achieved in a particular form of patient’s behavior, i.e., patient’s deference and acquiescent behavior, which describes a significant submission to assertions, skills, judgments and point of views of another person. Therapeutic process was measured by means of the Rupture Resolution Rating Scale, the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme and the Defense Mechanism Rating Scales, whereas therapeutic outcome was measured by means of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200. Results of sequential analysis yielded a significant correspondence between rupture markers, characterized by avoidance and shifting of session’s topic, and patient’s narrations. Furthermore, a systematic correspondence between alliance ruptures and patient’s avoidant functioning, which emerged both in transference relationship and in the quality of the defense structure, was found. Together, these findings indicate that patient’s deference inhibits the expression of relational themes, with ruptures in alliance that seem to be supported by a strong defensive structure. In particular, patient’s avoidance played a double role in the treatment. On the one hand, avoidance was the main characteristic of her transference structure, based on extreme intellectualization and emotional closure. On the other hand, it contributed to create an impasse in the treatment, based on a withdrawal ruptures model and on obsessive level defences.

scholarly journals Features of psychological protection of students of IHE who are engaged in swimming

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
N. Dakal ◽  
O. Cherevichko ◽  
K. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Psychological Defense ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

The purpose of psychological protection is to maintain the integrity of the "self-concept" of the individual by protecting his consciousness from negative traumatic experiences, fear of failure, anxiety or uncertainty in their actions. The authors who studied this phenomenon in sports note that the psychological protection of the athlete - is a system of mechanisms and methods of mental self-regulation of consciousness and behavior of the individual in extreme mental conditions. Psychological defense mechanisms are manifested in students as a regulatory system that is activated in a situation of internal or external conflict. Based on it, students often show such a defense mechanism as substitution, regression, and compensation. Considering the manifestation of protective mechanisms in boys and girls, we obtained the following indicators: reactive formations (73% in girls and 51% in boys) and projection (73% in girls and 54% in boys) (p <0.05); in boys prevails: suppression (65% in boys and 45% in girls) and intellectualization (69% in boys and 56.1% in girls) (p <0.05). We found differences in the choice of the dominant mechanism of psychological protection by swimming students. The leading mechanism in the studied contingent is substitution, and the least preferred is suppression. The study identified the manifestation of the main mechanisms of psychological protection in students who swim and analyzed certain types of protection with a description of the specific features of the system of protective mechanisms and the level of their impact depending on gender differences.

Defense Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phebe Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Loss Of Self ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Unconscious Mind

Defense mechanisms are mental operations that function outside of awareness. In this sense, they operate in the unconscious mind. Such mechanisms were first identified by Sigmund Freud in connection with psychopathology but later were understood to be part of normal everyday functioning. Defenses serve the purpose of protecting the individual from excessive anxiety and loss of self-esteem. Defense mechanisms have been found to change with age, based on the complexity of the mental operations involved. Once a child understands how a defense mechanism functions, the mechanism tends to be used less frequently and a cognitively more complex mechanism is adopted.

Relationship between Rated Degree of Familiarity with Individual Sentences and the Extent of Recall of Connected Discourse

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1195-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Mills ◽  
Alan Nicolas-Fanourakis
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Interference Theory ◽  
Connected Discourse ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

An assessment was made of the strength and direction of the relationship between rated degree of familiarity for connected discourse and the extent of recall of such material. The experimental material consisted of two short passages of prose (a narrative and an argument) and of a rating scale containing all the sentences from these passages inserted randomly among other individual sentences selected from a wide range of sources. 20 Ss provided both recall scores for the passages (which were presented whole) and familiarity ratings for the sentences in the rating scale. When recall scores for the individual sentences were correlated with the mean ratings, a positive and significant value was found. The bearing of this finding on (he expectations of interference theory is discussed.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Dementia Severity & Caregiver Preferences for Decision Making Role Regarding Mammography

