Is the data collection period of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia representative of long-term climatology?

This paper discusses the speech acts in Facebook Status Updates posted by an apostate of Islam. The Facebook Timeline was observed for a duration of two years (January 2015 to December 2016). More than 4000 postings were made in the data collection period. However, only 648 postings are related to apostasy. The data were classified according to the types of speech acts. Expressive speech act is the most frequent speech act (33%, n=215), followed by the directive (27%, n=177), assertive (22%, n=141), and commissive (18%, n=115), respectively. Based on the speech acts used, it is discernible that the apostate attempts to engage other Facebook users and persuade them into accepting her ideology while gaining their support. This paper is novel in the sense that it puts forth the social actions of an apostate which is very scarce in literature. It is also methodologically innovative as it uses social media postings as a tool to explore the apostate’s social actions in an online space.

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Conduct a Scout Survey (Step 6)

Disaster Evaluation Research ◽

10.1093/med/9780198796862.003.0010 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 111-114

Author(s):

Edmund M. Ricci ◽

Ernesto A. Pretto ◽

Knut Ole Sundnes

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Data Gathering ◽

Memory Loss ◽

Background Information ◽

Primary Data ◽

Team Members ◽

Data Collection Period ◽

Local Officials ◽

Collection Period ◽

Disaster Event

We strongly recommend that a ‘scout survey’ of the disaster site be implemented prior to the initiation of the principal study, in order to obtain the types of detailed information required to prepare a research plan and a plan for working with a full research team during the data collection period. The scout survey step requires that one or two researchers go to the disaster site within two or three weeks following the disaster to prepare for a larger team visit, which would initiate work within two to three months post disaster. ‘Scout team’ visits are an essential mechanism for developing and/or revising the data collection instruments, for securing collaboration of local officials who will facilitate the study, for identifying key informants and members of the stakeholder group, and for obtaining background information needed for the sample design. We believe it is essential that the initial data collection be completed as soon as possible after the disaster event ends, in order to minimize memory loss. It is also of great importance that the primary data collection phase be conducted efficiently, within a period of approximately seven to ten days, although additional data may be added subsequent to the primary data collection period as the need for it becomes apparent. It is also likely that a data gathering effort, such as a survey involving large numbers of individuals, may continue after the main data collection team members have returned to their home institutions. The amount of thorough and detailed planning required to achieve the 7–10 day goal virtually mandates a pre-visit by a scout team.

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P05 An audit of proton pump inhibitor prescribing, in adherence with the trust’s guidance, in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Archives of Disease in Childhood ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2020-nppg.14 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 105 (9) ◽

pp. e8.1-e8

Author(s):

