scholarly journals The burden of submicroscopic and asymptomatic malaria in India revealed from epidemiology studies at three varied transmission sites in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria van Eijk ◽  
Patrick L. Sutton ◽  
Lalitha Ramanathapuram ◽  
Steven A. Sullivan ◽  
Deena Kanagaraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Community Surveys ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections ◽  
Epidemiology Studies

AbstractMalaria in India, while decreasing, remains a serious public health problem, and the contribution of submicroscopic and asymptomatic infections to its persistence is poorly understood. We conducted community surveys and clinic studies at three sites in India differing in their eco-epidemiologies: Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Nadiad (Gujarat), and Rourkela (Odisha), during 2012–2015. A total of 6,645 subject blood samples were collected for Plasmodium diagnosis by microscopy and PCR, and an extensive clinical questionnaire completed. Malaria prevalence ranged from 3–8% by PCR in community surveys (24 infections in Chennai, 56 in Nadiad, 101 in Rourkela), with Plasmodium vivax dominating in Chennai (70.8%) and Nadiad (67.9%), and Plasmodium falciparum in Rourkela (77.3%). A proportional high burden of asymptomatic and submicroscopic infections was detected in community surveys in Chennai (71% and 71%, respectively, 17 infections for both) and Rourkela (64% and 31%, 65 and 31 infections, respectively). In clinic studies, a proportional high burden of infections was identified as submicroscopic in Rourkela (45%, 42 infections) and Chennai (19%, 42 infections). In the community surveys, anemia and fever were significantly more common among microscopic than submicroscopic infections. Exploratory spatial analysis identified a number of potential malaria hotspots at all three sites. There is a considerable burden of submicroscopic and asymptomatic malaria in malarious regions in India, which may act as a reservoir with implications for malaria elimination strategies.

scholarly journals Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) Trigger-Mediated Ovulation Induction in Infertility Management in South Indian Women Undergoing IVF/ICSI Regimens: A Pilot Sexual Medicine Study with Public Health Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Saumya Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Endometrial Thickness ◽  
Cardiac Activity ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Clinical Pregnancy ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Infertile Women ◽  
South Indian

Introduction: Infertility is a global public health problem; cost-effective patient-friendly treatment modalities along with psychosexual intervention strategies are essential for infertility control/prevention/management among ethnically disparate populations. Objectives: This study aimed to assess differential in vitro fertilization (IVF) success trends among infertile women of South Indian ethnicity. Materials and Methods: Prospective, observational study designed in a hospital-based setting with active enrollment of infertile women undergoing IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) at Indira IVF Center, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (April-September 2019); inclusion criteria: age >35 years, South Indian ethnicity, married >1 year, absence of full-term clinical pregnancy, endometrial thickness <6 mm/thin endometrium; exclusion criteria: prior ≥2 IVF failures, fibroids/adenomyosis/cervical cancer/endometriosis. IVF success was determined by evaluating total frozen embryos transferred/month, average oocyte yield/donor, oocyte quality, M-II oocytes, biochemical/clinical pregnancy (beta-human chorionic gonadotropin positivity/fetal cardiac activity). Mycobacterium tuberculosis positivity was assessed by GeneXpert polymerase chain reaction-based technology, and psychosexual intervention-incorporated marital relationship counseling sessions/therapy, referrals for psychiatric assessments (cognitive impairment/schizophrenia/depression). Written informed consent of participants was taken and study was approved by Institutional Review Board. Results: Mean age and endometrial thickness of study participants were 33.3 years (SD ±1.9) and 8.7 mm (SD ±0.5), respectively; average Body Mass Index (BMI) and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were 28.4 kg/m2 and 4.7 ng/mL, respectively. Embryos transferred/month: 7 in April/13 in May/24 in June/36 in July/24 in August/30 in September, and pregnancies: 4/8/17/26/20/22 for the months of April, May, June, July, August, and September 2019, respectively. Subgroup stratification demonstrated M-II vs total oocytes retrieved were 76%, 73%, 60%, 71%, 77%, and 77%. Overall IVF success rates were 57% in April/62% in May/71% in June/72% in July/83% in August/73% in September; frozen embryo transfer success was 0 in April-May/67% in June/73% in July/89% in August/100% in September 2019. English/Tamil-speaking infertile women self-reported treatment-related satisfaction rates of 80% to 100%. Conclusion: M-II oocytes’ yield, sociodemographics of infertile women, and increasing age/aberrant AMH/BMI profiles/endometrial receptivity/diminished ovarian reserve are promising predictors of IVF/ICSI success in genetically distinct patient population subset(s). Future multicentric gene epidemiology studies with larger sample size and precision-based psychiatric assessments/interventions are warranted for development of predictive biomarkers in infertility management.

