scholarly journals Canopy distribution and microclimate preferences of sterile and wild Queensland fruit flies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jess R. Inskeep ◽  
Andrew P. Allen ◽  
Phillip W. Taylor ◽  
Polychronis Rempoulakis ◽  
Christopher W. Weldon
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Bactrocera Tryoni ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Environmental Extremes ◽  
Microhabitat Preferences ◽  
Ground Distance

AbstractInsects tend to live within well-defined habitats, and at smaller scales can have distinct microhabitat preferences. These preferences are important, but often overlooked, in applications of the sterile insect technique. Different microhabitat preferences of sterile and wild insects may reflect differences in environmental tolerance and may lead to spatial separation in the field, both of which may reduce the control program efficiency. In this study, we compared the diurnal microhabitat distributions of mass-reared (fertile and sterile) and wild Queensland fruit flies, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Flies were individually tagged and released into field cages containing citrus trees. We recorded their locations in the canopies (height from ground, distance from canopy center), behavior (resting, grooming, walking, feeding), and the abiotic conditions on occupied leaves (temperature, humidity, light intensity) throughout the day. Flies from all groups moved lower in the canopy when temperature and light intensity were high, and humidity was low; lower canopy regions provided shelter from these conditions. Fertile and sterile mass-reared flies of both sexes were generally lower in the canopies than wild flies. Flies generally fed from the top sides of leaves that were lower in the canopy, suggesting food sources in these locations. Our observations suggest that mass-reared and wild B. tryoni occupy different locations in tree canopies, which could indicate different tolerances to environmental extremes and may result in spatial separation of sterile and wild flies when assessed at a landscape scale.

scholarly journals Current and planned research for managing the fruit fly threat to New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
David A.J. Teulon ◽  
John M. Kean ◽  
Karen F. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Bactrocera Tryoni ◽  
The World ◽  
Increasing Risk ◽  
Management Diagnostics ◽  
The Impact

Fruit flies (Family Tephritidae), in particular the Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni; QFF), areone of the biggest biosecurity risks for New Zealand horticulture. New Zealand has one of the bestscience-based biosecurity systems in the world, based on years of experience and sound research. Theintroduction of fruit flies to New Zealand is now well managed in commercial fruit imports, but the riskis rising from growing trade and travel and, in the case of QFF, climatic adaptation and spread to moresouthern localities. Smarter solutions are continually needed to manage this increasing risk, and to dealwith such pests when they arrive. We present a brief summary of current and anticipated research aimedat reducing the likelihood of entry into New Zealand and/or minimising the impact for the fruit flyspecies of greatest threat to New Zealand. Research spans risk assessment, pathway risk management,diagnostics, surveillance and eradication.

Changes in small native animal populations following control of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) by warren ripping in the Australian arid zone

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Elsworth ◽  
D. Berman ◽  
M. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Introduced Predators ◽  
Paired Control ◽  
European Rabbits ◽  
And Control

Context European rabbits have a great impact on native vegetation and small vertebrates in Australia. Rabbits consume vegetation and promote invasive plants and invasive predators, and compete directly and indirectly with native animals suppressing those populations. Aims We explored the changes in small native vertebrates and invertebrates following the removal of rabbits. Methods Warren ripping was undertaken on a property in south-western Queensland at four sites and the results of pitfall trapping were compared with four nearby paired control sites. Invertebrates and small mammals were counted in pitfall traps, and bird surveys were conducted in all treatment and control sites. Key results Following a rabbit-control program, we observed a four-fold increase in the number of dunnarts trapped in treatment plots, whereas no change was observed in control plots. The spring following the rabbit-control program also saw an increase in some lizards in treatment plots. Conclusions The presence of rabbits in arid-zone Australia can suppress native animal populations. Implications Many species of small native mammals and lizards rely on food sources that fluctuate greatly with environmental conditions. The presence of rabbits altering the landscape, supporting introduced predators, reducing vegetation and, therefore, insects, adds increased pressure for insectivorous species. Rabbit control through warren ripping in arid-zone Australia is an effective method to reduce rabbit numbers, and allowed for an increase in small vertebrates in treated areas.

