scholarly journals Detectability assessment of a satellite sensor for lower tropospheric ozone responses to its precursors emission changes in East Asian summer

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mizuo Kajino ◽  
Sachiko Hayashida ◽  
Tsuyoshi Thomas Sekiyama ◽  
Makoto Deushi ◽  
Kazuki Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Tropospheric Photochemistry ◽  
Recent Advancement ◽  
Satellite Sensors ◽  
Future Emission ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
Satellite Sensor

AbstractSatellite sensors are powerful tools to monitor the spatiotemporal variations of air pollutants in large scales, but it has been challenging to detect surface O3 due to the presence of abundant stratospheric and upper tropospheric O3. East Asia is one of the most polluted regions in the world, but anthropogenic emissions such as NOx and SO2 began to decrease in 2010s. This trend was well observed by satellites, but the spatiotemporal impacts of these emission trends on O3 have not been well understood. Recent advancement in a retrieval method for the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) sensor enabled detection of lower tropospheric O3 and its legitimacy has been validated. In this study, we investigated the statistical significance for the OMI sensor to detect the lower tropospheric O3 responses to the future emission reduction of the O3 precursor gases over East Asia in summer, by utilizing a regional chemistry model. The emission reduction of 10, 25, 50, and 90% resulted in 4.4, 11, 23, and 53% decrease of the areal and monthly mean daytime simulated satellite-detectable O3 (ΔO3), respectively. The fractions of significant areas are 55, 84, 93, and 96% at a one-sided 95% confidence interval. Because of the recent advancement of satellite sensor technologies (e.g., TROPOMI), study on tropospheric photochemistry will be rapidly advanced in the near future. The current study proved the usefulness of such satellite analyses on the lower tropospheric O3 and its perturbations due to the precursor gas emission controls.

scholarly journals The prevalence and demographic features of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in an urban area of East Asia: A population-based study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248801
Author(s):  
Tzong-Hann Yang ◽  
Hung-Meng Huang ◽  
Wei-Chung Hsu ◽  
Po-Nien Tsao ◽  
Tien-Chen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Virological Surveillance

Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the leading environmental cause of childhood hearing impairment. However, its significance remains largely undocumented in many regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and clinical features of cCMV infection in East Asia. Neonates born at a municipal hospital in Taipei were prospectively recruited and underwent concurrent hearing and CMV screenings. Those who failed the hearing screening or screened positive for CMV were subjected to a focused audiological and/or virological surveillance. The characteristics of the newborns and their mothers were compared between the CMV-positive and CMV-negative groups. Of the 1,532 newborns who underwent concurrent hearing and CMV screenings, seven (0.46%) were positive for cCMV infection. All seven CMV-positive newborns were asymptomatic at birth, and none of them developed hearing or other symptoms during a follow-up period of 14.4±6.3 months. The mothers of the CMV-positive newborns demonstrated higher gravidity (2.4 ± 1.4 vs. 2.1 ± 1.2) and parity (2.0 ± 1.2 vs. 1.6 ± 0.7) than those in the CMV-negative group; however, the difference did not reach statistical significance. The prevalence of cCMV infection in Taipei newborns was 0.46%, which is slightly lower than that of other populations and that of a previous report in the Taiwanese population. The relatively low prevalence in this study might be attributed to the improved public health system and decreased fertility rate in Taiwan.

scholarly journals Impacts of climate change and emissions on atmospheric oxidized nitrogen deposition over East Asia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junxi Zhang ◽  
Yang Gao ◽  
L. Ruby Leung ◽  
Kun Luo ◽  
Huan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
East Asia ◽  
East China Sea ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
East China ◽  
Anthropogenic Emission ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Rcp 8.5 ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. A multi-model ensemble of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) simulations are used to study the atmospheric oxidized nitrogen (NOy) deposition over East Asia under climate and emission changes projected for the future. Both dry and wet NOy deposition shows significant decreases in the 2100s under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, primarily due to large anthropogenic emission reduction over both land and sea. However, in the near future of the 2030s, both dry and wet NOy deposition increases significantly due to continued increase in emissions. The individual effect of climate or emission changes on dry and wet NOy deposition is also investigated. The impact of climate change on dry NOy deposition is relatively minor, but the effect on wet deposition, primarily caused by changes in precipitation, is much higher. For example, over the East China Sea, wet NOy deposition increases significantly in summer due to climate change by the end of this century under RCP 8.5, which may subsequently enhance marine primary production. Over the coastal seas of China, as the transport of NOy from land becomes weaker due to the decrease of anthropogenic emissions, the effect of ship emission and lightning emission becomes more important. On average, seasonal mean total NOy deposition is projected to be enhanced by 24–48 % and 3 %–37 % over Yellow Sea and East China Sea, respectively, by the end of this century. Therefore, continued control of both anthropogenic emission over land and ship emissions may reduce NOy deposition to the Chinese coastal seas.

