Permutation entropy in intraoperative ECoG of brain tumour patients in awake tumour surgery– a robust parameter to separate consciousness from unconsciousness

Abstract Awake craniotomies represent an essential opportunity in the case of lesions in eloquent areas. Thus, optimal surveillance of the patient during different stages of sedation, as well as the detection of seizure activity during brain surgery, remains difficult, as skin electrodes for electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis are not applicable in most cases. We assessed the applicability of ECoG to monitor different stages of sedation, as well as the influence of different patient characteristics, such as tumour volume, size, entity, and age or gender on permutation entropy (PeEn). We conducted retrospective analysis of the ECoG data of 16 patients, who underwent awake craniotomies because of left-sided brain tumours at our centre between 2014 and 2016. PeEn could be easily calculated and compared using frontal and parietal cortical electrodes. A comparison of PeEn scores showed significantly higher values in awake patients than in patients under anaesthesia (p ≤ 0.004) and significantly higher ones in the state of transition than under general anaesthesia (p = 0.023). PeEn scores in frontal and parietal leads did not differ significantly, making them both applicable for continuous surveillance during brain surgery. None of the following clinical characteristics showed significant correlation with PeEn scores: tumour volume, WHO grade, first or recurrent tumour, gender, and sex. Being 50 years or older led to significantly lower values in parietal leads but not in frontal leads. ECoG and a consecutive analysis of PeEn are feasible and suitable for the continuous surveillance of patients during awake craniotomies. Hence, the analysis is not influenced by patients’ clinical characteristics.

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Comparing Patient Characteristics, Clinical Outcomes, and Biomarkers of Severe Asthma Patients in Taiwan

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9070764 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 764

Author(s):

Shih-Lung Cheng ◽

Kuo-Chin Chiu ◽

Hsin-Kuo Ko ◽

Diahn-Warng Perng ◽

Hao-Chien Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Asthma ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Linear Models ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Emergency Department Visits ◽

Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Asthma Patients ◽

Patients At Risk

Purpose: To understand the association between biomarkers and exacerbations of severe asthma in adult patients in Taiwan. Materials and Methods: Demographic, clinical characteristics and biomarkers were retrospectively collected from the medical charts of severe asthma patients in six hospitals in Taiwan. Exacerbations were defined as those requiring asthma-specific emergency department visits/hospitalizations, or systemic steroids. Enrolled patients were divided into: (1) those with no exacerbations (non-exacerbators) and (2) those with one or more exacerbations (exacerbators). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimal cut-off value for biomarkers. Generalized linear models evaluated the association between exacerbation and biomarkers. Results: 132 patients were enrolled in the study with 80 non-exacerbators and 52 exacerbators. There was no significant difference in demographic and clinical characteristics between the two groups. Exacerbators had significantly higher eosinophils (EOS) counts (367.8 ± 357.18 vs. 210.05 ± 175.24, p = 0.0043) compared to non-exacerbators. The optimal cut-off values were 292 for EOS counts and 19 for the Fractional exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) measure. Patients with an EOS count ≥ 300 (RR = 1.88; 95% CI, 1.26–2.81; p = 0.002) or FeNO measure ≥ 20 (RR = 2.10; 95% CI, 1.05–4.18; p = 0.0356) had a significantly higher risk of exacerbation. Moreover, patients with both an EOS count ≥ 300 and FeNO measure ≥ 20 had a significantly higher risk of exacerbation than those with lower EOS count or lower FeNO measure (RR = 2.16; 95% CI, 1.47–3.18; p = < 0.0001). Conclusions: Higher EOS counts and FeNO measures were associated with increased risk of exacerbation. These biomarkers may help physicians identify patients at risk of exacerbations and personalize treatment for asthma patients.

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369. Clinical Characteristics of the First 177 Patients Admitted with COVID-19 at a Bronx Community Hospital

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.564 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S254-S254

Author(s):

Victoria Bengualid ◽

Maria Martinez ◽

Zhenisa Hysenaj ◽

Debra M Willner ◽

Judith Berger

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Saturation ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Retrospective Chart Review ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Altered Mental Status ◽

