scholarly journals Mucosal immunity to poliovirus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth I. Connor ◽  
Elizabeth B. Brickley ◽  
Wendy F. Wieland-Alter ◽  
Margaret E. Ackerman ◽  
Joshua A. Weiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Public Health Campaigns ◽  
Eradicate Polio ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA cornerstone of the global initiative to eradicate polio is the widespread use of live and inactivated poliovirus vaccines in extensive public health campaigns designed to prevent the development of paralytic disease and interrupt transmission of the virus. Central to these efforts is the goal of inducing mucosal immunity able to limit virus replication in the intestine. Recent clinical trials have evaluated new combined regimens of poliovirus vaccines, and demonstrated clear differences in their ability to restrict virus shedding in stool after oral challenge with live virus. Analyses of mucosal immunity accompanying these trials support a critical role for enteric neutralizing IgA in limiting the magnitude and duration of virus shedding. This review summarizes key findings in vaccine-induced intestinal immunity to poliovirus in infants, older children, and adults. The impact of immunization on development and maintenance of protective immunity to poliovirus and the implications for global eradication are discussed.

scholarly journals Trustworthiness of Doctors from Public Health Campaigns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Koed Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Message Content ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses ◽  
Ethical Stance ◽  
Public Health Campaigns ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Previous research concerning the effectiveness of public health campaigns have explored the impact of message design, message content, communication channel choice and other aspects of such campaigns. Meta analyses reported in the literature reveal, however, that the choice of endorsers in health campaigns remains unexplored. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by studying what makes doctors from public health campaigns appear trustworthy in the eyes of the receiver. The present research examines propensity for trust as well facets of trustworthiness of such expert doctors based on a survey carried out in the UK (155 respondents). Underlying factors of trustworthiness are explored to gain more insight into the understanding of how trust may affect the public’s belief updating and the formation of intentions. Exploratory factor analyses suggest four dimensions of trustworthiness. Multiple regression analyses demonstrate that these factors explain almost 70% of the variance in the participants’ expressed trust in doctors from public health campaigns. Doctors’ ethical stance and their care for the health of the general population appear to be more important for perceived trustworthiness than their actual professional background, although their abilities and competences are closely related to ethics and benevolence. For policy makers this has important implications when selecting endorsers for public health campaigns in order to design effective health related communication, for example to combat obesity.

A Forgotten Case of “Scientific Excellence on the Periphery”: The Nationalist Cocaine Science of Alfredo Bignon, 1884–1887

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Gootenberg
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Scientific Excellence ◽  
Latin American History ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Public Health Campaigns ◽  
Medical Historian ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, Latin American history has been awash in an exciting wave of scholarship on the history of science and medicine. Historians are exploring Latin American reactions to foreign medical, sanitary and scientific missions; the creation of national research institutions; the impact of epidemics on conceptions of urban space, politics and social control; the role of indigenous and folk cures in modern public health campaigns; and the relation of transnational eugenics movements to national anxieties about race, among other fertile topics. Pioneering medical historian Marcos Cueto dubs this focus “scientific excellence on the periphery”—the idea that surprising avenues of research and innovation occurred in societies generally deemed “underdeveloped,” especially in modern scientific activities and outlooks.

scholarly journals HBV Testing and Vaccinations among Asian and Pacific Islander Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Domingo ◽  
Grace J. Yoo ◽  
Jeff Henne ◽  
Rita Shiau ◽  
Melissa A. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Physician Attitudes ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Asian And Pacific Islander ◽  
Public Health Campaigns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hbv Screening

Background and Significance: One in 12 Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) are infected with hepatitis B (HBV). APIs represent one-third of the population in San Francisco. San Francisco Hep B Free (SFHBF), a citywide collaboration, works to educate physicians and the community on the importance of hepatitis B among APIs through increasing awareness, education and the availability of screening and vaccinations. The purpose of this paper was to qualitatively assess the perceived impact of SFHBF on the awareness and attitudes of physicians regarding screening and vaccination of APIs. Methods: Twenty physicians (n=20) participated in key informant interviews about HBV awareness and involvement with SFHBF. The questions focused on physician attitudes and practice towards HBV screening, vaccination and follow-up care, communication with patients about HBV, and awareness and effectiveness of the SFHBF outreach efforts. Results: Findings highlighted SFHBF’s impact on physicians’ sensitivity and awareness. Overall, physicians were increasing their HBV screening and vaccination rates among their API patients. Physicians noted the need for continual support to prioritize HBV screening and vaccination among their API patients. Conclusion: The findings of this study are important for understanding the impact of public health campaigns on physician attitudes and practices regarding HBV education, screening, and vaccinations among their API patients.

