scholarly journals Study of nitrate levels in fruits and vegetables to assess the potential health risks in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayhan Uddin ◽  
Mostak Uddin Thakur ◽  
Mohammad Zia Uddin ◽  
G. M. Rabiul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Potential Health

AbstractNitrate is a chemical compound naturally present in fruits and vegetables. This study aims at assessing the nitrate levels and health risks arising from high consumption of fruits and vegetables in Bangladesh. Sixteen species of fruits and vegetables were examined for nitrates using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photo Diode Array (PDA) detector. Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out to identify the cluster of tested fruits and vegetables for the nitrate contents. A point estimate of the daily intake was applied to find the health risks that arise due to elevated levels of nitrate in fruits and vegetables. The results show that root and tuber vegetables accumulate significantly higher levels of nitrate in comparison to fruits and fruit vegetables (P < 0.05). In cluster analysis, the nitrate accumulation of fruits and vegetables show four clear clusters contributing to 29.54%, 7.17%, 4.42%, and 58.57% of the total nitrate content in the entire sample. The risk assessment of the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Health Risk Index (HRI) of almost all the tested samples was in the acceptable range, except for radish, thereby indicating the acceptance of risk due to nitrate intake in Bangladesh. As nitrate may have had risk factor for health, during cultivation and storing the product should be properly monitored.

scholarly journals Heavy metals uptake by the global economic crop (Pisum sativum L.) grown in contaminated soils and its associated health risks

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252229
Author(s):  
Tarek M. Galal ◽  
Loutfy M. Hassan ◽  
Dalia A. Ahmed ◽  
Saad A. M. Alamri ◽  
Sulaiman A. Alrumman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Polluted Sites

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the different organs of Pisum sativum L. (garden pea) grown in contaminated soils in comparison to nonpolluted soils in the South Cairo and Giza provinces, Egypt, and their effect on consumers’ health. To collect soil and plant samples from two nonpolluted and two polluted farms, five quadrats, each of 1 m2, were collected per each farm and used for growth measurement and chemical analysis. The daily intake of metals (DIM) and its associated health risks (health risk index (HRI) were also assessed. The investigated heavy metals were cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag), cobalt (Co) and vanadium (V). Significant differences in soil heavy metals, except As, between nonpolluted and polluted sites were recorded. Fresh and dry phytomass, photosynthetic pigments, fruit production, and organic and inorganic nutrients were reduced in the polluted sites, where there was a high concentration of heavy metals in the fruit. The bioaccumulation factor for all studied heavy metals exceeded 1 in the polluted sites and only Pb, Cu and Mn exceeded 1 in the nonpolluted sites. Except for Fe, the DIM of the studied heavy metals in both sites did not exceed 1 in either children or adults. However, the HRI of Pb, Cd, Fe, and Mn in the polluted plants and Pb in the nonpolluted ones exceeded 1, indicating significant potential health risks to consumers. The authors recommend not to eat garden peas grown in the polluted sites, and farmers should carefully grow heavy metals non-accumulating food crops or non-edible plants for other purposes such as animal forages.

scholarly journals Diazinon Residues in Rice and Associated Health Risks for Human; A Case Study in Rasht, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Ghanbari ◽  
◽  
Maryam Kiani Sadr ◽  
Masoud Kouckakian ◽  
Kobra Melhosseini Darani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Rice Consumption

Background: Rice is the most important agricultural crop and the main food in Gilan and Mazandaran Provinces in northern Iran where organophosphorus pesticides, especially diazinon, are used. The excessive use of this insecticide in the paddy fields of Rasht County is a serious threat to people’s health. Methods: In this study, 30 rice samples were collected from five zones in the paddy fields of Rasht in summer. The samples were analyzed when rice is sold to assess the health risk caused by diazinon residues in rice. Following the digestion process, the samples were injected into a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) instrument. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and one-sample t-test were respectively used for analyzing data and the Health Risk Index (HRI) for assessing the risk of rice consumption. Results: According to the results, the mean residual diazinon concentration in the rice crops of the five studied zones at the time of consumption (three months after harvest) was 0.4±0.43 mg/kg-1. This was higher than the Iranian standard for permissible diazinon concentration in rice. The results of the health risk assessment for rice consumption indicated an HRI value of 0.13 for rice consumption, which did not constitute a serious risk for people who consume rice regularly. Conclusion: Although the results of this study showed that there are no potential health risks for consumers, with increasing the use of chemical pesticides for crops, to achieve food safety, regular monitoring of pesticide residues in crops is recommended

scholarly journals Transfer of heavy metals to leafy vegetables in Gazipur textile area

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
M Begum ◽  
MN Gani ◽  
MD Alam
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Significant Health

Heavy metal pollution of soils is a major concern today because contamination of food chain considered as one of the major environmental pathways of human exposure leading to potential health risk.A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the transfer of Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Cd, Cr, Pb and Mn from non-contaminated and contaminated soils to jute leaves vegetable plant and to evaluate their associated health risk in the local population.The mean concentration of the heavy metals in jute leaves vegetable plants followed a decreasing order of Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Cd>Ni. Among the all heavy metals the highest transfer factor (TF) values was found for Cu (77.50-34.95) and the lowest TF value was observed for Ni(0-0.001) in jute leaves vegetables plant. The daily intake of metals (DIM) for a person through ingestion of jute leaves were in order of Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Ni>Cd. The values of health risk index (HRI) for the heavy metals were less than 1, therefore, no significant health risk is anticipated for the local consumers through ingestion of jute leaves. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.56(3), 155-164, 2021

Distributions and risks of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn in soils and rice in the North River Basin, South China

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 483-493
Author(s):  
Jing BAI ◽  
Wenyan LI ◽  
Yulong ZHANG ◽  
Ling XIAO ◽  
Weisheng LU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
The North ◽  
Risk Indices ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACTAs the largest industrial and population centre in China, the Pearl River Delta is facing a growing threat of heavy metal pollution from local mining and power industries. This study investigates the distribution and potential health risks of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in paddy soils and rice at four typical sites. The Nemerow synthetic pollution index (PN) of soils from Fogang, Dabao Mountain, Shaoguan and Lechang were 8.40, 9.10, 4.64 and 10.28, respectively, indicating serious pollution at all four sampling sites. The average concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn in rice grains were 2.23, 10.98, 29.84 and 1.62 times their corresponding maximum allowable levels, indicating potential health risks to humans. Cd has greater bioavailability because of its high mobility from soil to roots, and its subsequent transfer to grains. Pb mainly accumulates in roots because of its lower translocation rate from roots to grains. The greatest health risk index for Cd and Pb for adults and children was at the Shaoguan site, probably due to pollution from atmospheric deposition. Cd and Pb had greater health risk indices than Cu and Zn at almost all sites, indicating a major health risk to local people.

Assessment of systemic and carcinogenic health risks of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in four fruit vegetables in south-western Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Oluwasogo Odewale ◽  
Mosudi Babatunde Sosan ◽  
John Adekunle Oyedele Oyekunle ◽  
Adeoluwa Oluwaseyi Adeleye
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Heptachlor Epoxide ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Endosulfan Sulphate ◽  
Systemic Health

PurposeThe study assessed the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks in four regularly consumed fruit vegetables.Design/methodology/approachThe OCPs’ residues were quantified using a gas chromatograph coupled with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and the dietary exposure of children, and adult consumers to the detected OCPs was evaluated using carcinogenic and systemic health risk estimations.FindingsAldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, a-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin were detected in the four fruit vegetables. The predominant OCP residue in carrot, cucumber, tomatoes and watermelon was endosulfan sulphate with mean concentrations of 2.532 mg kg−1, 1.729 mg kg−1, 2.363 mg kg−1 and 1.154 mg kg−1, respectively. The residues levels in some of the fruit vegetables were higher than their respective maximum residue levels (MRLs) of 0.01–0.05 mg kg−1 set by the European Commission with concentrations above MRLs ranging between 25.5% and 100%. The systemic health risk estimations showed that the hazard index (HI) values for carrot (3.20), cucumber (9.25), tomatoes (50.21) and watermelon (16.76) were >1 for children consumers and the respective HI values of 2.87, 15.57 and 5.20 for adult consumers of cucumber, tomatoes and watermelon were >1 which implies potential systemic health risks. Four carcinogens (aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide) had cancer risk index values greater than the acceptable risk of 1 in 1 million for both adult and children consumers.Originality/valueThe paper shows that despite the ban on the use of OCPs in Nigeria, they are still being used for agricultural production especially on some locally produced and regularly consumed fruit vegetables as reported in the present study. The non-existence of surveillance programmes on pesticide usage and the lack of proper monitoring of pesticide residues in food products including fruit and vegetables must have contributed to the levels of the detected OCP in the samples analysed. The current daily intake of OCP via contaminated vegetables may pose potential health risks to both the children and adult consumers of the fruit vegetables.

scholarly journals Assessment of Zinc and Nickel Profile of Vegetables Grown in Soil Irrigated with Sewage Water

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-511
Author(s):  
Hao Liang ◽  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
Kafeel Ahmad ◽  
Anam Nisar ◽  
Qaisar Mahmood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Capsicum Frutescens ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Capsicum Baccatum ◽  
Vegetable Samples ◽  
The Mean

The current investigation assessed the nickel and zinc contents of the soil, and the vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AA-6300 Shimadzu Japan) assessed the metal profile of the samples. The mean concentrations of metals in soil samples varied from O.O85 to 1.611 mg/kg for Ni and O.453 ~ O.9O8 mg/kg for Zn. In vegetables, the maximum Ni concentration was observed in Capsicum baccatum consequent to wastewater irrigation, while its minimum concentrations were noticed in Capsicum frutescens after canal water irrigation. Sewage water irrigation resulted in the highest Zn contents in Solanum lycopersicum and the lowest Zn contents were noticed in Capsicum baccatum after canal water irrigation. The daily intake values of Ni and Zn were higher caused by sewage water irrigation as compared to the canal water irrigation in all tested vegetable samples. Health risk index (HRI) values for Ni and Zn accumulation in vegetables fell within the permissible limit in Pakistan and these were regarded as appropriate for human intake.

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Consumption of Vegetables Irrigated with Tin Mine Pond Water in Jos – South, Plateau State

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Mafuyai ◽  
S. Ugbidye ◽  
G. I. Ezekiel
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Estimated Daily Intake ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Plateau State

The water range from Pb (1.439 – 1.715), Cu (0.234 – 0.377), Cd (0.838 – 1.346), Zn (0.448 – 1.110), Cr (0.144 – 0.794), Mn (0.777 – 2.011) and As (0.584 – 1.341) mg/L.  The range in soil was Pb (67.5 – 120), Cu (8.51 – 32.5), Cd (0.21 – 1.72), Zn (70.8 – 85.6), Cr (15.8 – 29.5), Mn (14.6 – 19.1) and As (52.0 – 198) mg/kg and  in the vegetables in the range of Pb (0.177 – 0.545), Cu (0.073 – 0.748), Cd (0.005 – 0.019), Zn (0.264 – 0.915), Cr (0.089 – 0.158), Mn (0.162 – 0.253) and As (0.032 – 0.245) mg/kg. The study shows that the transfer coefficient of the heavy metals to vegetable was less than one (< 1). The estimated daily intake (DIM) of heavy metals from vegetables irrigated with tin mine pond water were in the order: Cd > Zn > Mn > Cr > Cu > Pb > As.  The health risk index (HRI) of all the studied heavy metals indicated that all vegetables were safe with no risk to human health except for Cd.  health risk assessment of heavy metals in consumption of vegetables irrigated with tin mine pond water in Jos - South, Plateau State

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cadmium Contaminated Roadside Soil Surface and its Transfer to Animals through Forage: Assessing the Health Risk Assessment for Ruminants

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Kafeel Ahmad ◽  
Nimra Arshad ◽  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
Humayun Bashir ◽  
Sonaina Nazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Living System ◽  
Bioaccumulation Factor ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Health Risk Index

The increasing pollution in most industrialized area is a really attention seeking issue now a days. Air pollution caused by vehicular smoke contains handsome percentages of heavy metals like cadmium. Cadmium like other heavy metals accumulated in the bodies of living systems found around roads. Among the living system cadmium accumulate up to alarming rate like in soil, plants and animals. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to evaluate the possible risk of the Cadmium on the soil, forage and buffalos. The study was done in the area of Sargodha district, Punjab, Pakistan. There were six sites selected for study on accumulation of Cd in the forages, soil and the Buffalo blood. The Cd content in soil samples was highest in sample collected from site III. The Cd content was highest in the forage sample collected from site IV and in the blood samples, and the bioaccumulation factor was highest in the samples collected from site V. The positive and non-significant correlation was found when soil and forage was correlated, unlike the correlation found between blood and forage which was found negative non-significant. The samples from site III showed high daily intake of metals, health risk index, and pollution load index. This study will bring attention towards the development of the strategies in order to be safe from the toxic effects of cadmium.

scholarly journals Impact of Wastewater and Canal Water Irrigation on the Accumulation of Copper in Maize and Millet of Different Districts of Punjab Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
Ifra Saleem Malik ◽  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
Kafeel Ahmad ◽  
Humayun Bashir ◽  
Asma Ashfaq
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Translocation Factor ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Spectrometric Method ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometric

In current work, we examined the absorption of metal Copper in generally grown food crops (Maize & Millet), cultivated in the waste water irrigated different Districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Analyzed samples of Water, Soil, shoot and grain were processed through atomic absorption spectrometric method. Our findings of Copper in water and Shoot were highest for Millet of Sargodha, irrigated with wastewater (1.69 mg/kg and 1.43 mg/kg respectively). In soil and grain samples maximum absorption of Cu was obtained in the waste water irrigated Maize (Sargodha) and Millet (Sheikhupura). Overall, Cu level was within the acceptable parameters set by FAO/WHO (2001). In this study, we also find out different indices such as Enrichment factor, Translocation factor, Pollution Load Index, Bio-concentration factor, Daily intake of metal and Health Risk Index. The study determined that frequently intake of waste watered forages in experimenting zone may carry possible health uncertainties in inhabitants.

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