scholarly journals Trends in underweight, stunting, and wasting prevalence and inequality among children under three in Indian states, 1993–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Karlsson ◽  
Rockli Kim ◽  
Rakesh Sarwal ◽  
K. S. James ◽  
S. V. Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Family Health ◽  
State Level ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
National Family ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Annual Reduction

AbstractChild undernutrition remains high in India with far-reaching consequences for child health and development. Anthropometry reflects undernutrition. We examined the state-level trends in underweight, stunting, and wasting prevalence and inequality by living standards using four rounds of the National Family Health Surveys in 26 states in India, conducted in 1992–1993, 1998–1999, 2005–2006, and 2015–2016. The average annual reduction (AAR) for underweight ranged from 0.04 percentage points (pp) (95% CI − 0.12, 0.20) in Haryana to 1.05 pp (95% CI 0.88, 1.22) in West Bengal for underweight; 0.35 pp (95% CI 0.11, 0.59) in Manipur to 1.47 (95% CI 1.19, 1.75) in Himachal Pradesh for stunting; and − 0.65 pp (95% CI − 0.77, − 0.52) in Haryana to 0.36 pp (95% CI 0.22, 0.51) in Bihar & Jharkhand for wasting. We find that change in the pp difference between children with the poorest and richest household living standards varied by states: statistically significant decline (increase) was observed in 5 (3) states for underweight, 5 (4) states for stunting, and 2 (1) states for wasting. Prevalence of poor anthropometric outcomes as well as disparities by states and living standards remain a problem in India.

scholarly journals Effect of Differences in Month and Location of Measurement in Estimating Prevalence and Trend of Wasting and Stunting in India in 2005–2006 and 2015–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily M Madan ◽  
Edward A Frongillo ◽  
Sayeed Unisa ◽  
Laxmikant Dwivedi ◽  
Robert Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Marked Variability ◽  
National Family ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Negative Difference ◽  
Do So

ABSTRACT Background Child undernutrition in India remains widespread. Data from the National Family Health Survey 3 and 4 (NFHS-3 and NFHS-4) suggest that wasting prevalence has increased while stunting prevalence has declined. Objective The objectives of this study were to do the following: 1) describe wasting and stunting by month of measurement in India in children <5 y of age in NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 surveys, and 2) test whether differences in the timing of anthropometric data collection and in states between survey years introduced bias in the comparison of estimates of wasting and stunting between NFHS-3 and NFHS-4. Methods Data on wasting and stunting for 42,608 and 232,744 children aged >5 y in the NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 survey rounds were analyzed. Differences in the prevalence of wasting and stunting by month of year and by state of residence were examined descriptively. Regression analyses were conducted to test the sensitivity of the estimate of differences in wasting and stunting prevalence across survey years to both state differences and seasonality. Results Examination of the patterns of wasting and stunting by month of measurement and by state across survey years reveal marked variability. When both state and month were adjusted, regardless of the method used to account for sample size, there was a small negative difference from 2005–2006 to 2015–2016 in the prevalence of wasting (−0.8 ± 0.6 percentage points; P = 0.2) and a negative difference in stunting prevalence (−8.3 ± 0.7 percentage points; P < 0.001), indicating a small bias for wasting but not for stunting in unadjusted analyses. Conclusions State and seasonal differences may have introduced bias to the estimated difference in prevalence of wasting between the survey years but did not do so for stunting. Future data collection should be designed to maximize consistency in coverage of both time and place.

scholarly journals Global hunger index of India based on National family health survey-IV with special reference to some states and critical review

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 2783
Author(s):  
Ashish Wasudeo Khobragade ◽  
K. Rajan
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
State Level ◽  
National Family Health Survey ◽  
Indian States ◽  
National Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Formula

Background: India is facing serious hunger situation now. Factors responsible for this hunger situation are different. This study focuses on hunger situation in 4 different states of India and remedial measures.Methods: Secondary data was collected from National Family Health Survey-IV (NFHS). Data entry was done in excel sheet. GHI was calculated using new formula given by IFPRI.Results: There are wide disparities in hunger situation in Indian states. Madhya Pradesh is in alarming state of hunger.Conclusions: Hunger situation in Indian states varies from states to states. Different types of interventions are required at each state level to improve the overall hunger situation.