scholarly journals Contribution of Asymptomatic Plasmodium Infections to the Transmission of Malaria in Kayin State, Myanmar

2018 ◽  
Vol 219 (9) ◽  
pp. 1499-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Chaumeau ◽  
Ladda Kajeechiwa ◽  
Bénédicte Fustec ◽  
Jordi Landier ◽  
Saw Naw Nyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Entomological Inoculation Rate ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections ◽  
Greater Mekong Subregion ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The objective of mass antimalarial drug administration (MDA) is to eliminate malaria rapidly by eliminating the asymptomatic malaria parasite reservoirs and interrupting transmission. In the Greater Mekong Subregion, where artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum is now widespread, MDA has been proposed as an elimination accelerator, but the contribution of asymptomatic infections to malaria transmission has been questioned. The impact of MDA on entomological indices has not been characterized previously. Methods MDA was conducted in 4 villages in Kayin State (Myanmar). Malaria mosquito vectors were captured 3 months before, during, and 3 months after MDA, and their Plasmodium infections were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The relationship between the entomological inoculation rate, the malaria prevalence in humans determined by ultrasensitive PCR, and MDA was characterized by generalized estimating equation regression. Results Asymptomatic P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections were cleared by MDA. The P. vivax entomological inoculation rate was reduced by 12.5-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–100-fold), but the reservoir of asymptomatic P. vivax infections was reconstituted within 3 months, presumably because of relapses. This was coincident with a 5.3-fold (95% CI, 4.8–6.0-fold) increase in the vector infection rate. Conclusion Asymptomatic infections are a major source of malaria transmission in Southeast Asia.

scholarly journals Assessment of malaria as a public health problem in and around Arjo Didhessa Sugar Cane Plantation area, Western Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mebrate Dufera ◽  
Regea Debsu ◽  
Gemechu Tiruneh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
And Control ◽  
Western Ethiopia ◽  
Malaria Risk Factors

Abstract Background: Although much progress has been made in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality worldwide in the last decade, malaria still remains the third leading cause of death and still considered as major public health problem. Objectives : The main objective of this study was to assess malaria as a public health problem in and around sugar cane plantation area of Arjo Didhessa sugar factory, Western Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross sectional study supplemented with clinical retrospective data, which included 452 study subjects was employed and the study period extended from May 2016 up to November of 2017. A standardized questionnaire was used to assess malaria risk factors and blood samples were received from all study participants and further subjected to Giemsa staining for determination of malaria prevalence. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 20.Malaria risk factors were identified by multivariate logistic regression at significance level of P < 0.05 . Results: The overall malaria prevalence was 3.1%; Plasmodium vivax being the main type of malaria parasite. Overnight outdoor sleeping and improper utilization of mosquito bed nets were found to be statistically significant as malaria risk factors in the community. In the retrospective studies of five years, the peak malaria cases (13.84%) were reported in 2013 and less cases (1.24%) in 2017. Conclusion: The prevalence of malaria observed in the area is still higher as compared to national prevalence of malaria. Therefore; we recommend further strengthening of malaria prevention and control strategies. Additionally, educative training opportunities must be provided for workers in the plantation area on malaria prevention and control.

scholarly journals Assessment of malaria as a public health problem in and around Arjo Didhessa Sugar Cane Plantation area, Western Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mebrate Dufera ◽  
Regea Debsu ◽  
Gemechu Tiruneh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Western Ethiopia ◽  
Malaria Risk Factors