Yusuf Asif ◽

Chi Huynh ◽

Awais Hussain

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Data Collection ◽

Reflux Disease ◽

Oesophageal Reflux ◽

Children And Young People ◽

Oesophageal Reflux Disease ◽

Data Collection Period ◽

Collection Period ◽

Dispersible Tablets ◽

Outpatient Prescriptions

AimThe effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been demonstrated. Nevertheless, the choice of PPI that should be used is less absolute. The clinical effectiveness, availability of the formulation, co-morbidities, route of administration and lowest acquisition cost are all considerations that should be accounted for when determining the appropriate therapy. Current Trust guidance recommends lansoprazole capsules and oral dispersible tablets as the first line PPI, unless other indications preclude its use. Other UK hospitals have audited PPI prescribing and their findings highlight that adherence upon deployment was poor.1 2 This audit aims to assess if written outpatient prescriptions are adhering to the guidelines.MethodThis study was conducted prospectively in the outpatient pharmacy, between February and March 2019. The defined data collection period was 5 weeks, which included a 1-week pilot study. The accumulation of data involved reviewing all outpatient prescriptions, whereby PPIs were prescribed, noting if the Trust’s guidance on PPI prescribing was being adhered to. Data was collected via a structured pro forma to assess the percentage compliance against the three predetermined standards:Standard 1 - Is the PPI prescribed appropriate?Standard 2 - Is there a documented indication for the prescribed PPI?Standard 3 - Is the dose appropriate for the patient?ResultsThere were a total of 84 prescriptions received from 13 different specialties. The age range of patients was 1 month to 16 years with a mean (± median) age of 7.66 ± 7 years. The overall compliance with the Trust’s guidelines for standards 1, 2 and 3 were 76%, 88% and 100% respectively. The infant and toddler age group (28 days – 23 months) showed the least compliance in standard 1, the choice of appropriate PPI (63%). The most common indication was gastro oesophageal reflux disease. Paediatric Gastroenterology received the greatest number of prescriptions over the data collection period. 12% of prescriptions did not have a documented indication and the most common PPI prescribed in the outpatient pharmacy was lansoprazole, which accounted for 64 (77%) of the prescriptions.ConclusionThe findings in this study are synonymous to that of other audits conducted in UK hospitals, where compliance with PPI guidelines were explored. Possible factors that could be attributed to the low levels of adherence are problems with implementation, lack of enforcement of the guidelines, patient/guardian preferences and presence of enteral feeding tubes. Clinicians should monitor their prescribing and where applicable, switch patients who are currently on omeprazole suspension, to lansoprazole oral dispersible tablets/capsules. This could lead to significant monetary savings for the Trust.ReferencesDerbyshire Joint Area Prescribing Committee. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: recognition, diagnosis and management in children and young people. 2015.Pan Mersey Area Prescribing Committee. Pharmacological management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) in children and young people in primary and secondary care. 2016.

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Sensitivity of scale resolving aft-body flow simulations to numerical model parameter variations

CEAS Space Journal ◽

10.1007/s12567-021-00400-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jan-Erik Schumann ◽

Volker Hannemann ◽

Klaus Hannemann

Keyword(s):

Numerical Model ◽

Data Collection ◽

Turbulence Model ◽

Step Size ◽

Time Step ◽

Filter Length ◽

Time Step Size ◽

Parameter Variations ◽

Data Collection Period ◽

Collection Period

AbstractThe sensitivity of hybrid RANS-LES methods like Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) to numerical model parameter variations related to generic space launch vehicle aft-body flows is investigated. In particular, the changes resulting from the choice of the time-step size, the turbulence model, the fluid modelling, the circumferential grid resolution, the filter length definition, and the data collection period is considered. The results are also compared to experimental and numerical data taken from the available literature. The sensitivity to the time-step size and the turbulence model is minuscule with respect to the obtained mean flow field, wall pressure distributions, azimuthal modes, and wall pressure frequency spectra. However, circumferential resolution, fluid model, and filter length definition affect the solution to a higher extent. Buffeting spectra are very sensitive to the data collection period.

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N-Gen, the Small Share That Continues to Listen: Reports from Media-Use Online Diaries of Teenage Radio Listeners

KnE Social Sciences ◽

10.18502/kss.v2i4.875 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Phulia Widya Negara ◽

Nora Nailul Amal

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

New Media ◽

Media Use ◽

Audience Research ◽

Radio Broadcasting ◽

Data Collection Period ◽

Collection Period ◽

Media Habits ◽

Listening Behaviors ◽

The City

The rise of television and new media have caused decline in the number of radio listeners. In Indonesia, the number of studies that focus on radio also has plummeted. The nature of radio broadcasting reach, as well as the decline in the number of listeners, has made audience research difficult and expensive. This paper attempts to fill this gap. This paper examines young radio listeners’ media habits in Solo – a city in Java Island Indonesia – in detail. Employing daily journals, 30 teenagers who admitted still listening to the radio agreed to participate in the research. Among the small share of teenage radio listeners aged 14-19 in the city, only about 56% reported listening to the radio during one week that represented the data collection period. Herein, we provide details on the stations and on the talk and music formats that the subjects listened to as well as places and listening motivation and listening behaviors. Suggestions for further research are also discussed.