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 992-992
Author(s):  
Molly Frank ◽  
Seho Park ◽  
Kathleen Lane ◽  
Alexia Torke ◽  
Mara Schonberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Diagnose Breast Cancer ◽  
Dementia Severity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) and breast cancer increases with age. Despite being one of the most effective ways to diagnose breast cancer early, mammography in ADRD patients comes with an increased risk of treatment complications and false-positive results. Family caregivers are often involved in the decision-making process, and this study evaluates the relationship between dementia severity and caregiver preferences when making decisions about mammography with the patient alone, and with the patient and doctor. We included 181 caregivers from the Decisions about Cancer screening in Alzheimer’s Disease trial, which uses the Dementia Severity Rating Scale (DSRS) to assess dementia severity and a modified Control Preferences Scale (CPS) to assess each caregiver’s preferred decision-making approach. Multinomial logistic regression models evaluated the relationship between DSRS and CPS categories (active, passive, and collaborative), while controlling for the caregivers’ age, sex, race, education, and relationship to patient. Model 1 examined the caregivers’ preferred role with the patient, and it found a significant association between increased dementia severity and preference for a collaborative approach (p&lt;0.001) or passive approach (p&lt;0.05) compared to an active approach. Model 2 did not find a significant association between dementia severity and the caregivers’ preferred role when making decisions with the patient and doctor; however, those with increased age and education were more likely to prefer an active role. The association between dementia severity, caregiver characteristics, and decision-making preferences supports the need for approaches to support ADRD caregivers with medical decision making.

Tolerance to uncertainty among psychology students as a predictor of adaptation strategy in the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Oksana A. Kondrashikhina
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Passive Aggression ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study is to identify the correlation between tolerance/intolerance to uncertainty with coping strategies and mechanisms of psychological protection of the individual in the conditions of adaptation to situations with a high degree of uncertainty associated with the coronavirus pandemic. A positive correlation was established between tolerance to uncertainty and the protective mechanisms of “humor” and “compensation”, and a negative correlation with the mechanism of “omnipotent control”. Increasing the level of tolerance to uncertainty entails: 1) increased levels of regression and withdrawal in uncertain situations; 2) reduced readiness for systematic problem solving and the emergence of an inability to separate emotions about the situation from its cognitive solution; 3) reduced ability to enter into active opposition with uncertainty, reduced ability to humor and positive reassessment of an uncertain situation. In addition, an increase in the level of interpersonal tolerance to uncertainty leads to an increase in the defense mechanisms and used coping strategies (passive aggression, dissociation, projection, displacement, substitution, distancing, etc.), which clearly indicates the perception of an uncertain situation by such students as extremely difficult, threatening, negative. Thus, tolerance to uncertainty is a significant resource for adaptive living by a person in the conditions of uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic. Students with a high interpersonal tolerance to uncertainty are the most vulnerable to the uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The practical significance of the study is in the need to form the ability to constructive activity in conditions of uncertainty, which can be implemented in the process of training interventions. Further research may be based on considering the relationship between tolerance to uncertainty and other factors of adaptation to the conditions of uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The relevance of the study is associated with the scarcity of works on the assessment of adaptive resources of the individual in the conditions of uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Exercise and Breast Cancer: Review and Critical Analysis of the Literature

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Hoffman-Goetz ◽  
Janice Husted
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Develop Breast Cancer ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Cancer Review ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Current Incidence

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer and cancer mortality among Canadian women. Based on the current incidence rates, the National Cancer Institute of Canada has estimated that one in 10 women will develop breast cancer during her lifetime. In an effort to control this disease, various prevention strategies have been proposed. One promising strategy involves the promotion of exercise in healthy women. It has been hypothesized that exercise may protect against breast cancer by influencing regularity of ovulatory cycles, by changing body fat composition, or by enhancing natural immunity. In this paper both the epidemiological and experimental evidence that speaks to a protective effect of exercise is reviewed. Although there are several biologically plausible mechanisms for the association, the existing epidemiological and experimental data are inconclusive due to the small number of studies and their methodological insufficiencies. However, given the enormous potential benefit of even a small protective effect of exercise, further studies designed to address the relationship between exercise and breast cancer risk are warranted. Key words: physical activity, mammary carcinogenesis, epidemiology

scholarly journals The Aggressiveness of African breast cancer: An expose’ on CD44+CD24-/low breast cancer stem cell

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Gyan ◽  
Linda Ahenkorah-Fondjo ◽  
William K.B.A Owiredu ◽  
Andrew Jackson ◽  
Michael S. Toss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Hormone Receptor Status ◽  
Clinicopathological Features ◽  
Mitotic Count ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Tumour Grade ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Breast cancer (BC) in Africans and people of African descent is generally aggressive, with poorer prognosis and worse clinical outcomes. The molecular basis of this is however not entirely understood. The CD44+ / CD24-/low BC stem cell is known for its tumourigenic potential, tumour aggressiveness and its association with poor prognosis. This study identifies the relationship between CD44+/ CD24-/low BC stem cells and clinicopathological features of breast cancer in an African population.Methodology A Ghanaian BC cohort (n= 222) was used to assess CD44 and CD24 expression. Tissue microarray was constructed from the cohort samples and Immunohistochemically stained with CD44 and CD24 antibodies. The associations between clinicopathological features and the expression of the individual markers and their combinations were analysed. Results Of the total 222 breast cancer samples, 81.9 % were cytoplasmic CD24 positive and were associated with higher tumour grade (OR-3.623; r=0.199; p=0.004), gender (OR-9.514; p=0.028), clinical prognostic grading (OR-2.357 r= 0.162; p=0.027) and Her2 positivity (OR-0.216; r=-0.155; p=0.026). CD44 was associated with higher tumour grade (OR-3.148; r= 0.145; p-0.037), and increased mitotic count (OR-3.043, r= 0.173; p=0.028). There was no association between CD44 expression and hormone receptor status. Together, CD44+/CD24-/low staining was associated with higher tumour grade (OR-3.162; r=0.166; p=0.018), gender (OR- 12.0; p=0.012), and higher clinical prognostic staging (OR- 2.888; r=0.186; p=0.011). An inverse association of CD44+CD24+ was found with tumour grade (OR-0.220; r=-0.246; p=0.000), mitotic count (OR-0.406; r=-0.190; p=0.017) and clinical prognostic staging (OR-0.486; r=-0.151; p=0.040). There was no association between CD44-CD24+ and all the clinicopathological features.Conclusion Combined, CD44+CD24-/low was associated with poor prognosis and tumour aggression and may contribute to the tumour aggressiveness of African breast cancer. CD24 expression as a stand-alone marker was found to correlate with clinical and pathological indicators of tumour aggressiveness and poor prognosis.

scholarly journals MEMAHAMI PENCITRAAN POLITIK MELALUI PENDEKATAN MEKANISME PERTAHANAN DIRI

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Musdalifah Dachrud ◽  
Aris Soleman
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
The Political ◽  
Real Character ◽  
The Real ◽  
Conscious Effort ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The Individual

Political imagery is one way that has the potential to lead and persuade people to political choices. The issue is raised imaging behavior of a politician(candidate) is not necessarily the same as the real character and personality. Defense mechanism is one of the studies in psychology that can provide insight and understanding of the political imagery. Sigmund Freud explained that the defense mechanisms are not conscious effort to show the process that protects the individual from anxiety through the perversion of reality. Keywords: political imagery, defense mechanism Pencitraan politik merupakan salah satu cara yang berpotensi untuk menggiring dan merayu rakyat terhadap pilihan politiknya. Permasalahannya adalah perilaku pencitraan yang dimunculkan seorang politisi (calon) belum tentu sama dengan karakter dan kepribadian yang sesungguhnya. Mekanisme pertahanan diri (defense mechanism) merupakan salah satu kajian dalam psikologi yang dapat memberikan pandangan dan pemahaman mengenai pencitraan politik. Sigmund Freud menjelaskan bahwa mekanisme pertahanan diri adalah upaya menunjukkan proses tidak sadar yang melindungi individu dari kecemasan melalui pemutarbalikkan kenyataan. Kata Kunci: pencitraan politik, mekanisme pertahanan diri

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