Abstract Background: Although much progress has been made in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality worldwide in the last decade, nationally malaria still remains the third leading cause of death and still considered as major public health problem. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess malaria as a public health problem in and around sugar cane plantation area of Arjo Didhessa sugar factory, Western Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross sectional study supplemented with clinical retrospective data, which included 452 study subjects was recruited and the study period was extended from May 2016 up to November of 2017. A standardized questionnaire was used to assess malaria risk factors and blood samples were received from all study participants and further subjected to Giemsa staining for determination of malaria prevalence. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.Malaria risk factors were identified by multivariate logistic regression at significance level of P < 0.05 . Results: The overall malaria prevalence was 3.1%; Plasmodium vivax being the main type of malaria parasite. Overnight outdoor sleeping and improper utilization of mosquito bed nets were found to be statistically significant as malaria risk factors in the community. In the retrospective studies of five years, the peak malaria cases (13.84%) were reported in 2013 and lowest cases (1.24%) in 2017. Conclusions: The figure of malaria witnessed in this area remains higher than the observed national malaria prevalence indicating malaria is still remains a public health problem.Therefore, we suggest the factory administrators and health care professionals to work more on raising awareness to avoid night outdoor sleeping and effective and appropriate utilization of insecticide treated nets and regular indoor residual spraying. Key words : Arjo Didhessa, malaria, malaria risk factors

scholarly journals Use of antimicrobials in patients with COVID-19 without prior evaluation of an associated bacterial infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e264101220410
Author(s):  
Déborah Demarque Martins da Silva ◽  
Jocelenne Cruz dos Santos ◽  
Lays Cordeiro de Jesus ◽  
Leandro da Conceição Luiz ◽  
Maria José Valenzuela Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
National Library ◽  
Electronic Library ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections

This paper aims to clarify and present discussions about the COVID-19 disease, its variants and prevention measures, as well as clarifying the excessive use of antimicrobials in the protocols of patients infected with it, as this practice can intensify an already existing public health problem, which is antimicrobial resistance. The methodology used in this research was a literature review on bacterial resistance due to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials and the possible impacts caused in the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the variants of worldwide concern, based on the Scientific Electronic Library Online databases - SCIELO, National Library of Medicine - PubMed, CAPES Journal Portal, Academic Google and National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). Based on the literature presented here, it is concluded that COVID-19 is a disease caused by the acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) presenting a clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe conditions. Several variants have emerged in several countries modifying the dynamics of transmissibility and potential immune flight from the disease, the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) being a greater threat to public health due to its high transmissibility. The misuse and excessive use of antimicrobials prescribed for the treatment of this disease can favor the emergence of superbugs and such resistance is a global problem. Therefore, the help of laboratory and clinical tests is essential to carry out a therapeutic intervention, observing the best options for each clinical case, since COVID-19 is a new disease and still under study.

scholarly journals Persistent High Leptospiral Shedding by Asymptomatic Dogs in Endemic Areas Triggers a Serious Public Health Concern

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 937
Author(s):  
Ricardo Sant’Anna da Costa ◽  
Maria Isabel N. Di Azevedo ◽  
Ana Luiza dos Santos Baptista Borges ◽  
Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa ◽  
Gabriel Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Renal Changes ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
One Year

(1) Background: Dogs are known as hosts of Leptospira interrogans and can spread this bacterium to the environment. Although Canicola is responsible for determining chronic disease in dogs, when affected by incidental serogroups such as Icterohaemorrhagiae, acute disease may occur with a predominance of clinical signs with hepatic and renal changes. In endemic areas, it is a serious public health problem. Thus, this study aims to estimate the incidence and duration of elimination of leptospires in the urine of dogs, taking another step from a previous study of our group, by a longitudinal, long-term and molecular approach. (2) Methods: A total of 125 dogs without apparent symptoms of leptospirosis were included in the study. The dogs were all PCR-negative and seronegative at the beginning of the study. Blood samples were collected for hematological examinations and urine for amplification of the lipL32 gene by PCR at five different time points during one year. (3) Results: Out of the 125 dogs, 62 became lipL32 PCR-positive (48.8% (95% CI, 47.9–49.7%)) at some point during the study, distributed as follows: at day 0, all negative; day 90, 18/125 (14.4% (95% CI, 13.5–15.3%)); day 180, 18/125 (14.4% (95% CI, 13.5–15.3%)); day 270, 12/125 (9.6% (95% CI, 8.7–10.5%)); and day 365, 14/125 (11.2% (95% CI, 10.3–12.1%)). Out of the 62 amplicons, 22 were sequenced, targeting a short region of secY gene. Of these, 20 (90.9%) were identical to the L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, while two (9.1%) were Leptospira noguchii. (4) Conclusions: The fact that the leptospires of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup were characterized was unexpected, since the animals remained clinically asymptomatic during the study. The fact that asymptomatic dogs shed leptospires is not new, but the extent of this fact and the characterized strain is impressive, with an impact on public health that cannot be overlooked.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Commercial ELISA Kits for the Detection of Anti-Dengue IgM for Routine Dengue Diagnosis in Laos

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yixiao Lu ◽  
Onanong Sengvilaipaseuth ◽  
Anisone Chanthongthip ◽  
Ooyanong Phonemixay ◽  
Manivanh Vongsouvath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Denv Infection ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Who Criteria ◽  
Igm Elisa

The endemicity of Dengue virus (DENV) infection remains a major public health problem in Lao PDR. In this study, we compared two commercial anti-dengue IgM ELISA kits, Panbio® Dengue IgM Capture ELISA (Panbio Kit, Alere, Waltham, MA, USA) and DEN DetectTM MAC-ELISA (InBios kit, InBios International, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA), in the context of diagnosis of patients admitted to hospital with clinical dengue presentation. Two panels of paired blood samples were tested. Panel A was composed of 54 dengue confirmed patients (by DENV real-time RT-PCR) and 11 non-dengue dengue patients (other infections confirmed by corresponding PCR results). Panel B included 74 patients randomly selected from consecutive patients admitted to Mahosot Hospital in 2008 with suspicion of dengue fever according to WHO criteria. Results from panel A showed significantly better sensitivity for Panbio kit (64.8%; 95%CI: 50.6–77.3%) than for InBios kit (18.5%; 95%CI: 9.3–31.4%) when testing admission sera. Sensitivity was increased for both kits when combining results from admission and convalescent sera. Concordant results were obtained from panel B with fair agreement (κ = 0.29) between both kits when testing single admission samples, and moderate agreement (κ = 0.5) when combining results from admission and convalescent sera.

scholarly journals Anaemia among pregnant women in a rural area of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 2400
Author(s):  
Abiselvi A. ◽  
Gopalakrishnan S. ◽  
Umadevi R. ◽  
Rama R
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Hemoglobin Level ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Training Centre

Background: Anaemia is a major public health problem in developing countries. The vulnerable groups include adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating mothers. Despite several National and International strategies to control anaemia, the magnitude of the problem remains high. Lack of adequate program implementation strategies could be a possible reason for this problem and therefore, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of anaemia among rural pregnant women in our field practice area in Tamil Nadu.Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out among 270 pregnant women registered at our Rural Health Training Centre. All these pregnant mothers gave informed consent to participate in the study. A structured interview schedule was administered and hemoglobin levels were recorded from their Mother Child Protection Card. A mean hemoglobin value was calculated and anaemia was defined as a Hemoglobin level <11 g/dl as per WHO classification.Results: About 48.5% of pregnant women were in the age group of 15-24 years. In this study, 41.5% were found to be anaemic. About 38.1% of the study participants were found to have mild anaemia (hemoglobin level between 10.0-10.9 g/dl), while 1.9% had moderate anaemia (Hb between 7.0 - 9.9 g/dl) and 1.5% had severe anaemia (Hb below 7 g/dl).Conclusions: Anaemia is an imminent public health problem, which requires due attention. It is a social problem, wherein the knowledge and attitudes of the pregnant women deeply influence the disease burden. Adequate measures to address these issues have to be in place as a priority, in order to minimize the magnitude of anaemia. 

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