scholarly journals Olfactory shifts linked to postpartum depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Peng ◽  
Hazel Potterton ◽  
Joanna Ting Wai Chu ◽  
Paul Glue
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Test System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Intensity Perception ◽  
Olfactory Testing

AbstractPostpartum Depression (PPD) is the most common non-obstetric complications associated with childbearing, but currently has poor diagnostic regimes. Sensory symptoms of PPD are understudied, particularly with regard to the sense of olfaction. The present study addresses this research gap by assessing differences in olfactory abilities between 39 depressed mothers, who were within the perinatal period (i.e., during pregnancy and up to 1-year post pregnancy) and assessed with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and their case-matched healthy volunteers. The assessments include two olfactory testing sessions conducted 4-weeks apart, each comprising a standard odour detection threshold test (i.e., Snap & Sniff Olfactory Test System), and intensity and valence ratings for 3 “pleasant” and 3 “unpleasant” odorants. The results revealed no difference between patients (M = 5.6; SE = 0.3) and control group (M = 5.7; SE = 0.4) in terms of olfactory detection threshold. However, the patients group perceived the 3 “unpleasant” odours as significantly less pleasant (p < 0.05), and 2 odorants (1 “pleasant” and 1 “unpleasant”) as less intense. Additionally, these results did not appear to be significantly interacted with the individual’s perinatal stage. The present study is the first to evaluate associations between olfactory function and PPD. Findings from the study suggest that, while PPD has little effect on the early stages of olfactory processing, these conditions may have stronger influence on higher-order olfactory perception, including both hedonic and intensity perception. These novel findings add knowledge to sensory symptoms of PPD.

scholarly journals Perinatal Predictors of Postpartum Depression: Results of a Retrospective Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2952
Author(s):  
Jolanta Banasiewicz ◽  
Kornelia Zaręba ◽  
Małgorzata Bińkowska ◽  
Hanna Rozenek ◽  
Stanisław Wójtowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Baby Blues ◽  
Retrospective Comparative Study

Postpartum mood disorders occur in a considerable number of women with the most common postpartum disorder being baby blues. The study aimed at the identification of the risk factors present before delivery, which may be comprised in prophylactic programs concerning postpartum mood disorders. The research material includes data retrieved from the medical record of patients delivering in Warsaw in the years 2010–2017 who routinely completed Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) after delivery. Data of 604 patients were analyzed. The study group included 75 women who obtained at least 12 points in EPDS, which constituted 12.4% of the whole group (mean = 14.92, SD = 3.05). The control group was made up of 75 women who obtained no more than 5 points in EPDS. A significant correlation was reported between the parity and their order vs. the risk of developing postpartum mood disorders. Women with an increased risk delivered at about 37 gestational weeks, while women in whom the risk of such disorders was low delivered at about 39 gestational weeks. No increased risk was noted in women with premature rupture of membranes. Primigravidas and women who delivered prematurely were the most predisposed to developing postpartum depression and should undergo screening tests in the perinatal period.

scholarly journals The Association Between Postpartum Depression and Pica During Pregnancy

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Ezzeddin ◽  
Roza Zavoshy ◽  
Mostafa Noroozi ◽  
Mohammad Ebrahim Sarichloo ◽  
Hassan Jahanihashemi
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Health Care Centers ◽  
Similar Risk ◽  
Control Study

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION &amp; OBJECTIVES:</strong> Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common disorder and social debilitating that has adverse effects on the mother, child and family. Pica is an eating disorder characterized by persistent ingestion of substances that the consumer does not define as food. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of postpartum depression with pica during pregnancy.<strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>METHOD: </strong>This is case-control study was carried out in health centers in west Tehran. 152 depressed women (case group) and 148 non-depressed women (control group) were selected randomly from these health care centers. In addition to collecting demographic and pica data, the Edinburgh Depression Scale was used.<strong> </strong>The data was analyzed by both descriptive and analytic analyses such as chi-squared<strong> </strong>and logistic regression in SPSS version 16.</p> <p><strong>RESULT:</strong> In this study, there wasn’t a significant association between PPD and pica during pregnancy (P=0.153, OR=2.043, CI=0.767, 5.438), but, postpartum depression has a significant association with type (clay) (P= 0.024) and duration (more than 2 months) (P= 0.023) of pica practice.</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>In the present study, pregnancy pica was not important risk factor for PPD but there were similar risk factors such as iron supplementation during and postpartum pregnancy with pica and PPD.<strong></strong></p>

Effectiveness of Acupuncture in Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Li ◽  
Weiqiang Zhong ◽  
Wen Peng ◽  
Gaofeng Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Cochrane Collaboration ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Effective Rate ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Control Group