Channel Blockers ◽

First Case ◽

Overall Mortality

Abstract Background The first case of COVID-19 was admitted on March 15th 2020 to our community based hospital in the Bronx, NY. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of these first COVID-19 patients. Patient Characteristics and Outcome Methods IRB approved retrospective chart review study of all COVID-19 patients admitted during March 2020 focusing on patient characteristics, co-morbidities, clinical manifestations and outcome. Results A total of 177 patients were admitted during March 2020: 57% African American 23.1% Hispanic and 16.9% White. 44.9% female, average age 60 years, and 90% had at least one comorbidity. Outcome was available on all patients except for one who was transferred to another institution for ECMO. Overall mortality was 33%. Clinical presentation: 69.4% presented with cough or shortness of breath, 15.8% with diarrhea, nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain, and 14.6% with myalgia, dizziness or altered mental status. 6.2% presented only with fever. However 59.8% of patients presented with fever and respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms. Mortality The table compares patients who died vs discharged (either home or to a short term facility). Those that were 65 years or older, hypertensive or presented to the ER with an oxygen saturation of 94% or lower, were more likely to die. Ventilated patients: 31.6% of patients were intubated with a mortality rate of 77%. 22% of these patients were intubated in the first 24 hours. Compared to non-intubated patients, there was no difference in BMI, diabetes, hypertension, COPD/Asthma, use of statins, aspirin or calcium channel blockers. Intubated patients older than 64 years had significantly higher mortality rates (p=0.0001). Conclusion This cohort of COVID-19 patients is unique as almost all received Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin. Only 9% received steroids and even fewer received an interleukin-6 inhibitor, convalescent plasma or Remdesivir. African Americans and Hispanics accounted for 80% of patients. Greater than 90% received Medicaid. Overall mortality was 33%. The most common presentation was respiratory followed by gastrointestinal symptoms. The overall mortality was 33% but increased to 77% in intubated patients. Age, hypertension, and ER oxygen saturation correlated with mortality. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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NCOG-38. CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW GRADE GLIOMA PATIENTS WITH NON-CANONICAL IDH1 AND IDH2 MUTATIONS

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.576 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. ii137-ii137

Author(s):

Katherine Peters ◽

Eric Lipp ◽

Gloria Broadwater ◽

James Herndon ◽

Margaret Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Progression Free Survival ◽

Idh1 Mutation ◽

Low Grade ◽

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 ◽

Who Grade ◽

Targeted Mutation ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

Idh1 And Idh2 Mutations

Abstract BACKGROUND Low grade gliomas (LGGs) develop in young adults and represent 10-15% of all glial tumors. While LGG patients can have longer survival than higher grade tumors, progression, transformation, and ultimately mortality occurs. Mutations in Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/IDH2) are prevalent in LGG and are responsible for gliomagenesis. The classic IDH1 mutation is located at 132 codon and represented as p.Arg132His, but there are non-canonical IDH1 and IDH2 mutations. We sought to compare clinical characteristics of LGG patients with classic IDH1 p.Arg132His mutation to LGG patients with non-canonical IDH1 and IDH2 mutations. METHODS We queried an IRB-approved registry retrospectively from 12/2004- 9/2019. We included IDH1/IDH2 mutant LGG (WHO grade II) and known IDH1 and IDH2 targeted mutation analysis using standard PCR followed by DNA sequencing to detect point mutations in IDH1/IDH2 genes. We obtained available clinical and histopathological data. We estimated progression-free survival (PFS), time to transformation (TT), and overall survival (OS) using Kaplan-Meier methods. RESULTS We identified 267 LGG patients with median follow-up of 9.1 yrs (95%CI 8.4-9.9 yrs). Classic IDH1 p.Arg132His mutation occurred in 223 (83.9%) patients. IDH2 mutations occurred in 14 (5.2%) patients. Non-canonical IDH1 mutations were in 30 (11.2%) patients and included the following mutations: p.Arg132Cys (13), p.Arg132Gly (10), p.Arg132Ser (4), p.Arg132Leu (1), p.Arg119Gln (1), and p.Arg172Met (1). Initial presentation, OS, and TT did not differ between IDH1/IDH2 groups. PFS differed significantly between groups with improved median PFS in IDH2 mutant LGG (5.4 yrs; 95%CI 3.5-25.2) versus classic IDH1 mutant LGG (4.1 yrs; 95%CI 3.7-4.9 yrs) and non-canonical IDH1 mutant LGG (2.6 yrs; 95%CI 2.1-4.8) (log-rank p=0.019). Notably, non-canonical mutations were more common in astrocytoma (22/30; 73.3%) than other LGG histologies (p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, LGG patients with non-canonical mutations have a shorter time to progression than patients with classic p.Arg132His mutation and IDH2 mutations.

