scholarly journals GFAP and desmin expression in lymphatic tissues leads to difficulties in distinguishing between glial and stromal cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hauke Simon Günther ◽  
Stephan Henne ◽  
Jasmin Oehlmann ◽  
Julia Urban ◽  
Desiree Pleizier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Cell Zone

AbstractRecently, we found many immune cells including antigen presenting cells neurally hard wired in the T-cell zone of most lymphoid organs like amongst others, lymph nodes in rats, mice and humans. Single immune cells were reached by single neurites and enclosed with a dense neural meshwork. As it is well known that axons are always accompanied by glial cells, we were able to identify Schwann cells in the hilum, medullary and capsule region, like expected. Unexpected was the result, that we found oligodendrocyte-like cells in these regions, myelinating more than one axon. Likewise important was the finding, that one of the standard glial markers used, a polyclonal GFAP antibody equally bound to desmin and therefore marked nearly all stromal cells in cortical, paracortical and medullary cord regions. More detailed analysis showed that these results also appeared in many other non-lymphoid organs. Therefore, polyclonal GFAP antibodies are only conditionally usable for immunohistochemical analysis in peripheral tissues outside the central nervous system. It remains to be elucidated, if the binding of the GFAP antibody to desmin has its reason in a special desmin variant that can give stromal cells glial character.

Inflammatory Mechanisms in Parkinson’s Disease: From Pathogenesis to Targeted Therapies

2021 ◽  
pp. 107385842199226
Author(s):  
Stellina Y. H. Lee ◽  
Nathanael J. Yates ◽  
Susannah J. Tye
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Neurodegenerative Process ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Target

Inflammation is a critical factor contributing to the progressive neurodegenerative process observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are activated early in PD pathogenesis and can both trigger and propagate early disease processes via innate and adaptive immune mechanisms such as upregulated immune cells and antibody-mediated inflammation. Downstream cytokines and gene regulators such as microRNA (miRNA) coordinate later disease course and mediate disease progression. Biomarkers signifying the inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes at play within the central nervous system are of increasing interest to clinical teams. To be effective, such biomarkers must achieve the highest sensitivity and specificity for predicting PD risk, confirming diagnosis, or monitoring disease severity. The aim of this review was to summarize the current preclinical and clinical evidence that suggests that inflammatory processes contribute to the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative processes in PD. In this article, we further summarize the data about main inflammatory biomarkers described in PD to date and their potential for regulation as a novel target for disease-modifying pharmacological strategies.

scholarly journals Adiponectin Controls Nutrient Availability in Hypothalamic Astrocytes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1587
Author(s):  
Nuri Song ◽  
Da Yeon Jeong ◽  
Thai Hien Tu ◽  
Byong Seo Park ◽  
Hye Rim Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Adiponectin, an adipose tissue-derived hormone, plays integral roles in lipid and glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues, such as the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. Moreover, it has also been shown to have an impact on metabolic processes in the central nervous system. Astrocytes comprise the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system and actively participate in metabolic processes between blood vessels and neurons. However, the ability of adiponectin to control nutrient metabolism in astrocytes has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of adiponectin on multiple metabolic processes in hypothalamic astrocytes. Adiponectin enhanced glucose uptake, glycolytic processes and fatty acid oxidation in cultured primary hypothalamic astrocytes. In line with these findings, we also found that adiponectin treatment effectively enhanced synthesis and release of monocarboxylates. Overall, these data suggested that adiponectin triggers catabolic processes in astrocytes, thereby enhancing nutrient availability in the hypothalamus.

scholarly journals Distribution of the prion protein in sheep terminally affected with BSE following experimental oral transmission

2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 2319-2326 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Foster ◽  
D. W. Parnham ◽  
N. Hunter ◽  
M. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Direct Contrast ◽  
The Central Nervous System

This study has examined the distribution of PrPSc in sheep by immunocytochemistry of tissues recovered from terminally affected animals following their experimental infection by the oral route with BSE. Despite a wide range of incubation period lengths, affected sheep showed a similar distribution of high levels of PrPSc throughout the central nervous system. PrPSc was also found in the lymphoid system, including parts of the digestive tract, and some components of the peripheral nervous system. These abundant PrPSc deposits in sheep in regions outside the central nervous system are in direct contrast with cattle infected with BSE, which show barely detectable levels of PrPSc in peripheral tissues. A number of genetically susceptible, challenged animals appear to have survived.

scholarly journals Foreign body responses in mouse central nervous system mimic natural wound responses and alter biomaterial functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. OʼShea ◽  
Alexander L. Wollenberg ◽  
Jae H. Kim ◽  
Yan Ao ◽  
Timothy J. Deming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Foreign Body ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Molecular Delivery ◽  
Wound Responses ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractBiomaterials hold promise for therapeutic applications in the central nervous system (CNS). Little is known about molecular factors that determine CNS foreign body responses (FBRs) in vivo, or about how such responses influence biomaterial function. Here, we probed these factors in mice using a platform of injectable hydrogels readily modified to present interfaces with different physiochemical properties to host cells. We found that biomaterial FBRs mimic specialized multicellular CNS wound responses not present in peripheral tissues, which serve to isolate damaged neural tissue and restore barrier functions. We show that the nature and intensity of CNS FBRs are determined by definable properties that significantly influence hydrogel functions, including resorption and molecular delivery when injected into healthy brain or stroke injuries. Cationic interfaces elicit stromal cell infiltration, peripherally derived inflammation, neural damage and amyloid production. Nonionic and anionic formulations show minimal levels of these responses, which contributes to superior bioactive molecular delivery. Our results identify specific molecular mechanisms that drive FBRs in the CNS and have important implications for developing effective biomaterials for CNS applications.

scholarly journals Effects of diet on immune cells within the central nervous system

2018 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Totsch ◽  
R.Y. Meir ◽  
R.M. Orlandella ◽  
L.A. Norian ◽  
R.E. Sorge
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals n-3 PUFA and obesity: from peripheral tissues to the central nervous system

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (11) ◽  
pp. 1312-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Haas de Mello ◽  
Marcela Fornari Uberti ◽  
Bianca Xavier de Farias ◽  
Nathalia Alberti Ribas de Souza ◽  
Gislaine Tezza Rezin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

AbstractThe current paradigms of prevention and treatment are unable to curb obesity rates, which indicates the need to explore alternative therapeutic approaches. Obesity leads to several damages to the body and is an important risk factor for a number of other chronic diseases. Furthermore, despite the first alterations in obesity being observed and reported in peripheral tissues, studies indicate that obesity can also cause brain damage. Obesity leads to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, and the therapeutic manipulation of inflammation can be explored. In this context, the use of n-3 PUFA (especially in the form of fish oil, rich in EPA and DHA) may be an interesting strategy, as this substance is known by its anti-inflammatory effect and numerous benefits to the body, such as reduction of TAG, cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure and platelet aggregation, and has shown potential to help treat obesity. Thereby, the aim of this narrative review was to summarise the literature related to n-3 PUFA use in obesity treatment. First, the review provides a brief description of the obesity pathophysiology, including alterations that occur in peripheral tissues and at the central nervous system. In the sequence, we describe what are n-3 PUFA, their sources and their general effects. Finally, we explore the main topic linking obesity and n-3 PUFA. Animal and human studies were included and alterations on the whole organism were described (peripheral tissues and brain).

Antigen-Presenting Cells in the Central Nervous System

2013 ◽  
pp. 71-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Koning ◽  
Juan M. Ilarregui ◽  
Juan J. García-Vallejo ◽  
Yvette van Kooyk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Antigen Presenting
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