Accelerated Sexual Maturation in Methoprene-Treated Sterile and Fertile Male Queensland Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), and Mosquito Larvicide as an Economical and Effective Source of Methoprene

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 2842-2849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleh Mohammad Adnan ◽  
Iffat Farhana ◽  
Jess R Inskeep ◽  
Polychronis Rempoulakis ◽  
Phillip W Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Sterile Male ◽  
Bactrocera Tryoni ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Copula Duration ◽  
Mosquito Larvicides ◽  
Fertile Male ◽  
Effective Source

Abstract Queensland fruit flies Bactrocera tryoni (‘Q-fly’) have long adult prereproductive development periods, which can present challenges for sterile insect technique (SIT) programs. Holding the sterile flies in release facilities is expensive for control programs. Alternatively, releases of sexually immature males can lead to substantial mortality of sterile males before they mature. Recent studies have reported effectiveness of dietary supplementation with a mosquito larvicide (NOMOZ) that contains S-methoprene, a juvenile hormone analogue, for accelerating sexual development of fertile Q-fly males. However, it is not known whether effects on sterile flies are comparable to effects on fertile flies, or whether effects of methoprene-containing larvicide are comparable to effects of analytical standard methoprene such has been used in most studies. Here we address both knowledge gaps, investigating the effects of analytical standard methoprene and NOMOZ mixed with food and provided for 48 h following emergence on sexual development and longevity of fertile and sterile Q-flies. Compared with controls, fertile and sterile male Q-flies that were provided diets supplemented with methoprene from either source exhibited substantially accelerated sexual development by 2–3 d and longer mating duration. Unlike males, females did not respond to methoprene treatment. Although fertile and sterile flies were generally similar in sexual development and response to methoprene treatment, sterile flies of both sexes tended to have shorter copula duration than fertile flies. Neither methoprene supplements nor sterilization affected longevity of flies. The present study confirms effectiveness of dietary methoprene supplements in accelerating sexual development of both fertile and sterile male (but not female) Q-flies, and also confirms that low-cost mosquito larvicides that contain methoprene can achieve effects similar to those for high-cost analytical grade methoprene as prerelease supplements for Q-fly SIT.

Feeding on yeast hydrolysate enhances attraction to cue-lure in Queensland fruit flies,Bactrocera tryoni

2008 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Weldon ◽  
Diana Perez-Staples ◽  
Phillip W. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Bactrocera Tryoni ◽  
Yeast Hydrolysate

scholarly journals Pengaruh Suhu Terhadap Siklus Hidup Lalat Buah (Drosophila melanogaster)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-120
Author(s):  
Suharsono Suharsono ◽  
Egi Nuryadin
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Time Required

Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) generally have four phases in their life cycle, namely eggs, larvae, pupae and imago. In general, Drosophila melanogaster experiences a life cycle of 8-11 days at optimal temperatures. At lower temperatures the time required to complete its life cycle is relatively longer and slower which is around 18-20 days. Whereas at higher temperatures adult flies that grow will be sterile. The development period of Drosophila melanogaster in its life cycle is influenced by several factors, namely ambient temperature, food availability, level of maintenance density and light intensity. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the life cycle of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The study will be analyzed using quantitative analysis using randomized block design (RBD) with six temperature difference treatments for each treatment and repeated 4 times so that there are 24 experiments. The results showed the development in the Drosophila melanogaster cycle starting from Egg - Larva (Instar I) - Larva (Instar II) - Larva (Instar III) - Pre Pupa - Pupa - Imago. The life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster has an average of 42.08 hours or 1.75 days up to 79.96 hours or 3.33 days in each treatment. And obtained a fast time during the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster at a temperature of 30°C is 10.47 days and the longest at a temperature of 18°C is 18.35 days.

scholarly journals Diversity of Food Source and Foraging Behavior of Tetragonula laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) in Parigi Selatan Sub District

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
Nuraini Nuraini ◽  
Manap Trianto ◽  
Sukmawati Alimudin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Stingless Bee ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Main Activity

Tetragonula laeviceps is a type of stingless bee that is currently widely cultivated in Indonesia due to ability to produce various products that have many uses for human life. Foraging behavior is the main activity of honey bee to fulfill their daily needs. The availability of food source is one of the important factor that influence the foraging behavior of Tetragonula laeviceps. This study aims to determine the diversity of food source and foraging behavior of Tetragonula laeviceps. Observing the diversity of food source through identification of pollen and observing the foraging behavior of the bee. The diversity of pollen found in Parigi Selatan Regency showed that there were 20 families of food sources of Tetragonula laeviceps and the most frequently visited family is Arecaceae. Foraging behavior of Tetragonula laeviceps begins at sunrise until evening. The peak of activity occurs in the morning around 08.30-08.40 WITA and the afternoon around 15.30-15.40 WITA which is related to the availability of food source. Environmental factors (air temperature, humidity, and light intensity) affect the foraging behavior of Tetragonula laeviceps.