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Empathy, Awareness and Attitudes toward Violence among Elementary School Students

Child Health Nursing Research ◽

10.4094/chnr.2020.26.2.164 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 164-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

So Ra Kang ◽

Haeryun Cho ◽

Shin-Jeong Kim

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

Data Collection ◽

Violence Prevention ◽

Elementary School Students ◽

Sixth Grade ◽

School Students ◽

Attitudes Toward Violence ◽

Sixth Grade Students ◽

Data Collection Period ◽

Collection Period

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate empathy, awareness, and attitudes toward violence among elementary school students. Methods: The participants were 195 fifth and sixth grade students in Y elementary school. The data collection period was from June 24 to July 4, 2019. Results: Empathy scores significantly differed according to participants' gender and need for education on violence prevention. Attitudes towards violence (permissive and neglectful) significantly differed according to students' grade and need for education on violence prevention. Empathy was negatively correlated with permissive attitudes toward violence (r=-.26, <i>p</i><.001) and neglectful attitudes toward violence (r=-.24, <i>p</i>=.001). Conclusion: The results of this study are expected to be utilized as basic data for education on violence prevention through empathy.

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P038 Has the introduction of plasma- lyte as the routine IV maintenance fluid therapy reduced the risk of iatrogenic metabolic disturbances

Archives of Disease in Childhood ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2019-nppc.48 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 104 (7) ◽

pp. e2.43-e2

Author(s):

Helen Walker

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Data Collection ◽

Fluid Therapy ◽

List Type ◽

Metabolic Disturbances ◽

Maintenance Fluid ◽

Hospital Trust ◽

Data Collection Period ◽

Collection Period ◽

Maintenance Fluids

AimPrior to July 2017, the hospital Trust had over twelve different IV fluid choices and there was no ‘standard’ fluid. This often led to confusion with prescribers and stock issues. The Trust made the decision to switch their routine maintenance fluid choice to Plasma-Lyte in July 2017. This was to simplify, standardise and streamline IV fluid choice, reduce the risk of iatrogenic metabolic disturbances, especially hyponatraemia associated with the current IV fluid use and to bring the Trust up to date with NICE guidelines.1 An audit was carried out to investigate whether using Plasma-Lyte as the standard maintenance fluid has reduced the risk of hyponatraemia and hyper-chloraemia in patients prescribed maintenance fluids. The objectives were to identify patients prescribed maintenance fluids, check their electrolytes and check that the new IV fluid guideline had been followed appropriately.MethodsData on patients receiving IV fluids were collected twice a week for 6 weeks, beginning in the first week of December 2017. All ward pharmacists working during the data collection period received guidance on the method of data collection. Once the appropriate details were collected on each chosen day, the forms were passed onto the investigator to process. The electronic prescribing system at the hospital trust enables access to all patients’ blood results and medical notes, therefore, a separate data collection form could be completed with anonymised data retrospectively following the completion of the data collection period.Results145 patients were identified as having IV fluid prescribed, 68 of these had been prescribed Plasma-Lyte according to the Trust guidelines, however guidelines were only adhered to 68% of the time, with the other 32% comprising of patients either not having the correct fluid prescribed or patients having the correct fluid prescribed but not having the necessary monitoring required when receiving IV maintenance fluids. There was a marked reduction of patients experiencing hyponatraemia and hyperchloraemia since the introduction of Plasma-Lyte. Only 3% of patients audited experienced hyponatraemia when receiving Plasma-Lyte, compared to 14% from a previous audit of other maintenance fluids.ConclusionThe results shown are not surprising when the actual composition of Plasma-Lyte is evaluated. For example; Plasma-Lyte ± glucose contains 140 mmol/L of sodium and 98 mmol/L of chloride which matches serum exactly and is considered isotonic. Sodium chloride 0.45% only contains 77 mmol/L of sodium and sodium chloride 0.9% contains 154 mmol/L chloride, hence the reasons for hyponatraemia and hyperchloraemia when using these types of fluids. The audit results match what is reported in other controlled trials of fluid choices in that an isotonic fluid should be used as the chosen fluid when hydrating paediatric patients. A further audit in July 2018 would be beneficial to check that patients are continuing to benefit from the introduction of this fluid and not experiencing iatrogenic metabolic disturbances, but also look at other electrolytes such as potassium and to see if adherence to the guidelines has improved.ReferencesNICE ( 2015) Intravenous fluid therapy in children and young people in hospital. NICE guideline 29.Allen, C. Goldman, R. et al. A randomised trial of Plasma-Lyte A and 0.9% sodium chloride in acute paediatric gastroenteritis. BMC Paediatrics 2016;16:117.

