scholarly journals Enhanced risk of cancer in companion animals as a response to the longevity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moeko Tanaka ◽  
Sachi Yamaguchi ◽  
Yoh Iwasa
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Replication Error ◽  
Companion Dogs ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Step Model ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Abstract Cancer is caused by the lifetime accumulation of multiple somatic deformations of the genome and epigenome. At a very low rate, mistakes occur during genomic replication (e.g., mutations or modified epigenetic marks). Long-lived species, such as elephants, are suggested to have evolved mechanisms to slow down the cancer progression. Recently, the life span of companion dogs has increased considerably than before, owing to the improvement of their environment, which has led to an increase in the fraction of companion dogs developing cancer. These findings suggest that short-term responses of cancer risk to longevity differ from long-term responses. In this study, to clarify the situation, we used a simple multi-step model for cancer. The rates of events leading to malignant cancer are assumed to be proportional to those of genomic replication error. Perfect removal of replication error requires a large cost, resulting in the evolution of a positive rate of genomic replication error. The analysis of the model revealed: that, when the environment suddenly becomes benign, the relative importance of cancer enhances, although the age-dependent cancer risk remains unchanged. However, in the long run, the genomic error rate evolves to become smaller and mitigates the cancer risk.

scholarly journals Genetically-proxied therapeutic inhibition of antihypertensive drug targets and risk of common cancers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Yarmolinsky ◽  
Virginia Díez-Obrero ◽  
Tom G Richardson ◽  
Marie Pigeyre ◽  
Jennifer Sjaarda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Antihypertensive Drug ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Ace Inhibition ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

AbstractBackgroundEpidemiological studies have reported conflicting findings on the potential adverse effects of long-term antihypertensive medication use on cancer risk. Naturally occurring variation in genes encoding antihypertensive drug targets can be used as proxies for these targets to examine the effect of their long-term therapeutic inhibition on disease outcomes.MethodsSingle-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ACE, ADRB1, and SLC12A3 associated (P < 5.0 x 10-8) with systolic blood pressure in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were used to proxy inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), β-1 adrenergic receptor (ADRB1), and sodium-chloride symporter (NCC), respectively. Summary genetic association estimates for these SNPs were obtained from GWAS consortia for the following cancers: breast (122,977 cases, 105,974 controls), colorectal (58,221 cases, 67,694 controls), lung (29,266 cases, 56,450 controls), and prostate (79,148 cases, 61,106 controls). Replication analyses were performed in the FinnGen consortium (1,573 colorectal cancer cases, 120,006 controls). Inverse-variance weighted random- effects models were used to examine associations between genetically-proxied inhibition of these drug targets and risk of cancer. Multivariable Mendelian randomization and colocalisation analyses were employed to examine robustness of findings to violations of Mendelian randomization assumptions.ResultsGenetically-proxied ACE inhibition equivalent to a 1 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure was associated with increased odds of colorectal cancer (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.06-1.22; P = 3.6 x 10-4). This finding was replicated in the FinnGen consortium (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.02-1.92; P = 0.035). There was little evidence of association of genetically-proxied ACE inhibition with risk of breast cancer (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.94-1.02, P = 0.35), lung cancer (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.92-1.10; P = 0.93), or prostate cancer (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.99-1.13; P = 0.08). Genetically-proxied inhibition of ADRB1 and NCC were not associated with risk of these cancers.ConclusionGenetically-proxied long-term ACE inhibition was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, warranting comprehensive evaluation of the safety profiles of ACE inhibitors in clinical trials with adequate follow-up. There was little evidence to support associations across other drug target-cancer risk analyses, consistent with findings from short-term randomised controlled trials for these medications.

ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE OF MEN WITH HGPIN BY EMPIRIC DELAYED INTERVAL BIOPSIES DEMONSTRATES A SIGNIFICANT LONG-TERM RISK OF CANCER PROGRESSION

2008 ◽  
Vol 179 (4S) ◽  
pp. 712-712
Author(s):  
Guilherme Godoy ◽  
George Huang ◽  
Basir Tareen ◽  
Herbert Lepor ◽  
Samir S Taneja
Keyword(s):  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

scholarly journals Does training method matter?: Evidence for the negative impact of aversive-based methods on companion dog welfare

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Catarina Vieira de Castro ◽  
Danielle Fuchs ◽  
Stefania Pastur ◽  
Liliana de Sousa ◽  
I Anna S Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Welfare Assessment ◽  
Companion Dogs

ABSTRACTThere is a growing number of dogs kept as companion animals, and the methods by which they are trained range broadly from those using mostly positive punishment and negative reinforcement (aversive-based methods) to those using primarily positive reinforcement (reward-based methods). Although the use of aversive-based methods has been strongly criticized for negatively affecting dog welfare, these claims do not find support in solid scientific evidence. Previous research on the subject lacks companion dog-focused research, investigation of the entire range of aversive-based techniques (beyond shock-collars), objective measures of welfare, and long-term welfare studies. The aim of the present study was to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the short- and long-term effects of aversive- and reward-based training methods on companion dog welfare. Ninety-two companion dogs were recruited from three reward-based (Group Reward, n=42) and four aversive-based (Group Aversive, n=50) dog training schools. For the short-term welfare assessment, dogs were video recorded for three training sessions and six saliva samples were collected, three at home (baseline levels) and three after the training sessions (post-training levels). Video recordings were then used to examine the frequency of stress-related behaviors (e.g., lip lick, yawn) and the overall behavioral state of the dog (e.g., tense, relaxed), and saliva samples were analyzed for cortisol concentration. For the long-term welfare assessment, dogs performed a cognitive bias task. Dogs from Group Aversive displayed more stress-related behaviors, spent more time in tense and low behavioral states and more time panting during the training sessions, showed higher elevations in cortisol levels after training and were more ‘pessimistic’ in the cognitive bias task than dogs from Group Reward. These findings indicate that the use of aversive-based methods compromises the welfare of companion dogs in both the short- and the long-term.

scholarly journals Obesity and Diabetes: The Increased Risk of Cancer and Cancer-Related Mortality

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Jane Gallagher ◽  
Derek LeRoith
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Intentional Weight Loss ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Onset Of Diabetes ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, and both are associated with an increased incidence and mortality from many cancers. The metabolic abnormalities associated with type 2 diabetes develop many years before the onset of diabetes and, therefore, may be contributing to cancer risk before individuals are aware that they are at risk. Multiple factors potentially contribute to the progression of cancer in obesity and type 2 diabetes, including hyperinsulinemia and insulin-like growth factor I, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, adipokines and cytokines, and the gut microbiome. These metabolic changes may contribute directly or indirectly to cancer progression. Intentional weight loss may protect against cancer development, and therapies for diabetes may prove to be effective adjuvant agents in reducing cancer progression. In this review we discuss the current epidemiology, basic science, and clinical data that link obesity, diabetes, and cancer and how treating obesity and type 2 diabetes could also reduce cancer risk and improve outcomes.

Alkoholkonsum und Krebsrisiko

2019 ◽  
Vol 144 (19) ◽  
pp. 1354-1360
Author(s):  
Hans Scherübl
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Squamous Cell Cancer ◽  
Cell Cancer ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Increase Cancer Risk ◽  
Risky Alcohol ◽  
Alcohol Cessation ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

AbstractAlcohol use is one of the most important and potentially modifiable risk factors for cancer in Germany. The more and the longer a person drinks, the higher the risk of cancer. Even modest use of alcohol may increase cancer risk. Statistically, every German drinks more than 100 gram of alcohol per week; this amount is currently considered to be the limit of low-risk use. Alcohol is causally associated with oropharyngeal and larynx cancer, esophageal squamous cell cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. People with long-term risky alcohol use should be encouraged to join programs of cancer screening. Alcohol cessation appears to be effective in reducing the alcohol-induced, increased cancer risk.

scholarly journals SOX2 Expression Is an Independent Predictor of Oral Cancer Progression