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature, Salinity, pH, and Light on Filtering and Grazing Rates of a Calanoid Copepod (Schmackeria dubia)

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1219-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changling Li ◽  
Xiaoxia Luo ◽  
Xianghu Huang ◽  
Binhe Gu
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Calanoid Copepod ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Calanoid Copepods ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Marine Food Web ◽  
Larval Fishes ◽  
Trophic Links ◽  
Marine Food ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Calanoid copepods are key components of the marine food web and the food sources of many larval fishes and planktivores, and grazers of phytoplankton. Understanding the ranges of major environmental variables suitable for their growth is essential to maintain the balance between trophic links and resources protection. In this study, the effects of temperature, salinity, pH, and light intensity on the filtering and grazing rates of a herbivorous copepod (Schmackeria dubia) were conducted in several control experiments. Our results indicated that experimental animals grazed normally at water temperatures between 15 and 35°C. The filtering and grazing rates increased by onefold at water temperatures from 15 to 25°C, with a peak at around 30°C.S. dubiafed normally at salinity ranging from 20 to 30 ppt, with significantly low filtering and grazing rates at salinity below 15 ppt and above 35 ppt. The filtering and grazing rates increased as pH increased, peaked at approximately 8.5, and then decreased substantially. Light intensity also displayed an important impact on the filtering and grazing rates. Filtering and grazing rates were high when light intensity was greater than 20 and less than 200 µmol m-2s-1. S. dubia nearly stopped feeding at low light intensity (less than 20 µmol m-2s-1).

scholarly journals Diet and irradiation effects on the bacterial community composition and structure in the gut of domesticated teneral and mature Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deane N. Woruba ◽  
Jennifer L. Morrow ◽  
Olivia L. Reynolds ◽  
Toni A. Chapman ◽  
Damian P. Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bactrocera Tryoni ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Adult Diet

Abstract Background Mass-rearing, domestication and gamma irradiation of tephritid fruit flies used in sterile insect technique (SIT) programmes can negatively impact fly quality and performance. Symbiotic bacteria supplied as probiotics to mass-reared fruit flies may help to overcome some of these issues. However, the effects of tephritid ontogeny, sex, diet and irradiation on their microbiota are not well known. Results We have used next-generation sequencing to characterise the bacterial community composition and structure within Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), by generating 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries derived from the guts of 58 individual teneral and mature, female and male, sterile and fertile adult flies reared on artificial larval diets in a laboratory or mass-rearing environment, and fed either a full adult diet (i.e. sugar and yeast hydrolysate) or a sugar only adult diet. Overall, the amplicon sequence read volume in tenerals was low and smaller than in mature adult flies. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs), belonging to the families Enterobacteriaceae (8 OTUs) and Acetobacteraceae (1 OTU) were most prevalent. Enterobacteriaceae dominated laboratory-reared tenerals from a colony fed a carrot-based larval diet, while Acetobacteraceae dominated mass-reared tenerals from a production facility colony fed a lucerne chaff based larval diet. As adult flies matured, Enterobacteriaceae became dominant irrespective of larval origin. The inclusion of yeast in the adult diet strengthened this shift away from Acetobacteraceae towards Enterobacteriaceae. Interestingly, irradiation increased 16S rRNA gene sequence read volume. Conclusions Our findings suggest that bacterial populations in fruit flies experience significant bottlenecks during metamorphosis. Gut bacteria in teneral flies were less abundant and less diverse, and impacted by colony origin. In contrast, mature adult flies had selectively increased abundances for some gut bacteria, or acquired these bacteria from the adult diet and environment. Furthermore, irradiation augmented bacterial abundance in mature flies. This implies that either some gut bacteria were compensating for damage caused by irradiation or irradiated flies had lost their ability to regulate bacterial load. Our findings suggest that the adult stage prior to sexual maturity may be ideal to target for probiotic manipulation of fly microbiota to increase fly performance in SIT programmes.

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