scholarly journals The Replication-Transmission Relativity Theory for Multiscale Modelling of Infectious Disease Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winston Garira
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Relativistic Theory ◽  
Multiscale Model ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Multiscale Modelling ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Reciprocal Influence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Modelling Methods

Abstract It is our contention that for multiscale modelling of infectious disease systems to evolve and expand in scope, it needs to be founded on a theory. Such a theory would improve our ability to describe infectious disease systems in terms of their scales and levels of organization, and their inter-relationships. In this article we present a relativistic theory for multiscale modelling of infectious disease systems, that can be considered as an extension of the relativity principle in physics, called the replication-transmission relativity theory. This replication-transmission relativity theory states that at any level of organization of an infectious disease system there is no privileged/absolute scale which would determine, disease dynamics, only interactions between the microscale and macroscale. Such a relativistic theory provides a scientific basis for a systems level description of infectious disease systems using multiscale modelling methods. The central idea of this relativistic theory is that at every level of organization of an infectious disease system, the reciprocal influence between the microscale and the macroscale establishes a pathogen replication-transmission multiscale cycle. We distinguish two kinds of reciprocal influence between the microscale and the macroscale based on systematic differences in their conditions of relevancy. Evidence for the validity of the replication-transmission relativity theory is presented using a multiscale model of hookworm infection that is developed at host level when the relationship between the microscale and the macroscale is described by one of the forms of reciprocal influence.

scholarly journals An Embedded Multiscale Modelling to Guide Control and Elimination of Paratuberculosis in Ruminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Rendani Netshikweta ◽  
Winston Garira
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Multiscale Model ◽  
Multiscale Modelling ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Multiscale Models ◽  
Efficacy Data ◽  
Infectious Episode ◽  
Repeated Infection ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Modelling Approach

In recent years, multiscale modelling approach has begun to receive an overwhelming appreciation as an appropriate technique to characterize the complexity of infectious disease systems. In this study, we develop an embedded multiscale model of paratuberculosis in ruminants at host level that integrates the within-host scale and the between-host. A key feature of embedded multiscale models developed at host level of organization of an infectious disease system is that the within-host scale and the between-host scale influence each other in a reciprocal (i.e., both) way through superinfection, that is, through repeated infection before the host recovers from the initial infectious episode. This key feature is demonstrated in this study through a multiscale model of paratuberculosis in ruminants. The results of this study, through numerical analysis of the multiscale model, show that superinfection influences the dynamics of paratuberculosis only at the start of the infection, while the MAP bacteria replication continuously influences paratuberculosis dynamics throughout the infection until the host recovers from the initial infectious episode. This is largely because the replication of MAP bacteria at the within-host scale sustains the dynamics of paratuberculosis at this scale domain. We further use the embedded multiscale model developed in this study to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of paratuberculosis health interventions that influence the disease dynamics at different scales from efficacy data.

scholarly journals Real-time forecasting of infectious disease dynamics with a stochastic semi-mechanistic model

Epidemics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 56-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Funk ◽  
Anton Camacho ◽  
Adam J. Kucharski ◽  
Rosalind M. Eggo ◽  
W. John Edmunds
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Infectious Disease Dynamics

scholarly journals Psychoneuroimmunology: stress effects on pathogenesis and immunity during infection.

1994 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
J F Sheridan ◽  
C Dobbs ◽  
D Brown ◽  
B Zwilling
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The mammalian response to stress involves the release of soluble products from the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Cells of the immune system respond to many of the hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides through specific receptors. The function of the immune system is critical in the mammalian response to infectious disease. A growing body of evidence identifies stress as a cofactor in infectious disease susceptibility and outcomes. It has been suggested that effects of stress on the immune system may mediate the relationship between stress and infectious disease. This article reviews recent psychoneuroimmunology literature exploring the effects of stress on the pathogenesis of, and immune response to, infectious disease in mammals.