scholarly journals Isoprene in poplar emissions: effects on new particle formation and OH concentrations

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1021-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kiendler-Scharr ◽  
S. Andres ◽  
M. Bachner ◽  
K. Behnke ◽  
S. Broch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Reaction Chamber ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Isoprene Emission ◽  
Future Emission ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
Voc Mixtures ◽  
Fractional Mass

Abstract. Stress-induced volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from transgenic Grey poplar modified in isoprene emission potential were used for the investigation of photochemical secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In poplar, acute ozone stress induces the emission of a wide array of VOCs dominated by sesquiterpenes and aromatic VOCs. Constitutive light-dependent emission of isoprene ranged between 66 nmol m−2 s−1 in non-transgenic controls (wild type WT) and nearly zero (<0.5 nmol m−2 s−1) in isoprene emission-repressed plants (line RA22), respectively. Nucleation rates of up to 3600 cm−3 s−1 were observed in our experiments. In the presence of isoprene new particle formation was suppressed compared to non-isoprene containing VOC mixtures. Compared to isoprene/monoterpene systems emitted from other plants the suppression of nucleation by isoprene was less effective for the VOC mixture emitted from stressed poplar. This is explained by the observed high efficiency of new particle formation for emissions from stressed poplar. Direct measurements of OH in the reaction chamber revealed that the steady state concentration of OH is lower in the presence of isoprene than in the absence of isoprene, supporting the hypothesis that isoprenes' suppressing effect on nucleation is related to radical chemistry. In order to test whether isoprene contributes to SOA mass formation, fully deuterated isoprene (C5D8) was added to the stress-induced emission profile of an isoprene free poplar mutant. Mass spectral analysis showed that, despite the isoprene-induced suppression of particle formation, fractions of deuterated isoprene were incorporated into the SOA. A fractional mass yield of 2.3% of isoprene was observed. Future emission changes due to land use and climate change may therefore affect both gas phase oxidation capacity and new particle number formation.

scholarly journals Sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosols over China: response to 2000–2015 emission changes of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2635-2652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Wang ◽  
Q. Q. Zhang ◽  
K. He ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
L. Chai
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Dominant Component ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
Emission Reduction Target

Abstract. We use a chemical transport model to examine the change of sulfate-nitrate-ammonium (SNA) aerosols over China due to anthropogenic emission changes of their precursors (SO2, NOx and NH3) from 2000 to 2015. From 2000 to 2006, annual mean SNA concentrations increased by about 60% over China as a result of the 60% and 80% increases in SO2 and NOx emissions. During this period, sulfate is the dominant component of SNA over South China (SC) and Sichuan Basin (SCB), while nitrate and sulfate contribute equally over North China (NC). Based on emission reduction targets in the 12th (2011–2015) Five-Year Plan (FYP), China's total SO2 and NOx emissions are projected to change by −16% and +16% from 2006 to 2015, respectively. The amount of NH3 emissions in 2015 is uncertain, given the lack of sufficient information on the past and present levels of NH3 emissions in China. With no change in NH3 emissions, SNA mass concentrations in 2015 will decrease over SCB and SC compared to their 2006 levels, but increase over NC where the magnitude of nitrate increase exceeds that of sulfate reduction. This suggests that the SO2 emission reduction target set by the 12th FYP, although effective in reducing SNA over SC and SCB, will not be successful over NC, for which NOx emission control needs to be strengthened. If NH3 emissions are allowed to keep their recent growth rate and increase by +16% from 2006 to 2015, the benefit of SO2 reduction will be completely offset over all of China due to the significant increase of nitrate, demonstrating the critical role of NH3 in regulating nitrate. The effective strategy to control SNA and hence PM2.5 pollution over China should thus be based on improving understanding of current NH3 emissions and putting more emphasis on controlling NH3 emissions in the future.

