Multiple analyses of various factors affecting the plantlet regeneration of Picea mongolica (H. Q. Wu) W.D. Xu from somatic embryos

AbstractPicea mongolica, a native species with excellent industrial wood quality and strong sand-fixing capacity, may be utilized in construction of urban green spaces in arid areas in China. However, now the sustainability of the ecosystems where this species grows is at serious risk due to a lack of natural regeneration. In this study, we developed an efficient regeneration system and comprehensively analyzed various factors affecting somatic embryogenesis (SE) using zygotic embryos as explants. We identified the optimal plant growth regulators (PGRs) performance and the best donor trees (k81) for the generation of somatic embryos (SEMs). Additionally, we confirmed that the positive developmental window of SEMs initiation was at the end of July to early August, which is when zygotic embryos was at the late embryogeny. In this time period, specific transcripts associated with the regulation of epigenetic modifications, plant hormone-related genes, and embryonic development-related transcription factors play important roles for early SEMs initiation. These results may provide a valuable resource for vegetative propagation of Picea mongolica. Our results may help to establish a reliable protocol for plantlet regeneration, which may facilitate urban greening applications and industrialization in arid areas.

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Somatic Embryogenesis using Immature Zygotic Embryos from Developing Fruits of Papaya (Carica papaya)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.783e ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 783E-783

Author(s):

S.K. Dhir ◽

U.L. Yadava

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

Induction Medium ◽

Zygotic Embryos ◽

Synthetic Seed ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Secondary Embryos ◽

Potential Use

An efficient protocol has been developed for the in vitro multiplication of papaya (Carica papaya L.) through somatic embryogenesis utilizing immature zgotic embryos. Somatic embryos were initiated on MS basel media supplemented with 5 mg·liter–1 2,4-D, 400 mg·liter–1 glutamine, and 6% sucrose. After culturing for 2 months, 65% of the explants became highly embryogenic. Each explant produced 50 to 80 embryos in 4 months on culture induction medium. Frequency of embryogenesis was increased (75 to 150 somatic embryos on 80% explants) upon supplementing medium with 4% maltose as a carbon source and 100 mg·liter–1 L-asparagine. The embryogenic callus appeared yellow and embryos at different stages of development were well-organized. On regular subculturing, these cultures continued to produce secondary embryos. Following their transfer to the hormone-free medium supplemented with 4% maltose, these embryos germinated. The somatic embryogenesis system is rapid, repetitive, and highly proliferative. Thus, this system may have a potential use in the development of synthetic seed and transgenic papaya plants. Details of important factors affecting somatic embryogenesis will be discussed.

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Improved plantlet regeneration from open-pollinated families of Abies alba trees of Dobroč primeval forest and adjoing managed stand via somatic embryogenesis

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-009-0183-7 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Božena Vooková ◽

Andrej Kormuťák

Keyword(s):

Cell Lines ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Abies Alba ◽

Plantlet Regeneration ◽

Embryogenic Tissue ◽

Zygotic Embryos ◽

Silver Fir ◽

Managed Forest ◽

Metabolic Potential ◽

Initiation Condition

AbstractPossibility to improve plantlet regeneration from Abies alba Mill. open-pollinated families of 4 trees in Dobroč primeval and 3 trees in managed forest was studied. Immature zygotic embryos were cultured in order to obtain initiation of embryogenic tissue. Totally, three from the families of the managed forest (57%) and two from the primeval families (50%) responded to initiation condition. Initiation frequencies among families ranged in managed forest: 4.5–56.2%, primeval: 5.4–16.8%. Maturation ability was shown by 77.3% of the primeval cell lines, 36.4% cell lines produced cotyledonary somatic embryos. In managed forest, in 62.5% of the cell lines embryo maturation was observed. Cotyledonary embryos developed only in 15% of cell lines. Regenerants were obtained from 9 cell lines of primeval and from 6 cell lines of managed forest. Biochemically, the mature somatic embryos were characterized by the variation in soluble and protein profiles. The corresponding profiles of insoluble proteins exhibited uniform pattern. The variation was characteristic for somatic embryos of individual cell lines rather than for the primeval and managed stands. Enzymatically, no indications were obtained supporting higher metabolic potential of somatic embryos derived from zygotic embryos of silver fir primeval stand than in somatic embryos originating from the trees of managed stand.