Soil Shear Strength Characteristic in Slope Disintegration Area

2013 ◽  
Vol 353-356 ◽  
pp. 735-739
Author(s):  
Xiao Ming Zhang ◽  
Shu Wen Ding ◽  
Shuang Xi Li
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Direct Shear Test ◽  
Shear Test ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Soil Mechanic ◽  
Direct Shear ◽  
Soil Cohesion ◽  
Soil Shear Strength ◽  
The Relationship

Development of slope disintegration is close to soil mechanic characteristics such as shear strength indices. Soil grain diameter and water content were tested. Soil direct shear test was conducted to analyze the relationship between shear strength indices and the influencing factors. The experimental data indicate that clay content and the range affect soil cohesion value and the scope. Soil cohesion increases with bulk density before 1.6g/cm3. But it decreases when the bulk after that. The results could provide a scientific basis for control of slope disintegration.

Change Analysis of Enzyme Activity under Different Conditions of Film Remnant in Soil

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Xiao Guang Zhao ◽  
Yuan Yuan Guan ◽  
Wen Yu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Soil Microorganism ◽  
Soil Enzyme Activities ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Soil Material ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, simulated experiments were performed in pots by using soil materials in different conditions of film remnant. Based on the research on soil microorganism quantity trends of soil enzyme activities were analyzed systematically: soil without film remnant, soil with film remnant for 5, 10, 15 and 20 years. By analyzing crop progress, the relationship with soil material was studied, in order to provide scientific basis for the variation laws between different conditions of film remnant and the activity of soil enzyme.

Meat qualities in the sheep with special reference to Scottish breeds and crosses. I

1939 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Pálsson
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Precise Measure ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

1. By establishing the relationship between linear carcass measurements and the quantitative composition of the carcass in terms of bone, muscle and fat, we have provided a scientific basis for the use of many measurements hitherto only presumed to provide an index to carcass quality.2. External carcass measurements are correlated with weight of the skeleton. The most useful for this purpose are length of tibia + tarsus and length of the fore-cannon.3. As indices of muscle, external measures are only of indirect value. Thus, both F – T and G/F × 100 are strongly correlated with weight of muscle as a percentage of skeletal weight.4. Similarly, F provides an index of fat, being negatively correlated with fat as a percentage of bone.5. For muscle and fat internal measures permit a more precise estimate to be made. A + B is the best index of the former while C + J + Y provide the most accurate estimate of the weight of fat.6. Still better indices for muscle and fat are provided by suitable combinations of external and internal measurements. Thus L/10 + A + B is very highly correlated with the weight of muscle, and L/10 × (C + J + Y) is the best index of fat in the hoggets. For bone, a most efficient single index is shown to be the weight of the fore-cannon bone.7. The weight of the skeleton can be estimated with a high degree of accuracy from the weight of the bones in either one leg or loin. Both these joints combined, however, provide a still better estimate.8. The muscle in one leg or loin + leg provides an excellent index of the weight of muscle in the whole carcass.9. The fat in one leg, loin, or both these joints combined provides a good index of the weight of the total fat in the carcass. Both joints combined give the most precise measure.10. The value of certain measurements which are not necessarily associated with the quantity of the major tissues of the carcass, but which nevertheless have important qualitative significance, is emphasized.

scholarly journals A new derivation of the quadratic equation for the masses of the proton and electron

1940 ◽  
Vol 174 (956) ◽  
pp. 16-41 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relativistic Theory ◽  
Quadratic Equation ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Physical Problems ◽  
Considerable Simplification ◽  
Physical Insight ◽  
The Masses

1. In this paper I introduce some improvements of method which will, I think, bring about a considerable simplification of most of the physical problems treated in Part II of my book, Relativity theory of protons and electrons (hereinafter referred to as P. and E. ). They also facilitate the extension of the theory to other problems awaiting solution. Here I confine myself to one of the problems, namely, the derivation of the fundamental quadratic 10 m 2 - 136 mm 0 + m 2 0 = 0 for the mass m of a proton or electron. The derivation in P. and E. is, I believe, valid, though it now appears clumsy. But a proof giving more physical insight was greatly to be desired, since a thorough understanding of the underlying meaning of this relation is the first condition for a general advance. A general acquaintance with the relativistic theory in P. and E. must be presumed; but, as it happens, there is little occasion to refer to the more specialized parts of the theory.