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A 25-year retrospective, single center analysis of 343 WHO grade II/III glioma patients: implications for grading and temozolomide therapy

Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1007/s00432-021-03511-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Eike Steidl ◽

Katharina Filipski ◽

Pia S. Zeiner ◽

Marlies Wagner ◽

Emmanouil Fokas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Molecular Markers ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Real Life ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Low Grade ◽

Who Grade ◽

Idh1 R132h ◽

Treatment Data ◽

Grade Ii

Abstract Purpose Classification and treatment of WHO grade II/III gliomas have dramatically changed. Implementing molecular markers into the WHO classification raised discussions about the significance of grading and clinical trials showed overall survival (OS) benefits for combined radiochemotherapy. As molecularly stratified treatment data outside clinical trials are scarce, we conducted this retrospective study. Methods We identified 343 patients (1995–2015) with newly diagnosed WHO grade II/III gliomas and analyzed molecular markers, patient characteristics, symptoms, histology, treatment, time to treatment failure (TTF) and OS. Results IDH-status was available for all patients (259 mutant, 84 IDH1-R132H-non-mutant). Molecular subclassification was possible in 173 tumors, resulting in diagnosis of 80 astrocytomas and 93 oligodendrogliomas. WHO grading remained significant for OS in astrocytomas/IDH1-R132H-non-mutant gliomas (p < 0.01) but not for oligodendroglioma (p = 0.27). Chemotherapy (and temozolomide in particular) showed inferior OS compared to radiotherapy in astrocytomas (median 6.1/12.1 years; p = 0.03) and oligodendrogliomas (median 13.2/not reached (n.r.) years; p = 0.03). While radiochemotherapy improved TTF in oligodendroglioma (median radiochemotherapy n.r./chemotherapy 3.8/radiotherapy 7.3 years; p < 0.001/ = 0.06; OS data immature) the effect, mainly in combination with temozolomide, was weaker in astrocytomas (median radiochemotherapy 6.7/chemotherapy 2.3/radiotherapy 2.0 years; p < 0.001/ = 0.11) and did not translate to improved OS (median 8.4 years). Conclusion This is one of the largest retrospective, real-life datasets reporting treatment and outcome in low-grade gliomas incorporating molecular markers. Current histologic grading features remain prognostic in astrocytomas while being insignificant in oligodendroglioma with interfering treatment effects. Chemotherapy (temozolomide) was less effective than radiotherapy in both astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas while radiochemotherapy showed the highest TTF in oligodendrogliomas.

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Clinical Features and Outcomes of a Racially Diverse Population with Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis

American Journal of Nephrology ◽

10.1159/000455390 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 248-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Fernanda Payan Schober ◽

Meghan A. Jobson ◽

Caroline J. Poulton ◽

Harsharan K. Singh ◽

Volker Nickeleit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Disease Process ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Underlying Disease ◽

Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis ◽

Black Patients ◽

End Stage ◽

20 Nm ◽

The University

Background: Fibrillary glomerulonephritis is characterized by randomly arranged fibrils, approximately 20 nm in diameter by electron microscopy. Patients present with proteinuria, hematuria and kidney insufficiency, and about half of the reported patients progress to end-stage kidney disease within 4 years. The dependence of patient characteristics and outcomes on race has not been explored. In this study, we describe a cohort of patients with fibrillary glomerulonephritis and compare their clinical characteristics and outcomes with those of patients previously described. Methods: The University of North Carolina (UNC) Nephropathology Database was used to retrospectively identify patients diagnosed with fibrillary glomerulonephritis between 1985 and 2015. Of these patients, those treated at UNC were selected. Their demographic and clinical characteristics - including signs and symptoms, comorbidities, laboratory values, treatments and outcomes - were compared with those of patients described earlier. Results: Among the 287 patients identified, 42 were treated at the UNC Kidney Center. When compared to earlier cohorts, a higher frequency of black race, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and use of hemodialysis were noted in both black and HCV-positive patients. Autoimmune diseases, infections and malignancies were frequently observed, present in over half of all cases. Conclusion: According to this study, fibrillary glomerulonephritis represents a secondary glomerular disease process (associated with autoimmune disease, infection or malignancy) in many cases and hence screening is essential. As the screening for comorbidities increased over time, more underlying causes were identified. We noted a high frequency of HCV among black patients, suggesting a possible causative association. Treatment of underlying disease is essential for patients for the best outcome.