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE REGENERATION OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1120 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1120G-1120

Author(s):

J. L. Jacobs ◽

C. T. Stephens

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Silver Nitrate ◽

Callus Formation ◽

Leaf Explants ◽

Regeneration System ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Nitrate Concentrations ◽

Leaf Differentiation ◽

Whole Plants

Several growth hormone combinations and silver nitrate concentrations were examined for their effect on regeneration of different pepper genotypes. Primary leaf explants from in vitro seedlings were cultured on a revised Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with auxin, cytokinin and 1.6% glucose. Combinations of different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 0-5 mg/l, and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0-5 mg/l, were tested to determine the most effective medium for shoot primordium formation. Experiments with IAA and BAP did not result in a specific growth hormone combination appropriate for regeneration of all genotypes tested. Of the silver nitrate concentrations tested, 10 mg/l resulted in the best shoot and leaf differentiation and reduced callus formation. Differences in organogenic response of individual genotypes were evaluated on a single regeneration medium. Whole plants were regenerated from 11 of 63 genotypes examined. Based on these experiments, a reproducible regeneration system for pepper was developed with a total of 500 plants regenerated to date.

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FACTORS AFFECTING WOOD QUALITY AND QUANTITY AND CONSEQUENTLY PULP MANUFACTURE

South African Forestry Journal ◽

10.1080/00382167.1967.9629176 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 17-24

Author(s):

S. W. Karth

Keyword(s):

Wood Quality ◽

Factors Affecting

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Seed storage proteins in developing somatic embryos of alfalfa: defects in accumulation compared to zygotic embryos

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/45.6.699 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 699-708 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Joan E. Krochko ◽

David J. Bantroch ◽

John S. Greenwood ◽

J. Derek Bewley

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryos ◽

Storage Proteins ◽

Seed Storage ◽

Seed Storage Proteins ◽

Zygotic Embryos

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Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Vulnerable Medicinal Plant Hedychium spicatum Buch-Ham ex Smith

Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology ◽

10.3329/ptcb.v23i2.17506 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 147-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dinesh Giri ◽

Sushma Tamta

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Synthetic Seeds ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Secondary Embryogenesis ◽

Zygotic Embryos ◽

High Concentration ◽

Cotyledon Explants ◽

Short Period

This protocol has been developed for somatic embryogenesis in Hedychium spicatum. Simultaneously, a method has also been developed for the production of synthetic seeds by using somatic embryos. Direct somatic embryos were developed on cotyledon explants of zygotic embryos on MS supplemented with high concentration of NAA (20.0 µM). Induction of secondary embryogenesis was best in 2,4-D supplemented medium fortified with activated charcoal. Germination of somatic embryos was enhanced by using GA3. Besides this, round and semi-hard beads of somatic embryos (synthetic seeds) could be produced by using 2% Na-alginate and 100 mM calcium chloride and more than 30% germination of synthetic seeds was achieved in MS. Well acclimated plants produced via somatic embryogenesis and/or synthetic seeds were transferred to field where more than 60% survived. This simple study enabled us to obtain a number of plantlets throughout the year each cycle requiring a short period of time. Besides propagation, this study provided an ex situ method for conservation of this vulnerable Himalayan species.D. O. I.http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v23i2.17506Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 23(2): 147-155, 2013 (December)

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Can Ethylene Inhibitors Enhance the Success of Olive Somatic Embryogenesis?

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants11020168 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 168

Author(s):

Muhammad Ajmal Bashir ◽

Cristian Silvestri ◽

Amelia Salimonti ◽

Eddo Rugini ◽

Valerio Cristofori ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Silver Nitrate ◽

Embryogenic Callus ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Cobalt Chloride ◽

Zygotic Embryos ◽

Ethylene Inhibitors ◽

Embryogenic Calli ◽

Stimulatory Action

An efficient in vitro morphogenesis, specifically through somatic embryogenesis, is considered to be a crucial step for the application of modern biotechnological tools for genetic improvement in olive (Olea europaea L.). The effects of different ethylene inhibitors, i.e., cobalt chloride (CoCl2), salicylic acid (SA), and silver nitrate (AgNO3), were reported in the cyclic somatic embryogenesis of olive. Embryogenic callus derived from the olive immature zygotic embryos of the cultivar Leccino, was transferred to the expression ECO medium, supplemented with the ethylene inhibitors at 20 and 40 µM concentrations. Among these, the maximum number of somatic embryos (18.6) was obtained in media containing silver nitrate (40 µM), followed by cobalt chloride (12.2 somatic embryos @ 40 µM) and salicylic acid (40 µM), which produced 8.5 somatic embryos. These compounds interfered on callus traits: white friable embryogenic calli were formed in a medium supplemented with 40 µM cobalt chloride and salicylic acid; in addition, a yellow-compact embryogenic callus appeared at 20 µM of all the tested ethylene inhibitors. The resulting stimulatory action of silver nitrate among all the tested ethylene inhibitors on somatic embryogenesis, clearly demonstrates that our approach can efficiently contribute to the improvement of the current SE protocols for olive.

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Pinus canariensis plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis

Forest Systems ◽

10.5424/fs/2020291-16136 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. eSC05

Author(s):

Ander Castander-Olarrieta ◽

Paloma Moncaleán ◽

Itziar A. Montalbán

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Embryogenic Tissue ◽

Established Cell Line ◽

Zygotic Embryos ◽

Pinus Canariensis ◽

Embryogenic Cell ◽

Embryogenic Cell Lines ◽

Established Cell

Aim of the study: To develop an efficient method to regenerate plants through somatic embryogenesis of an ecologically relevant tree species such as Pinus canariensis.Area of study: The study was conducted in the research laboratories of Neiker-Tecnalia (Arkaute, Spain).Material and methods: Green cones of Pinus canariensis from two collection dates were processed and the resulting immature zygotic embryos were cultured on three basal media. The initiated embryogenic tissues were proliferated testing two subculture frequencies, and the obtained embryogenic cell lines were subjected to maturation. Germination of the produced somatic embryos was conducted and acclimatization was carried out in a greenhouse under controlled conditions.Main results: Actively proliferating embryogenic cell lines were obtained and well-formed somatic embryos that successfully germinated were acclimatized in the greenhouse showing a proper growth.Research highlights: This is the first report on Pinus canariensis somatic embryogenesis, opening the way for a powerful biotechnological tool for both research purposes and massive vegetative propagation of this species.Keywords: acclimatization; Canary Island pine; micropropagation; embryogenic tissue; somatic embryo.Abbreviations used: embryogenic tissue (ET); established cell line (ECL); somatic embryogenesis (SE); somatic embryos (Se’s).

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Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite).

10.1079/cpc.15284.20210099969 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gregg Henderson

Keyword(s):

Native Species ◽

Coptotermes Formosanus ◽

Subterranean Termite ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Port Cities ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Termite Control ◽

Exotic Pests ◽

The Usa ◽

The 1960S

Abstract C. formosanus is often transported by boats and shipping containers to port cities before being carried further inland via landscape materials such as railroad ties (railway sleepers). This may explain the current C. formosanus distribution in the USA with coastal areas more densely infested than inland areas (Hochmair and Scheffrahn, 2010). Temperature and humidity are primary factors affecting the establishment of C. formosanus, and it is potentially invasive to areas of high humidity approximately 35° north and south of the equator (Su and Tamashiro, 1987). Competition from native species is another limiting factor for many exotic pests, but C. formosanus is more aggressive and is known to out-compete the endemic termites such as Reticulitermes species. Another factor that has allowed the successful establishment and spread of C. formosanus in exotic areas has been the pest control industry's heavy reliance on soil termiticide barriers for subterranean termite control since the 1950s. Numerous studies, using mark-recapture methods, have revealed that a single colony of C. formosanus might contain several million termites that forage up to 100 m in the soil (Lai, 1977; Su and Scheffrahn, 1988). These agree with the results of excavation studies for C. formosanus colonies (Ehrhorn, 1934; King and Spink, 1969). Because of the large colony size, the application of soil termiticides beneath a structure does not usually have a major impact on the overall population, and the surviving colony continues to produce alates that can further infest nearby areas. Once established, C. formosanus has never been completely eradicated from an area. The dependency of soil termiticide barriers as the primary tool for subterranean termite control is probably the main reason for the establishment and spread of C. formosanus from four isolated port cities in the 1960s in the USA to all south-eastern states by 2001.

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Somatic embryogenesis of the hybrid Abies cilicica × Abies cephalonica

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/54/2010-jfs ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (No. 9) ◽

pp. 401-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Korecký ◽

J. Vítámvás

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Native Species ◽

Zygotic Embryos ◽

Nutrient Media ◽

Abies Cephalonica ◽

Primary Explants ◽

Maturation Medium ◽

Immature Seeds ◽

Murashige And Skoog Medium ◽

Initiation Frequency

The interspecific hybrid fir Abies cilicica × Abies cephalonica is based on native species Abies cephalonica (Loud.) and Abies cilicica (Ant. et Kotschy) Carr. Many variants of nutrient media have been tested. The medium BAP at a concentration of 1 mg·l–1, 1,000 mg·l–1 myo-inositol, 500 mg·l–1 glutamine, and 1,000 mg·l–1 casein was found to be the most suitable initiation medium for somatic embryogenesis of this hybrid. Embryogenic suspensor mass was produced from immature and mature primary explants. The initiation frequency of ESM was dependent on the composition of nutrient medium, plant growth regulators, and time of seeds collection. The ESM initiation from immature seeds was higher in comparison with mature zygotic embryos, but the results were not significantly different. As the most suitable maturation medium was evaluated the medium based on Murashige and Skoog medium which contained 10 mg·l–1 abscisic acid, 100 g·l–1 PEG and 40 g·l–1 maltose (MM 2 medium).

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