scholarly journals How College Students Assess the Threat of Infectious Diseases: Implications for University Leaders and Health Communicators

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 129-164
Author(s):  
Yan Jin ◽  
Yen-I Lee ◽  
Brooke Fisher Liu ◽  
Lucinda Austin ◽  
Seoyeon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
College Students ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
External Attribution ◽  
Action Taking ◽  
University Leaders ◽  
The Relationship

Higher education institutions and their students face a wide range of infectious disease threats (IDTs). However, there is a lack of theory-driven research on how to provide communication for multiple IDTs to motivate protective action taking. To close this gap, this study focuses on college students and two IDT types: respiratory and sexually transmitted infections. We tested an IDT appraisal model with data from an online survey conducted at two U.S. universities with 842 students. Findings indicate that IDT type led to different patterns of threat appraisal and protective action taking intentions. More specifically, participants perceived sexually transmitted threats as significantly more predictable and more controllable than respiratory threats. Participants also had higher intention to take protective action in response to respiratory threats than sexually-transmitted threats. We also found that external attribution-dependent (EAD) emotions (i.e., anger, sadness, surprise, and confusion) and an internal-attribution-dependent (IAD) emotion (i.e., hope) were sequential mediators in the relationship between IDT appraisal and protective action taking intentions for both infectious disease types. Implications for IDT communication research and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals The Proposal and Research on the Most Basic Problem of Fault Diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Jun
Keyword(s):  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Basic Problem ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Analytic Method ◽  
Systematic Development ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract By keep asking “what happened to the part that was connected between normal and fault?” The basic problem of fault diagnosis is put forward. Based on the parameter analysis, the most basic problem of fault diagnosis is pointed to the generalized stiffness looseness through the congenital underlying logic presupposition of the fault. The relationship between generalized looseness, part fault and system fault is analyzed by analytic method, which further proves that looseness fault is the most basic problem in fault diagnosis.Finally, the essential priority of looseness fault in fault diagnosis is expounded.The essential priority of loosening fault in fault diagnosis explains the basic problem of fault diagnosis and provides a scientific basis for the systematic development of fault diagnosis.

The Relationship between Smoking Behavior and the Incidence of Tuberculosis at the Medan Sunggal Public Health Center

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Andre Christian Ginting ◽  
Andrico Napolin Lumbantobing
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Public Health Center ◽  
The Relationship

A B S T R A C TIntroduction Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria in the form ofrods (bacilli) known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease is included as achronic infectious disease. The causes of the increase in TB cases each year are stillvarious. One of them is smoking behavior. A person who smokes will have twice therisk of contracting TB. This study aims to determine the relationship between smokingbehavior and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the work area of the MedanSunggal Puskesmas in 2019. Methods This study is an analytical study with a crosssectional design. The population of this study were patients with pulmonary TB in thework area of the Medan Sunggal Public Health Center in 2019. The sample size usedwas 104 people who had met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the second study,the data collection tool was through the Puskesmas medical records. Data analysis wasperformed using the statistical test is chi square. Results the result showed that therewas a relationship between smoking behavior and the incidence of pulmonarytuberculosis in Medan Sunggal Public Health Center with an OR (95% CI) value of105,125 (13,280-832,161), which means that respondents who smoke will have105,125 times the risk of suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis compared to non-smoking respondents. From the results of 95% CI, it can be seen that the lower limitand upper limit values (CI values) not include 1.00, so the results of the study arestatistically significant at the value of α = 0.001. Conclusion. Smoking behavior hasan insignificant relationship with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis at MedanSunggal Puskesmas in 2019. It is recommended that the primary care should providesupport and sources of information about smoking habits, especially for patients whohave been diagnosed with pulmonary TB.

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