scholarly journals Concrete Messages Increase Healthy Eating Preferences

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 669-681
Author(s):  
Emily Balcetis ◽  
Madhumitha Manivannan ◽  
E. Blair Cox
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Public Health Campaigns ◽  
Concrete Language ◽  
The Impact

Public health campaigns utilize messaging to encourage healthy eating. The present experimental study investigated the impact of three components of health messages on preferences for healthy foods. We exposed 1676 online, American study participants to messages that described the gains associated with eating healthy foods or the costs associated with not eating healthy foods. Messages also manipulated the degree to which they included abstract and concrete language and the temporal distance to foreshadowed outcomes. Analysis of variance statistical tests indicated that concrete rather than abstract language increased the frequency of choosing healthy over unhealthy foods when indicating food preferences. However, manipulations of proximity to outcomes and gain rather than loss frame did not affect food preferences. We discuss implications for effective public health campaigns, and economic and social cognitive theories of persuasion, and our data suggest that describing health outcomes in concrete rather than abstract terms may motivate healthier choices.

scholarly journals The impact of high non-starch polysaccharide intake on serum micronutrient concentrations in a cohort of women

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren C Greenwood ◽  
Janet E Cade ◽  
Kay White ◽  
Victoria J Burley ◽  
Chris J Schorah
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
National Cohort ◽  
Food Diaries ◽  
Public Health Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjective:Many public health campaigns encourage increased fibre consumption, but short-term studies suggest that various components of dietary fibre inhibit the absorption of certain micronutrients including carotenoids. These do not take into account long-term adaptation to nutrient intake levels. We aimed to investigate the effect of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) fibre on plasma micronutrient concentrations in a large free-living population consuming their usual diet.Design:Prospective cohort study. Semi-weighed 4-day food diaries were analysed for micronutrient and NSP fibre intakes. Blood samples were taken and analysed for carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin E, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamin C and trace metals.Setting:Participants in a large national cohort study who lived within 30 miles of Leeds.Subjects:Two hundred and eighty-three middle-aged women.Results:The association between NSP intake and plasma nutrient concentrations was assessed taking into account nutrient intakes and other dietary and lifestyle factors. Higher levels of NSP were not associated with lower plasma concentrations of the micronutrients measured, even allowing for the higher nutrient levels generally found in high-fibre foods.Conclusions:Amongst middle-aged women we have shown that current guidelines for increasing the population's NSP consumption can be safely applied. Such guidelines are unlikely to reduce serum micronutrient concentrations, although other, more vulnerable population groups may benefit from further investigation.

scholarly journals Systematic Review on Information Technology Approaches to Evaluate the Impact of Public Health Campaigns: Real Cases and Possible Directions

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Pinto ◽  
Lyrene Silva ◽  
Ricardo Valentim ◽  
Vivekanandan Kumar ◽  
Cristine Gusmão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Policy Enforcement ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Public Health Campaign ◽  
Health Campaign ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Public Health Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

Evaluating the success of a public health campaign is critical. It helps policy makers to improve prevention strategies and close existing gaps. For instance, Brazil's “Syphilis No!” campaign reached many people, but how do we analyze its real impact on population awareness? Are epidemiologic variables sufficient? This study examined literature on using of information technology approaches to analyze the impact of public health campaigns. We began the systematic review with 276 papers and narrowed it down to 17, which analyzed campaigns. In addition to epidemiological variables, other types of variables of interest included: level of (i) access to the campaign website, (ii) subject knowledge and awareness, based on questionnaires, (iii) target population's interest, measured from both online search engine and engagement with Social Network Service, and (iv) campaign exposure through advertising, using data from television commercials. Furthermore, we evaluated the impact by considering several dimensions such as: communication, epidemiology, and policy enforcement. Our findings provide researchers with an overview of various dimensions, and variables-of-interest, for measuring public campaign impact, and examples of how and which campaigns have used them.

scholarly journals Assessing the impact of mass media public health campaigns. Be Clear on Cancer ‘blood in pee’: a case in point

2015 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archie Hughes-Hallett ◽  
Daisy Browne ◽  
Elsie Mensah ◽  
Justin Vale ◽  
Erik Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Public Health Campaigns ◽  
The Impact
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