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The Novel Use of Life Grids in a Phenomenological Study of Family Carers of People With Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities and Dysphagia

Qualitative Health Research ◽

10.1177/1049732318761028 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 589-596 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hannah Crawford ◽

Heather Wilkinson

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Phenomenological Study ◽

Multiple Disabilities ◽

Qualitative Studies ◽

The Novel ◽

Family Carers ◽

Data Collection Period ◽

Collection Period ◽

Collection Phase

Life grids have been used in qualitative studies for the last two decades. They provide an activity which researcher and participant can focus their attention on, help build rapport, and reduce the control the researcher may hold within a session. Here we describe the novel use of life grids at the end of a data collection phase. Used in this previously unreported way, life grids assisted the closure of the data collection phase by summarizing the data collection and marking departure from the field. Creation of a life grid produced a tangible outcome, evidencing the work undertaken within the data collection period. They served as a powerful member checking tool, allowing participants to make additions and corrections to the data. In this article, the use of life grids in this novel way is described and recommended by the authors.

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Use of Serial Patient Hemoglobin A1c Differences to Determine Long-Term Imprecision of Immunoassay and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analyzers

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology ◽

10.1177/193229680900300304 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 424-428 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

David V. Tran ◽

Andrew W. Lyon ◽

Trefor N. Higgins ◽

James C. Wesenberg ◽

Lisa Vandergouwe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Data Collection ◽

High Performance ◽

Statistical Treatment ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Individual Variations ◽

Collection Period

Background: The quality of the HbA1c assay is inversely proportional to the variation of the assay. Most published measures of HbA1c variation are limited by the data collection period, the statistical treatment of outliers, and even the noncommutability of the products used to generate the variation measurements. We have used an alternate approach to derive HbA1c variation, using serial patient data. Methods: HbA1c measurements of outpatient blood sample pairs drawn within 30 days of each other were made on three different immunoassay systems: the Roche INTEGRA® 700, the Roche INTEGRA® 400, and the Dade Dimension® RxL; and two high-performance liquid chromatography assays: the Tosoh G7 and the Tosoh 2.2+. The standard deviation of duplicates was calculated for the following time intervals: 1 to 3 days, 4 to 6 days, 7 to 9 days, …, 28 to 30 days. These intra-individual variations were then plotted; extrapolation to time zero yields the long term total random error which consists of both analytic and pre-analytic error. Data collection periods were usually 2 years. Results: At the mean HbA1cs of 7.08%, 7.14%, 7.20%, 6.96%, and 7.51% for populations tested on the Roche INTEGRA 700, Roche INTEGRA 400, Dade Dimension RxL, Tosoh 2.2+, and Tosoh G7, respectively, the total analytic imprecisions (coefficient of variation) were 2.56%, 2.29%, 2.25%, 1.66%, and 1.14%, respectively. Conclusion: Assessment of the HbA1c long term total imprecisions shows that while the three immunoassay systems are acceptable, the Tosoh HbA1c analyzers demonstrate superior analytic performance.

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