Child Undernutrition in the States of India: An Analysis Based on Change in Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure from 2006 to 2016

2021 ◽  
pp. 097226612110103
Author(s):  
J. R. Jith ◽  
Rajshree Bedamatta
Keyword(s):  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Low Weight

Stunting, wasting and underweight—the three traditional indicators of undernourishment among children—provide mutually non-exclusive categories of anthropometric failures: low height for age, low weight for height and low weight for age. Although these indicators are essential for designing specific clinical and child nutrition policy interventions, they fall short of estimating the prevalence of overall anthropometric failure, which provides a sense of the scale of the nutrition problem. This article estimates the alternative, more comprehensive measure Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) for Indian states, based on data from the National Family Health surveys of 2006 and 2016, for children under five years (Ch–U5). The CIAF-based undernutrition estimates show significantly high anthropometric failure levels among Indian children compared to only stunting, wasting and underweight. Based on population projections for Ch–U5, we also show that a sizeable number of states may have seen an increase in child undernutrition between 2006 and 2016. We also correlated CIAF with household wealth index scores and found a positive relationship with children facing no anthropometric failure.

scholarly journals Stunting and Wasting Among Indian Preschoolers have Moderate but Significant Associations with the Vegetarian Status of their Mothers

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 1579-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek D Headey ◽  
Giordano Palloni
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Family Health ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Child Stunting ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Dairy Consumption ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Self Reports

ABSTRACT Background India has high rates of child undernutrition and widespread lactovegetarianism. Objectives The objective of this study was to examine how nutrition outcomes varied among Indian preschool children in relation to the vegetarian status of their parents. Methods The 2015–2016 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and the 2011–2012 National Sample Survey (NSS) were used to explore associations between parental vegetarian status and child stunting and wasting at ages 0–59 mo and anemia at ages 6–59 mo. In the NFHS, self-reports on usual consumption of foods were used to classify maternal diets, whereas in the NSS lactovegetarianism was defined at the household level. Results Compared with children of nonvegetarian mothers, children aged 24–59 mo of lactovegetarian mothers were 2.9 percentage points (95% CI: −4.0, −1.9) less likely to be stunted and children aged 6–23 mo were 1.6 points less likely to be wasted (95% CI: −3.0, −0.03), whereas children aged 6–23 mo with vegan mothers were 5.2 points more likely to be stunted (95% CI: 0.1, 9.4). When compared with nonvegetarian households, lactovegetarian households had better socioeconomic status and were more likely to consume dairy frequently. Children in nonvegetarian households consumed nondairy animal-sourced foods (ASFs) with relatively low frequency. The frequency of maternal dairy consumption was significantly associated with lower risks of child stunting and wasting. Conclusions Anthropometric outcomes differed by maternal vegetarian status, which is itself strongly associated with socioeconomic position, location, religion, and caste.

Has the long-predicted decline in consanguineous marriage in India occurred?

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 746-755
Author(s):  
Nutan Kumari ◽  
Alan H. Bittles ◽  
Prem Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Family Health ◽  
State Level ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Consanguineous Marriage ◽  
World Population ◽  
Health Profile ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Southern States ◽  
National Family ◽  
Education And Employment

AbstractTo an extent the question posed in the title of this paper can simply be answered in the affirmative. Based on the extensive data available from the National Family Health Survey-1 (NFHS-1) conducted in 1992–93 and NFHS-4 in 2015–16 there has been a significant overall decline of some 19% in the prevalence of consanguineous marriage in India. However, when examined at state level the picture is more complex, with large reductions in consanguinity in southern states where intra-familial marriage previously has been strongly favoured, whereas in some northern states in which close kin unions traditionally have been proscribed small increases were recorded. In a country such as India, comprising an estimated 18% of the current world population and with multiple ethnic, religious, geographical and social sub-divisions, apparently contrary findings of this nature are not unexpected – especially given the major shifts that are underway in family sizes, in education and employment, and with rapid urbanization. The changing health profile of the population also is an important factor, with non-communicable diseases now responsible for a majority of morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood. The degree to which future alterations in the prevalence and profile of consanguineous marriage occur, and at what rate, is difficult to predict – the more so given the markedly diverse cultural identities that remain extant across the Sub-Continent, and ongoing intra-community endogamy.