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. de Vicente ◽  
Paula Donate-Pérez del Molino ◽  
Juan P. Rodrigo ◽  
Eva Allonca ◽  
Francisco Hermida-Prado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Epithelial Dysplasia ◽  
Oral Epithelial Dysplasia ◽  
Sox2 Expression ◽  
Oral Cancer Risk ◽  
Oral Epithelial ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Potentially malignant oral lesions, mainly leukoplakia, are common. Malignant transformation varies widely, even in the absence of histological features such as dysplasia. Hence, there is a need for novel biomarker-based systems to more accurately predict the risk of cancer progression. The pluripotency transcription factor SOX2 is frequently overexpressed in cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), thereby providing a link between malignancy and stemness. This study investigates the clinical relevance of SOX2 protein expression in early stages of oral carcinogenesis as a cancer risk biomarker, and also its impact on prognosis and disease outcome at late stages of OSCC progression. SOX2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 55 patients with oral epithelial dysplasia, and in 125 patients with OSCC, and correlated with clinicopathological data and outcomes. Nuclear SOX2 expression was detected in four (7%) cases of oral epithelial dysplasia, using a cut-off of 10% stained nuclei, and in 16 (29%) cases when any positive nuclei was evaluated. Univariate analysis showed that SOX2 expression and histopathological grading were significantly associated with oral cancer risk; and both were found to be significant independent predictors in the multivariate analysis. Nuclear SOX2 expression was also found in 49 (39%) OSCC cases, was more frequent in early tumor stages and N0 cases, and was associated with a better survival. In conclusion, SOX2 expression emerges as an independent predictor of oral cancer risk in patients with oral leukoplakia. These findings underscore the relevant role of SOX2 in early oral tumorigenesis rather than in tumor progression.

Infrastructure mortgage in Russia: Opportunities and prospects

2019 ◽  
pp. 114-133
Author(s):  
G. I. Idrisov ◽  
Y. Yu. Ponomarev
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Inflation Expectations ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Negative Effect

The article shows that depending on the goals pursued by the federal government and the available interbudgetary tools a different design of infrastructure mortgage is preferable. Three variants of such mortgage in Russia are proposed, each of which is better suited for certain types of projects and uses different forms of subsidies. According to our expert assessment the active use of infrastructure mortgage in Russia can increase the average annual GDP growth rate by 0.5 p. p. on the horizon of 5—7 years. In the long run the growth of infrastructure financing through the use of infrastructure mortgage could increase long-term economic growth by 0.9 p. p., which in 20—30 years can add 20—30% of GDP to the economy. However, the change in the structure of budget expenditures in the absence of an increase in the budget deficit and public debt will cause no direct impact on monetary policy. The increase in the deficit and the build-up of public debt will have a negative effect on inflation expectations, which will require monetary tightening for a longer time to stabilize them.

PENGARUH INFRASTRUKTUR SECARA SPASIAL TERHADAP KONVERGENSI PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI INDONESIA

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Anisa Fahmi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Regional Economics ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Neoclassical Growth Theory

Motivated by inter-regional disparities condition that occurs persistently, this study examines the Indonesian economy in the long run in order to know whether it tends to converge or diverge. This convergence is based on the Solow Neoclassical growth theory assuming the existence of diminishing returns to capital so that when the developed countries reach steady state conditions, developing countries will continuously grow up to 'catch-up' with developed countries. Based on regional economics perspective, each region can not be treated as a stand-alone unit,therefore, this study also focuses on the influence of spatial dependency and infrastructure. Economical and political situations of a region will influence policy in that region which will also have an impact to the neighboring regions. The estimation results of spatial cross-regressive model using fixed effect method consistently confirmed that the Indonesian economy in the long term will likely converge with a speed of 8.08 percent per year. Other findings are road infrastructure has a positive effect on economic growth and investment and road infrastructure are spatially showed a positive effect on economic growth. In other words, the investment and infrastructure of a region does not only affect the economic growth of that region but also to the economy of the contiguous regions. 

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