Objective To assess the clinical effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of postpartum depression (PPD). Methods The following electronic databases were systematically searched: PubMed, Cochrane Library, SCI, Elsevier SDOL, China National Knowledge, Wan Fang database and Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of acupuncture for PPD were considered. Primary outcomes were the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) or the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores and effective rate. Our secondary outcome was the level of oestradiol. The quality of all included trials was evaluated according to the Cochrane Collaboration. This protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42016048528). Results Nine trials involving 653 women were selected. The result of this meta-analysis demonstrated that the acupuncture group had a significantly greater overall effective rate compared with the control group (seven trials, n=576, I2=24%; relative risk (RR) 1.15, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.24; P<0.001). Moreover, acupuncture significantly increased oestradiol levels compared with the control group (mean difference (MD) 36.92, 95% CI 23.14 to 50.71, P<0.001). Regarding the HAMD and EPDS scores, no difference was found between the two groups (five trials, n=276, I2=82%; MD−1.38, 95% CI −3.40 to 0.64; P=0.18; two trials, n=60, I2=16%; MD 1.08, 95% CI −1.09 to 3.26; P=0.33). Conclusions Acupuncture appears to be effective for postpartum depression with respect to certain outcomes. However, the evidence thus far is inconclusive. Further high-quality RCTs following standardised guidelines with a low risk of bias are needed to confirm the effectiveness of acupuncture for postpartum depression.

scholarly journals Olfactory Loss after Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty: A Report of Two Cases with Review of the Literature

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Rong-San Jiang ◽  
Yi-Hao Chang
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Zinc Salt ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) has been a popular surgical method for treating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome since it was introduced in the early 1980s. Olfactory loss has been reported as a rare side effect in several cases. However, the olfactory test results and the prognosis were not mentioned in these cases. We present two patients who complained of loss of olfactory function after UPPP. Their olfactory function was evaluated by the phenyl ethyl alcohol odor detection threshold test and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. After treatment with steroid and zinc salt, their olfactory function was improved but not recovered completely.

Group Treatment for Postpartum Depression: A Pilot Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 852-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Meager ◽  
Jeannette Milgrom
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Treatment Program ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Post Natal Depression

Objective: There are few reports on the efficacy of treatment programs for women with postpartum depression, despite the long-term nature of this disorder. This study describes a pilot evaluation of a treatment program with educational, social support and cognitive-behavioural components. Method: Ten women with persistent depression originating in the postpartum period were offered a 10-week group treatment program and compared to a wait-list control group. Results: Following treatment, a significant improvement in depression was demonstrated on the Edinburgh Post-Natal Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Profile of Mood States. Several common factors in women suffering from postpartum depression were also identified, as were drop-out characteristics. Conclusion: These results are encouraging and suggest that a cognitive-behavioural group program might be effective as a treatment for depression in the postpartum period. However, further detailed studies are required to confirm this pilot study.

Clinical validation of the olfactory detection threshold module of the Snap & Sniff® olfactory test system

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 986-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Doty ◽  
Crystal Wylie ◽  
Mark Potter ◽  
Rachel Beston ◽  
Brooke Cope ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Test System ◽  
Clinical Validation ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Olfactory Detection

scholarly journals Effects of a psychological nursing intervention on prevention of anxiety and depression in the postpartum period: a randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongling Liu ◽  
Yang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Behavior Intervention ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Primiparous Women

Abstract Background Anxiety and postpartum depression are the most common psychological problems in women after delivery. Cognitive behavior intervention has been reported to have an effect in the therapy of postpartum depression. This research aimed to investigate whether cognitive behavior intervention could prevent the pathogenesis of postpartum depression in primiparous women. Methods In this randomized controlled trial, primiparous women who were prone to postpartum depression were recruited. Participates in the control group received routine postpartum care and those in the intervention group received both routine postpartum care and cognitive behavior intervention. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were evaluated before and after the intervention. Results In the intervention group, the post-intervention scores of HAMA, HAMD, EPDS and PSQI were all significantly lower than the baseline scores (p = 0.034, p = 0.038, p = 0.004, p = 0.014, respectively). The proportion of participants with postpartum depression in the intervention group (11.5%) was significantly lower than the control group (24.3%) after the 6-week intervention. Participants in the intervention group were significantly more satisfied with the care than those in the control group (p = 0.032). Conclusion This research provided evidence that cognitive behavioral intervention in postpartum period could alleviate anxiety and depression in primiparous women, and inhibit the pathogenesis of postpartum depression. Trial registry This clinical trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2000040076).

scholarly journals The effect of ketamine on preventing postpartum depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Mina Alipoor ◽  
◽  
Marzeyeh Loripoor ