scholarly journals Salmon bias effect as hypothesis of the lower mortality rates among immigrants in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anteo Di Napoli ◽  
Alessandra Rossi ◽  
Gianfranco Alicandro ◽  
Martina Ventura ◽  
Luisa Frova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Bias Effect ◽  
Salmon Bias ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
National Cohort ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Standardized Mortality Rate

AbstractCompared with natives, immigrants have lower all-cause mortality rates, despite their lower socioeconomic status, an epidemiological paradox generally explained by the healthy migrant effect. Another hypothesis is the so-called salmon bias effect: “statistically immortal” subjects return to their country of origin when they expect to die shortly, but their deaths are not registered in the statistics of the country of residence. This underestimation of deaths determines an artificially low immigrant mortality rate. We aimed to estimate the potential salmon bias effect on differences in mortality rates between Italians and immigrants. We used a national cohort of all Italians registered in the 2011 census and followed up for mortality from 2012 to 2016. Mortality data were retrieved from the Causes of Death Register, which included all deaths occurring in the country and the Resident Population Register, which collects also the deaths occurring abroad. We assumed as a possible salmon bias event the death of an immigrant resident in Italy that died in his/her country of origin. Considering the deaths occurring in the country of origin, we observed an 18.1% increase in the overall mortality rates for immigrants and an increase of 23.7% in the age-standardized mortality rate. Mortality rates of immigrants resident in Italy, calculated without taking into account the deaths occurring in the country of origin, are certainly underestimated. However, the salmon bias only partly explains the difference in mortality rates between immigrants and Italians.

scholarly journals Geographical distribution of death due to cancer in Kerman Province, Southeast Iran (2012-2016): A comparison of proportional mortality and age-adjusted mortality rate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvin Khalili ◽  
Mohsen Rezaeian ◽  
Abdolhalim Rajabi ◽  
Ali Gholami ◽  
Mahin Saber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Health Ministry ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Proportional Mortality ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Standardized Mortality Rate

Background: In Iran, cancer kills 30,000 people, annually. The epidemiology of cancer is gradually changing as a result of the demographic and epidemiological transition in Iran. This study aimed at presenting a geographical distribution of cancer mortality in Southeast area of Iran, and comparing proportional mortality and age-adjusted mortality rates. Methods: The present study was a descriptive study that was performed on mortality data recorded in the Center for Statistics Management of Health Ministry at Kerman and Rafsanjan Universities of Medical Sciences in the period 2012-2016. This information was used to determine the age-standardized mortality rate per 100,000 people and proportional mortality for each district in Kerman Province. Results: The proportional mortality for all cancers in Kerman and Rafsanjan Universities were 11.54% and 18%, respectively. Standardized mortality rates for all cancers in males in Kerman and Rafsanjan universities were also 81.9 and 81.3 per 100,000, respectively, while for females, it was 57.3 and 51.6 per 100,000 people, respectively. Conclusion: Our results presented a general picture of the mortality due to cancer in one of the widest provinces of the country with more than 1.5 million habitants .Standardized mortality rates for all cancers in males and females in Rafsanjan universities was lower than Kerman. In spite of higher proportional mortality in Rafsanjan, the rate of death by cancer in Rafsanjan was lower than Kerman.

scholarly journals Optimal timing of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for acute cholangitis associated with distal malignant biliary obstruction

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Namyoung Park ◽  
Sang Hyub Lee ◽  
Min Su You ◽  
Joo Seong Kim ◽  
Gunn Huh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography ◽  
Biliary Obstruction ◽  
Acute Cholangitis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Malignant Biliary Obstruction ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Endoscopic Retrograde ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Distal Malignant Biliary Obstruction

Abstract Background There is a lack of studies regarding the optimal timing for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with cholangitis caused by distal malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). This study aims to investigate the optimal timing of ERCP in patients with acute cholangitis associated with distal MBO with a naïve papilla. Methods A total of 421 patients with acute cholangitis, associated with distal MBO, were enrolled for this study. An urgent ERCP was defined as being an ERCP performed within 24 h following emergency room (ER) arrival, and early ERCP was defined as an ERCP performed between 24 and 48 h following ER arrival. We evaluated both 30-day and 180-day mortality as primary outcomes, according to the timing of the ERCP. Results The urgent ERCP group showed the lowest 30-day mortality rate (2.2%), as compared to the early and delayed ERCP groups (4.3% and 13.5%) (P < 0.001). The 180-day mortality rate was lowest in the urgent ERCP group, followed by early ERCP and delayed ERCP groups (39.4%, 44.8%, 60.8%; P = 0.006). A subgroup analysis showed that in both the primary distal MBO group, as well as in the moderate-to-severe cholangitis group, the urgent ERCP had significantly improved in both 30-day and 180-day mortality rates. However, in the secondary MBO and mild cholangitis groups, the difference in mortality rate between urgent, early, and delayed ERCP groups was not significant. Conclusions In patients with acute cholangitis associated with distal MBO, urgent ERCP might be helpful in improving the prognosis, especially in patients with primary distal MBO or moderate-to-severe cholangitis.

Abstract P261: Intensive Systolic Blood Pressure Lowering Will Prevent Over 100,000 Deaths Annually

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Kramer ◽  
Adam Bress ◽  
Srinivasan Beddhu ◽  
Paul Muntner ◽  
Richard S Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Blood Pressure Lowering ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Pressure Lowering ◽  
Annual Mortality ◽  
The U.S

Background: The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) trial randomized 9,361 adults aged ≥50 years at high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk without diabetes or stroke to intensive systolic blood pressure (SBP) lowering (≤120 mmHg) or standard SBP lowering (≤140 mmHg). After a median follow up of 3.26 years, all-cause mortality was 27% (95% CI 40%, 10%) lower with intensive SBP lowering. We estimated the potential number of prevented deaths with intensive SBP lowering in the U.S. population meeting SPRINT criteria. Methods: SPRINT eligibility criteria were applied to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006, a representative survey of the U.S. population, linked with the mortality data through December 2011. Eligibility included (1) age ≥50 years with (2) SBP 130-180 mmHg depending on number of antihypertensive classes being taken, and (3) presence of ≥1 CVD risk conditions (history of coronary heart disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 20 to 59 ml/min/1.73 m 2 , 10-year Framingham risk score ≥15%, or age ≥75 years). Adults with diabetes, stroke history, >1 g/day proteinuria, heart failure, on dialysis, or eGFR<20 ml/min/1.73m 2 were excluded. Annual mortality rates for adults meeting SPRINT criteria were calculated using Kaplan-Meier methods and the expected reduction in mortality rates with intensive SBP lowering in SPRINT was used to determine the number of potential deaths prevented. Analyses accounted for the complex survey design. Results: An estimated 18.1 million U.S. adults met SPRINT criteria with 7.4 million taking blood pressure lowering medications. The mean age was 68.6 years and 83.2% and 7.4% were non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black, respectively. The annual mortality rate was 2.2% (95% CI 1.9%, 2.5%) and intensive SBP lowering was projected to prevent 107,453 deaths per year (95% CI 45,374 to 139,490). Among adults with SBP ≥145 mmHg, the annual mortality rate was 2.5% (95% CI 2.1%, 3.0%) and intensive SBP lowering was projected to prevent 60,908 deaths per year (95% CI 26, 455 to 76, 792). Conclusions: We project intensive SBP lowering could prevent over 100,000 deaths per year of intensive treatment.

scholarly journals Mortality from endometrial cancer in female population of Belgrade

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
Vesna Pantovic ◽  
Mirjana Jarebinski ◽  
Tatjana Pekmezovic ◽  
Anita Knezevic ◽  
Darija Kisic
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Decline ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Standardized Mortality Rate

Data about mortality from malignant tumors of endometrium were analyzed in the Belgrade area during the period 1975-2000. The obtained results showed that the average percentage of endometrial cancer in mortality structure from all the cancers of female population was 2.65%. During the observed 26-years period, malignant tumors of endometrium constituted 17.38% of all the tumors of gynecological localization. The standardized mortality rate in 1975 (population worldwide used as a standard) 7.06/100 000 population while in 2000 it was 1.78/100 000 population, respectively, which showed almost fourfold mortality decline during the observed period (y=4.72-0.16x). A trend of declining risk of dying from endometrial cancer was present in all the age groups. The obtained results indicated that in the observed period the average mortality rates ranged from 0.14/100 000 population in females aged up to 34 years (y=0.30-0.01x), and reached the highest value in females aged 65-74 years (14.57/100 000; y=23.43-0.66x), and 75 years of age and over (19.62/100 000; y=31.17-0.85x).

Trends in Deaths Fully Attributable to Alcohol in Minnesota, 2000-2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492110440
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Braun ◽  
Kari M. Gloppen ◽  
Jon Roesler
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
American Indian ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Native People ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Alcohol Outlet

Objective Overall trends in rates of fully alcohol-attributable mortality may mask disparities among demographic groups. We investigated overall, demographic, and geographic trends in fully alcohol-attributable mortality rates in Minnesota. Methods We obtained mortality data from Minnesota death certificates and defined fully alcohol-attributable deaths as deaths that would not occur in the absence of alcohol. We calculated age-adjusted death rates during 2000-2018 using 5-year moving averages stratified by decedents’ characteristics and geographic location. Results Chronic conditions accounted for most of the alcohol-attributable deaths in Minnesota (89% during 2014-2018). Alcohol-attributable mortality rates per 100 000 population increased from an average rate of 8.0 during 2000-2004 to 12.6 during 2014-2018. During 2000-2018, alcohol-attributable mortality rates were highest among males (vs females), adults aged 55-64 (vs other ages), and American Indian/Alaska Native people (vs other racial and ethnic groups) and lowest among people aged ≤24 years and Asian or Pacific Islander people. During 2014-2018, the alcohol-attributable mortality rate among American Indian/Alaska Native people was more than 5 times higher than the overall mortality rate in Minnesota. Conclusions Results from this study may increase awareness of racial and ethnic disparities and continuing health inequities and inform public health prevention efforts, such as those recommended by the Community Preventive Services Task Force, including regulating alcohol outlet density and increasing alcohol taxes.

scholarly journals Stroke Mortality Trends in the Population of Klaipėda From 1994 to 2008

Medicina ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrikas Kazlauskas ◽  
Nijolė Raškauskienė ◽  
Rima Radžiuvienė ◽  
Vinsas Janušonis
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
World Population ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Permanent Residents

The objective of the study was to evaluate the trends in stroke mortality in the population of Klaipėda aged 35–79 years from 1994 to 2008. Material and Methods. Mortality data on all permanent residents of Klaipėda aged 35–79 years who died from stroke in 1994–2008 were gathered for the study. All death certificates of permanent residents of Klaipėda aged 35–79 years who died during 1994–2008 were examined in this study. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 codes 430–436, and ICD-10 codes I60–I64) was used. Sex-specific mortality rates were standardized according to the Segi’s world population; all the mortality rates were calculated per 100 000 population per year. Trends in stroke mortality were estimated using log-linear regression models. Sex-specific mortality rates and trends were calculated for 3 age groups (35–79, 35–64, and 65–79 years). Results. During the entire study period (1994–2008), a marked decline in stroke mortality with a clear slowdown after 2002 was observed. The average annual percent changes in mortality rates for men and women aged 35–79 years were –4.6% (P=0.041) and –6.5% (P=0.002), respectively. From 1994 to 2002, the stroke mortality rate decreased consistently among both Klaipėda men and women aged 35–64 years (20.4% per year, P=0.002, and 14.7% per year, P=0.006, respectively) and in the elderly population aged 65–79 years (13.8% per year, P=0.005; and 12% per year, P=0.019). During 2003–2008, stroke mortality increased by 16.3% per year in middle-aged men (35–64 years), whereas among women (aged 35–64 and 65–79 years) and elderly men (aged 65–79 years), the age-adjusted mortality rate remained relatively unchanged. Conclusions. Among both men and women, the mortality rates from stroke sharply declined between 1994 and 2008 with a clear slowdown in the decline after 2002. Stroke mortality increased significantly among middle-aged men from 2003, while it remained without significant changes among women of the same age and both elderly men and women.

scholarly journals COVID-19 mortality across selected states in India: the role of age structure.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Jainul Azarudeen ◽  
Tanzin Dikid ◽  
Karishma Kurup ◽  
Khyati Aroskar ◽  
Himanshu Chauhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Health System Intervention ◽  
Indirect Standardization ◽  
Standardized Mortality Rate

Background Mortality rates provide an opportunity to identify and act on the health system intervention for preventing deaths. Hence, it is essential to appreciate the influence of age structure while reporting mortality for a better summary of the magnitude of the epidemic. Objectives We described and compared the pattern of COVID-19 mortality standardized by age between selected states and India from January to November 2020. Methods We initially estimated the Indian population for 2020 using the decadal growth rate from the previous census (2011). This was followed by estimations of crude and age-adjusted mortality rate per million for India and the selected states. We used this information to perform indirect standardization and derive the age-standardized mortality rates for the states for comparison. In addition, we derived a ratio for age-standardized mortality to compare across age groups within the state. We extracted information regarding COVID-19 deaths from the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme special surveillance portal up to November 16, 2020. Results The crude mortality rate of India stands at 88.9 per million population(118,883/1,337,328,910). Age-adjusted mortality rate (per million) was highest for Delhi (300.5) and lowest for Kerala (35.9).The age-standardized mortality rate (per million) for India is (<15 years=1.6, 15-29 years=6.3, 30-44 years=35.9, 45-59 years=198.8, 60-74 years=571.2, & ≥75 years=931.6). The ratios for age-standardized mortality increase proportionately from 45-59 years age group across all the states. Conclusion There is high COVID-19 mortality not only among the elderly ages, but we also identified heavy impact of COVID-19 on the working population. Therefore, we recommend further evaluation of age-adjusted mortality for all States and inclusion of variables like gender, socio-economic status for standardization while identifying at-risk populations and implementing priority public health actions. Keywords COVID-19, Mortality, Age Standardized Mortality Rate, Indirect Standardization.

Lamb mortality in Scottish hill flocks

1963 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Gunn ◽  
J. F. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARY1. Records on lamb mortality from birth to marking at approximately 6 weeks are summarised for four seasons in one Cheviot and three Scottish Blackface flocks and discussed in relation to the breed, environmental and management differences existing on the three farms of Sourhope, Roxburghshire; Lephinmore, Argyllshire and Glensaugh, Kincardineshire.2. The mortality rates in single-born lambs from three-year-old and older ewes, following hill lambings, were 12% and 6% respectively in the Cheviot and Blackface flocks at Sourhope and 14% in the Blackface flock at Lephinmore. In the Blackface flock at Glensaugh, the mortality rate following regular pre-lambing feeding and lambing on cultivated pastures was 5%.3. There was considerably heavier mortality in twin-born lambs, and in single-born lambs from two-year-old ewes, notably as a result of increased loss subsequent to birth.4. Among single-born lambs, more males were lost than females, the difference being between 1% and 8% according to the farm and being largely due to a greater frequency of difficult births among males.5. Lambs with birth weights markedly heavier or lighter than average had a higher percentage of mortality.6. An abnormal incidence of loss from difficult birth in a Cheviot sub-flock in 1957 is described.

Mortality in American Veterans with the HLA-B27 Gene

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Walsh ◽  
Xi Zhou ◽  
Daniel O. Clegg ◽  
Chiachen Teng ◽  
Grant W. Cannon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Hla B27 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Mortality Difference ◽  
National Cohort ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Secondary Outcomes ◽  
The Difference

Objective.To compare survival in American veterans with and without the HLA-B27 (B27) gene.Methods.Mortality was evaluated in a national cohort of veterans with clinically available B27 test results between October 1, 1999, and December 31, 2011. The primary outcome was the mortality difference between B27-positive and B27-negative veterans, adjusted for age, sex, race, and diagnoses codes for diseases that may have influenced both B27 testing and mortality, including psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, spondyloarthritis (SpA), and other types of inflammatory arthritis. The secondary outcomes were the adjusted mortality HR for B27+ and B27− veterans, in subgroups with and without SpA.Results.Among veterans with available B27 test results, 27,652 (84.7%) were B27− and 4978 (15.3%) were B27+. The mean followup time was 4.6 years. Mortality was higher in the B27+ group than in the B27− group (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.03–1.27). Mortality was also higher in the B27+ subgroups with SpA (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.06–1.72) and without SpA (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.99–1.24), but the difference was significant only in the subgroup with SpA.Conclusion.B27 positivity was associated with an increased mortality rate in a cohort of veterans clinically selected for B27 testing, after adjustment for SpA. In the subgroup with SpA, the mortality rate was associated with B27 positivity, and in the subgroup without SpA, there was a nonsignificant association between B27+ and mortality.

scholarly journals Contribution of Alcohol to Hypertension Mortality in Russia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. E. Razvodovsky
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Series Analysis

Background. Hypertension (HTN) is reported to be the leading contributor to premature death globally. Considerable research evidence suggests that excessive alcohol intake (binge drinking) is an independent risk factor for HTN. It was repeatedly emphasized that binge drinking is a major contributor to a high cardiovascular mortality rate in Russia.Objective. The aim of this study was to examine the aggregate-level relation between alcohol consumption and HTN mortality rates in Russia.Method. Age-standardized sex-specific male and female HTN mortality data for the period 1980–2005 and data on overall alcohol consumption were analyzed by means of ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) time-series analysis. The level of alcohol consumption per capita has been estimated using the indirect method based on alcohol psychoses incidence rate and employing ARIMA time-series analysis.Results. Alcohol consumption was significantly associated with both male and female HTN mortality rates: a 1-liter increase in overall alcohol consumption would result in a 6.3% increase in the male HTN mortality rate and in a 4.9% increase in female HTN mortality rate. The results of the analysis suggest that 57.5% of all male HTN deaths and 48.6% of all female HTN deaths in Russia could be attributed to alcohol.Conclusions. The outcomes of this study provide support for the hypothesis that alcohol is an important contributor to the high HTN mortality rate in the Russian Federation. The findings from the present study have important implications with to regards HTN mortality prevention, indicating that a restrictive alcohol policy can be considered as an effective measure of prevention in countries with a higher rate of alcohol consumption.

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