Co-existence of diabetes and TB among adults in India: a study based on National Family Health Survey data

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Apyayee Sil ◽  
Dinabandhu Patra ◽  
Preeti Dhillon ◽  
Padmanesan Narasimhan
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Family Health ◽  
State Level ◽  
Self Report ◽  
National Family Health Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
National Family ◽  
Robust Poisson Regression

Abstract Multiple studies suggest that diabetes mellitus (DM) is a potential risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) development and treatment, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The study aimed to test concomitancy between DM and TB among adults in India. Data were from the 2015–16 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4). The study sample comprised 107,575 men aged 15–54 and 677,292 women aged 15–49 for which data on DM status were available in the survey. The association between state-level prevalence of TB and DM was examined and robust Poisson regression analysis applied to examine the effect of DM on TB. A high prevalence of TB was observed among individuals with diabetes in India in 2015–16. A total of 866 per 100,000 men and 405 per 100,000 women who self-reported having diabetes also had TB; among those who self-reported not having diabetes the ratios were 407 per 100,000 men and 241 per 100,000 women. The risk of having TB among those who self-reported having DM was higher for both men (2.03, 95% CI: 1.26, 3.28) and women (1.79, 95% CI: 1.48, 2.49) than for those who did not self-report having DM. Adults who were diagnosed with diabetes (including pre-diabetes) also had a higher rate of TB (477 per 100,000 men and 331 per 100,000 women) than those who were not diagnosed (410 per 100,000 men and 239 per 100,000 women). Adults from poor families, with lower BMIs, lower levels of literacy and who were not working had a higher risk of TB–DM co-morbidity. The state-level pattern of co-morbidity, the under-reporting of DM (undiagnosed) and TB stigmatization are discussed. The study confirms that diabetes is an important co-morbid feature with TB in India, and reinforces the need to raise awareness on screening for the co-existence of DM and TB with integrated health programmes for the two conditions.

scholarly journals Assessing geographical and economic inequalities in caesarean section rates between the districts of Bihar, India: a secondary analysis of the National Family Health Survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. e055326
Author(s):  
Minal Shukla ◽  
Monali Mohan ◽  
Alex van Duinen ◽  
Anita Gadgil ◽  
Juul Bakker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Caesarean Section Rate ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Secondary Data Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
National Family

BackgroundIn Bihar, one of the most populous and poorest states in India, caesarean sections have increased over the last decade. However, an aggregated caesarean section rate at the state level may conceal inequities at the district level.ObjectivesThe primary aim of this study was to analyse the inequalities in the geographical and socioeconomic distribution of caesarean sections between the districts of Bihar. The secondary aim was to compare the contribution of free-for-service government-funded public facilities and fee-for-service private facilities to the caesarean section rate.SettingBihar, with a population in the 2011 census of approximately 104 million people, has a low GDP per capita (US$610), compared with other Indian states. The state has the highest crude birth rate (26.1 per 1000 population) in India, with one baby born every two seconds. Bihar is divided into 38 administrative districts, 101 subdivisions and 534 blocks. Each district has a district (Sadar) hospital, and six districts also have one or more medical college hospitals.MethodsThis retrospective secondary data analysis was based on open-source national datasets from the 2015 and 2019 National Family Health Surveys, with respective sample sizes of 45 812 and 42 843 women aged 15–49 years.ParticipantsSecondary data analysis of pregnant women delivering in public and private institutions.ResultsThe caesarean section rate increased from 6.2% in 2015 to 9.7% in 2019 in Bihar. Districts with a lower proportion of poor population had higher caesarean section rates (R2=0.45) among all institutional births, with 10.3% in private and 2.9% in public facilities. Access to private caesarean sections decreased (R2=0.46) for districts with poorer populations.ConclusionMarked inequalities exist in access to caesarean sections. The public sector needs to be strengthened to improve access to obstetric services for those who need it most.

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