The Sexual Double Standard in the Real World

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Marks ◽  
Tara M. Young ◽  
Yuliana Zaikman

Abstract. The sexual double standard (SDS) has traditionally been studied by examining evaluations of hypothetical targets. Although much knowledge has been gained regarding the SDS by using this methodology, the literature thus far has suffered from a lack of ecological validity. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the SDS emerged in evaluations of participants’ real-life friends and acquaintances. Participants ( n = 4,455) evaluated a single, randomly assigned male or female friend or acquaintance whose sexual history they were familiar with. Women were evaluated more negatively as their number of sexual partners increased, whereas number of partners was not related to evaluations of men. The SDS was not moderated by the closeness of the relationship between the participant and the target person.

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 702-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Soller ◽  
Dana L. Haynie

The sexual double standard—a condition in which sexual activity is perceived to entail more social benefits for boys and men than for girls and women—has implications for adolescent sexual behavior. We employ an innovative assessment of the sexual double standard, measuring the strength of it across 75 high schools with Add Health data ( N = 8,458). Drawing on theories of culture and gender, we test the association between school-based sexual double standards and the number of sexual partners reported by adolescents, paying particular attention to gender differences in the association. Results indicate substantial variation in the strength of the sexual double standard across schools. In addition, boys report greater numbers of sexual partners as the sexual double standard in their school becomes stronger. Conversely, the sexual double standard is not associated with the number of girls’ partners. This study illustrates the interactive roles of gender and culture in shaping adolescent sexual behavior.


2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Peper ◽  
Simone N. Loeffler

Current ambulatory technologies are highly relevant for neuropsychological assessment and treatment as they provide a gateway to real life data. Ambulatory assessment of cognitive complaints, skills and emotional states in natural contexts provides information that has a greater ecological validity than traditional assessment approaches. This issue presents an overview of current technological and methodological innovations, opportunities, problems and limitations of these methods designed for the context-sensitive measurement of cognitive, emotional and behavioral function. The usefulness of selected ambulatory approaches is demonstrated and their relevance for an ecologically valid neuropsychology is highlighted.


Author(s):  
Ana Frias

Abstract:SEXUAL DOUBLE STANDARD AND CONTRACEPTION IN ADOLESCENTSSeveral areas of knowledge have exploited differences/similarities between men and women and the reflexes that these aspects have in the sexuality experience. Human cultures, structured and shaped on the basis of sexual differences, separate roles, tasks and privileges between both sexes, emerging sexual patterns characterized in each eco-cultural space. Some authors say, female sexuality formula have a higher dose of culture regarding the biological substrate facet, than male sexuality. Objectives: 1) Characterize the trends of teens about sexual double standard; 2) Characterize adolescents attitudes in relation to the use of contraception; 3) Relate sexual double standard trends with contraceptive attitudes. Methodology: Current research is quantitative and exploratory in nature. In a group of 351 adolescents in school environment the relationship between the double standard and contraceptive attitudes were studied, using Double Standard Scale (Caron et al., 1993) and the Contraceptive Attitude Scale (Kyes 5, s.d.). The data analysis was performed using SPSS- 19 program. Results: A double-standard tend liberal was identified mainly in girls, not being influenced by age when considering the total of the subjects. However, double standard was inversely related to age in the girls subgroup. Favorable attitudes were identified in relation to contraception, not influenced by age, noting the girls awareness. Double standard is more liberal in individuals predisposed to use contraception. Conclusions: Sexual double standard and attitudes related to contraception are important aspects to work when you intend to study sexuality in adolescence, to the extent that can increase knowledge of health technicians, particularly nurses, and promote change. Aware of this, it is appropriate to continue to perform studies that characterize male and female teenagers according to contraceptive attitudes.Keywords: Adolescence; sexuality; double standard; contraception.Resumo:Várias áreas do conhecimento têm explorado as diferenças/semelhanças entre homens e mulheres e os reflexos que esses aspetos têm na vivência da sexualidade. As culturas humanas, são estruturadas e moldadas na base de diferenças sexuais, separando papéis, tarefas e privilégios entre os dois sexos, surgindo os padrões sexuais caracterizados em cada espaço eco-cultural. Segundo alguns autores, a fórmula da sexualidade feminina têm uma maior dose de cultura relativamente à faceta do substrato biológico, que a sexualidade masculina. Objetivos: 1) Caracterizar as tendências dos adolescentes quanto a duplo padrão sexual; 2) Caracterizar as atitudes dos adolescentes face ao uso de contraceção; 3) Relacionar as tendências do duplo padrão sexual com as atitudes contracetivas. Metodologia: A pesquisa atual é de natureza quantitativa e de carácter exploratório. Estudou-se num grupo de 351 adolescentes, em meio escolar, as relações entre o duplo padrão e as atitudes contracetivas. Utilizou-se a escala de Duplo Padrão (Caron, Davis, Halteman. & Stickle, 1993) e a escala de Atitudes Contracetivas (Kyes, s.d.). O tratamento dos dados foi efetuado no programa SPSS-19. Resultados: Identificou-se um duplo padrão tendencialmente liberal, mais sublinhado nas raparigas, não sendo influenciado pela idade ao considerar o total dos sujeitos. Contudo o duplo padrão mostrou-se inversamente relacionado com a idade no subgrupo das raparigas. Identificaram-se atitudes favoráveis face à contraceção, não influenciadas pela idade, constatandose contudo maior sensibilização das raparigas. Observou-se que o duplo padrão é mais liberal nos indivíduos mais predispostos ao uso de contraceção. Conclusões: O duplo padrão sexual e as atitudes face à contraceção são aspetos importantes a trabalhar quando se pretende estudar a sexualidade na adolescência, na medida em que podem aumentar o conhecimento dos técnicos de saúde, nomeadamente dos enfermeiros, e promover mudanças. Conscientes desta problemática, sugerese- nos adequado continuar a realizar estudos que caracterizem os adolescentes masculinos e femininos face a atitudes contracetivas.Palavras-Chave: Adolescência, sexualidade, duplo padrão, contraceção.


2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Grabovac ◽  
Lee Smith ◽  
Lin Yang ◽  
Pinar Soysal ◽  
Nicola Veronese ◽  
...  

BackgroundWe investigated sex-specific associations between lifetime number of sexual partners and several health outcomes in a large sample of older adults in England.MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from 2537 men and 3185 women aged ≥50 years participating in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Participants reported the number of sexual partners they had had in their lifetime. Outcomes were self-rated health and self-reported limiting long-standing illness, cancer, coronary heart disease, and stroke. We used logistic regression to analyse associations between lifetime number of sexual partners and health outcomes, adjusted for relevant sociodemographic and health-related covariates.ResultsHaving had 10 or more lifetime sexual partners was associated with higher odds of reporting a diagnosis of cancer than having had 0–1 sexual partners in men (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.83) and women (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.51), respectively. Women who had 10 or more lifetime sexual partners also had higher odds of reporting a limiting long-standing illness (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.35). No other statistically significant associations were observed.ConclusionsA higher lifetime number of sexual partners is associated with increased odds of reported cancer. Longitudinal research is required to establish causality. Understanding the predictive value of lifetime number of sexual partners as a behavioural risk factor may improve clinical assessment of cancer risk in older adults.


Sex Roles ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 363-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy M. J. Emmerink ◽  
Regina J. J. M. van den Eijnden ◽  
Ine Vanwesenbeeck ◽  
Tom F. M. ter Bogt

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jūratė Grubliauskienė ◽  
Rita Vaičekauskaitė ◽  
Jurgita Babarskienė

<p>The relationship between the quality of life and social welfare is of shared taxonomy, therefore it is difficult to define unambiguously. It is hard to imagine social welfare without the quality of life, but in order to put the quality of life into practice, we need the context of social welfare. For children’s social welfare, family and the way it creates quality of life is central. However, we lack instruments to evaluate children’s quality of life with family-focused approach. For  that purpose, we introduce KIDSCREEN52 survey with 1763 children (aged 8-18 years old) and 1564 parents. Moreover, we raise the<br />question of ecological validity, firstly, because there is a need to develop measurements that are closer to real life situations, in order to productively contribute to the ensuring of children’s social welfare.</p>


2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis I. Gómez-Jordana ◽  
James Stafford ◽  
C. (Lieke) E. Peper ◽  
Cathy M. Craig

Studying freezing of gait (FOG) in the lab has proven problematic. This has primarily been due to the difficulty in designing experimental setups that maintain high levels of ecological validity whilst also permitting sufficient levels of experimental control. To help overcome these challenges, we have developed a virtual reality (VR) environment with virtual doorways, a situation known to illicit FOG in real life. To examine the validity of this VR environment, an experiment was conducted, and the results were compared to a previous “real-world” experiment. A group of healthy controls (N = 10) and a group of idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) patients without any FOG episodes (N = 6) and with a history of freezing (PD-f, N = 4) walked under three different virtual conditions (no door, narrow doorway (100% of shoulder width) and standard doorway (125% of shoulder width)). The results were similar to those obtained in the real-world setting. Virtual doorways reduced step length and velocity while increasing general gait variability. The PD-f group always walked slower, with a smaller step length, and showed the largest increases in gait variability. The narrow doorway induced FOG in 66% of the trials, while the standard doorway caused FOG in 29% of the trials. Our results closely mirrored those obtained with real doors. In short, this methodology provides a safe, personalized yet adequately controlled means to examine FOG in Parkinson’s patients, along with possible interventions.


2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Paul Gee

This article addresses three questions. First, what is the deep pleasure that humans take from video games? Second, what is the relationship between video games and real life? Third, what do the answers to these questions have to do with learning? Good commercial video games are deep technologies for recruiting learning as a form of profound pleasure, and have much to tell us about what learning could look like in the future should we relinquish the old grammars of traditional schooling. They are extensions of life insofar as they recruit and externalize some fundamental features of how humans orientate themselves in and to the real world when operating at their best. Video games create a projective stance in the sense of a stance toward the world in which we see the world simultaneously as a project imposed on us and as a site onto which we can actively project our desires, values and goals. A special category of games allows players to enact the projective stance of an ‘authentic professional’, thereby experiencing deep expertise of the kind that so widely eludes learners in school.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Suessenbach ◽  
Adam Moore

Since 2016 terms such as “post-truth” or “alternative facts” have been symbolic for the spread of evidence-absent political discourse. As decision-making absent actual facts is dangerous, it is important to determine why people believe in conspiracies such as “large scale voter fraud” (Trump, 2016a). In this study we showed that desires to dominate/fears of being dominated (i.e., dominance motive) predicted conspiracy beliefs as voters faced challenges to election-relevant cognitions (e.g., “we will win”; “we are superior”). We explained this by dominance motives giving value to challenged election cognitions which would increase individuals’ desires to alleviate this challenge (i.e., by adopting conspiracy beliefs). In line with this we found Trump voters facing defeat pre-election believed more in election conspiracies as a function of their dominance motive. This effect disappeared post-election, as by Trump’s victory such challenges were arguably attenuated. Moreover, Clinton voters’ dominance motive positively, though weakly, predicted believing in election conspiracies after the election. Exploratory analyses showed mediating effects of conspiracy belief on the relationship between dominance motives and preferring Trump over Clinton. This research complements previous findings showing personality characteristics predicting conspiracy beliefs and, by using actual conspiracy beliefs in a real-life event, add to their ecological validity.


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