Variability of PM pollution in the light of emission changes and meteorological variability: a case study for Styria, Austria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian A. Schmidt ◽  
Peter Huszár ◽  
Monika Mayer ◽  
Johannes Fritzer ◽  
Harald E. Rieder
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Chemistry Transport Model ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Industrial Regions ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
Local Emissions

&lt;p&gt;Despite ambitious efforts to abate surface air pollution, the air quality thresholds for PM10 and PM2.5 are regularly exceeded in the state of Styria. PM target levels are most frequently exceeded in industrial regions and urban cores of the forelands preceeding the alps. Besides local emissions, ambient meteorology and particularly stagnation are of special importance for PM pollution. Here we assess local and regional changes in PM pollution following emission reduction measures, while simultaneously considering effects of meteorological variability. We further supplement our observational study with a set of high-resolution chemistry-transport-model (CTM) simulations to assess future changes in the PM burden in Styria.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Environmental Distributions of Benzo[a]pyrene in China: Current and Future Emission Reduction Scenarios Explored Using a Spatially Explicit Multimedia Fate Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (23) ◽  
pp. 13868-13877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhu ◽  
Shu Tao ◽  
Oliver R. Price ◽  
Huizhong Shen ◽  
Kevin C. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Future Emission ◽  
Fate Model

scholarly journals NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> emission trends over Chinese cities estimated from OMI observations during 2005 to 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 9261-9275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Liu ◽  
Steffen Beirle ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Ronald J. van der A ◽  
Bo Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Emission Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
Urban Emissions

Abstract. Satellite nitrogen dioxide (NO2) observations have been widely used to evaluate emission changes. To determine trends in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission over China, we used a method independent of chemical transport models to quantify the NOx emissions from 48 cities and seven power plants over China, on the basis of Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 observations from 2005 to 2015. We found that NOx emissions over 48 Chinese cities increased by 52 % from 2005 to 2011 and decreased by 21 % from 2011 to 2015. The decrease since 2011 could be mainly attributed to emission control measures in power sector; while cities with different dominant emission sources (i.e., power, industrial, and transportation sectors) showed variable emission decline timelines that corresponded to the schedules for emission control in different sectors. The time series of the derived NOx emissions was consistent with the bottom-up emission inventories for all power plants (r = 0. 8 on average), but not for some cities (r = 0. 4 on average). The lack of consistency observed for cities was most probably due to the high uncertainty of bottom-up urban emissions used in this study, which were derived from downscaling the regional-based emission data to city level by using spatial distribution proxies.

scholarly journals A feasibility study for the retrieval of the total column precipitable water vapor from satellite observations in the blue spectral range

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3643-3674
Author(s):  
T. Wagner ◽  
S. Beirle ◽  
H. Sihler ◽  
K. Mies
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Spectral Range ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Visible Spectral Range ◽  
Atmospheric Water Vapor ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Water Vapor Absorption ◽  
Satellite Sensors ◽  
Ozone Monitoring

Abstract. We present a new algorithm for satellite retrievals of the atmospheric water vapor column in the blue spectral range. The water vapor absorption cross section in the blue spectral range is much weaker than in the red spectral range. Thus the detection limit and the uncertainty of individual observations is systematically larger than for retrievals at longer wavelengths. Nevertheless, water vapor retrievals in the blue spectral range have also several advantages: since the surface albedo in the blue spectral range is similar over land and ocean, water vapor retrievals are more consistent than for longer wavelengths. Compared to retrievals at longer wavelengths, over ocean the sensitivity for atmospheric layers close to the surface is higher due to the (typically 2 to 3 times) higher ocean albedo in the blue. Water vapor retrievals in the blue spectral range are also possible for satellite sensors, which do not measure at longer wavelengths of the visible spectral range like the Ozone Monitoring instrument (OMI). We investigated details of the water vapor retrieval in the blue spectral range based on radiative transfer simulations and observations from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2) and OMI. It is demonstrated that it is possible to retrieve the atmospheric water vapor column density in the blue spectral range over most parts of the globe. The findings of our study are of importance also for future satellite missions like e.g. Sentinel 4 and 5.

scholarly journals Quantification of nitrogen oxides emissions from build-up of pollution over Paris with TROPOMI

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lorente ◽  
K. F. Boersma ◽  
H. J. Eskes ◽  
J. P. Veefkind ◽  
J. H. G. M. van Geffen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Large City ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Indirect Information ◽  
Satellite Sensor

AbstractNitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a regulated air pollutant that is of particular concern in many cities, where concentrations are high. Emissions of nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere lead to the formation of ozone and particulate matter, with adverse impacts on human health and ecosystems. The effects of emissions are often assessed through modeling based on inventories relying on indirect information that is often outdated or incomplete. Here we show that NO2 measurements from the new, high-resolution TROPOMI satellite sensor can directly determine the strength and distribution of emissions from Paris. From the observed build-up of NO2 pollution, we find highest emissions on cold weekdays in February 2018, and lowest emissions on warm weekend days in spring 2018. The new measurements provide information on the spatio-temporal distribution of emissions within a large city, and suggest that Paris emissions in 2018 are only 5–15% below inventory estimates for 2011–2012, reflecting the difficulty of meeting NOx emission reduction targets.

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