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Steroid switching in dystrophinopathy treatment: a US chart review of patient characteristics and clinical outcomes

Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research ◽

10.2217/cer-2021-0110 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jessica R Marden ◽

Claudio Santos ◽

Brian Pfister ◽

Richard Able ◽

Henry Lane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscular Dystrophy ◽

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Chart Review ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Becker Muscular Dystrophy ◽

Slow Disease Progression ◽

Primary Physician ◽

The Usa ◽

The Mean

Aim: To describe reasons for switching from prednisone/prednisolone to deflazacort and associated clinical outcomes among patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD and BMD, respectively) in the USA. Methods: A chart review of patients with DMD (n = 62) or BMD (n = 30) who switched from prednisone to deflazacort (02/2017–12/2018) collected demographic/clinical characteristics, reasons for switching, outcomes and common adverse events. Results: The mean ages at switch were 20.1 (DMD) and 9.2 (BMD) years. The primary physician-reported reasons for switching were ‘to slow disease progression’ (DMD: 83%, BMD: 79%) and ‘tolerability’ (67 and 47%). Switching was ‘very’ or ‘somewhat’ effective at addressing the primary reasons in 90–95% of patients. Conclusion: Physician-reported outcomes were consistent with deflazacort addressing patients' primary reasons for switching.

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Characteristics of multiple sclerosis in aboriginals living in British Columbia, Canada

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/1352458512436595 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 1239-1243 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jameelah Saeedi ◽

Peter Rieckmann ◽

Irene Yee ◽

Helen Tremlett ◽

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

British Columbia ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Disease Onset ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Onset Date ◽

Disease Course ◽

Chi Squared ◽

Student’S T

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to identify and describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) in aboriginals in British Columbia (BC), Canada and compare these findings with non-aboriginal MS patients. Methods: This retrospective chart and database review accessed patient information from the linked BC-wide MS clinical and genetics databases. Data gathered included: demographics (age, sex and ethnicity); clinical characteristics (MS onset date, disease course and disability scores (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS]). Aboriginals were identified via the database linkage augmented by physician and nurse recall. Two non-aboriginal comparator groups with definite MS were selected. Group one included all definite MS patients in the BC MS database, and group two comprised MS patients matched by sex, age at onset and initial disease course. Patient characteristics were compared using the Student’s t-test, chi-squared test, and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to examine disease progression (time to sustained and confirmed EDSS 6) Results: We identified 26 aboriginals with MS, of which 19/26 (73%) were female, 23/26 (89%) had relapsing-onset MS and a mean onset age of 31.1 years. There were no significant differences between the MS aboriginals and the non-matched ( n = 5708) comparator group with respect to age, sex or disease course ( p > 0.1), However, aboriginals progressed more rapidly to EDSS 6 from disease onset ( p < 0.001) when compared with the matched and unmatched comparator groups. Conclusion: We identified a small, but important cohort of aboriginals with MS; being the largest identified to date. There was evidence of more rapid MS progression in aboriginals compared with non-aboriginals.

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Patient Characteristics Associated With the Need for Long-Term Treatment in a Child Psychiatry Hospital After the Earthquake in Mexico City

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2020.224 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Rosa-Elena Ulloa ◽

Emmanuel Sarmiento

Keyword(s):

Mexico City ◽

Child Psychiatry ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Health Programs ◽

Baseline Assessment ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Mental Health Programs

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with the need for long-term treatment in a child psychiatry facility. Method: Demographic characteristics, diagnosis, source of referral, time elapsed between the earthquake and the request for care, and the treatment prescribed in the baseline assessment were compared between a group of subjects that required long-term treatment (LTT) and a group that was discharged after a brief intervention (D). Results: A total of 171 patients were seen, and 27% of the subjects required LTT. In general, these subjects were younger, referred from highly affected areas, presented a delay in seeking care, and were mainly diagnosed with anxiety and stress-related disorders. Conclusions: These findings suggest the need for research regarding the design of mental health programs for the early detection of psychopathology after natural disasters in children and adolescents.

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Comparison of Safety Reports to the FDA from a Pilot Introduction of Peginesatide, a Third Generation Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agent Versus Those from the Usual Care Setting: Manufacturers of Biosimilars and the FDA Should Consider Pilot Introductions of These Agents

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v124.21.3516.3516 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 124 (21) ◽

pp. 3516-3516

Author(s):

Charles L. Bennett ◽

Sony Jacob ◽

Peter Georgantopoulos ◽

Judy Nichols ◽

Iain C Macdougall

Keyword(s):

Usual Care ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Safety Assessment ◽

Care Setting ◽

Conflicts Of Interest ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

The United States ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

First Year ◽

Cardiorespiratory Arrest

Abstract Background: Thirty eight anaphylaxis cases were reported to the FDA during the first year of peginesatide marketing in 2012. Marketing was discontinued as a result. We compare 28 reports from a pilot peginesatide introduction conducted by the largest dialysis organization (LDO) in North America versus the 10 reports of anaphylaxis from usual care settings. The pilot introduction was conducted at 10 LDO centers, a nurse was assigned to each center, and staff were educated on peginesatide dosing, safety, pharmacokinetics, and handling. Methods: Reports in the FDA of anaphylaxis occurring within 30 minutes of peginesatide administration were reviewed for information on administration site, patient characteristics, time to report to FDA, and patient outcome. Findings: In comparison to 28 anaphylaxis events reported to the FDA from the pilot introduction (as described in Bennett CL et al NEJM 2014), 10 anaphylaxis reports to the FDA from the usual care settings were less often reported as fatal (0% versus 22%) or grade IV severity (10% versus 22%) associated with hypotension (20% versus 57%), or cardiorespiratory arrest (0% versus 29%), and were reported to the FDA later (median of 81 days (range, 14- 172) versus 46 days (range, 4 – 136 days). They were more often associated with clinical findings of diaphoresis (40% versus 18%), syncope (30% versus 18%), or angioedema (20% versus 11%). Onset was a median of four to five minutes after peginesatide infusion in either setting. Among 25,000 peginesatide-treated patients (19,430 in the pilot introduction), anaphylaxis rates were 1.4 per 1,000 persons in either setting. Conclusion: Clinical characteristics of anaphylaxis events were more serious and FDA reporting more timely for peginesatide-associated anaphylaxis reported to the FDA from the pilot introduction versus usual care settings. With the anticipation of biosimiars in the United States, consideration should be given to requiring pilot introductions of these agents to facilitate safety assessment. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Are patients with oligodendroglioma at higher risk for radiation neurotoxicity?

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.2061 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 2061-2061

Author(s):

Haroon Ahmad ◽

Sohil H. Patel ◽

Joseph Donahue ◽

M. Beatriz Lopes ◽

Benjamin Purow ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tumor Progression ◽

Standard Of Care ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

High Dose ◽

Molecular Testing ◽

Low Grade ◽

Who Grade ◽

Signal Abnormality ◽

Anaplastic Gliomas

2061 Background: Symptomatic radiation neurotoxicity (RN), manifesting on MRI as focal necrosis and/or T2 signal abnormality, is a dreaded complication of radiation therapy (RT). While RT is standard of care for anaplastic gliomas, the long-term benefit vs risk profile in low-grade gliomas is not well defined. Patients with oligodendroglioma carry a better overall survival than those with astrocytoma. Anecdotally, they are more prone to experience RN than astrocytomas, as suggested by Acharya et al in 2017. We hypothesized that, independent of grade, oligodendrogliomas have a higher incidence of RN as compared to astrocytomas. Methods: We reviewed the records of 628 patients with WHO grade II and III gliomas from our institution. Study population comprised 326 patients with: standard fractionated RT, pathology confirmation by a neuropathologist, and follow up of at least 2 years after diagnosis. RN was defined as either histologically confirmed by pathology or requiring intervention for clinically presumed RN (bevacizumab or high-dose steroids.) A separate category included patients with dramatic cognitive decline with increased T2 signal abnormality, in the absence or tumor progression. Results: There were 131 patients with oligodendroglioma, based upon 1p/19q co-deletion (105 cases) or histology in the absence of molecular testing (26 cases). The remaining 195 patients had astrocytoma with intact 1p/19q, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type, or diagnosed histologically absent molecular testing. The incidence of RN were 18.3% and 8.2% for oligodendroglioma and astrocytoma, respectively (p = 0.0063). An additional four patients with oligodendroglioma and two with astrocytoma had significant cognitive deterioration with increased T2 signal abnormality, without tumor progression. Conclusions: The greater than two-fold increase in RN incidence for oligodendrogliomas is significant and suggests patients with oligodendrogliomas may be more at risk to develop RN. Therefore, in patients with oligodendroglioma, the consideration of fractionated RT needs to be weighed against the increased potential for RN. Analysis of baseline imaging and patient characteristics variables that correlate with development of RN are ongoing and will be presented at the meeting.

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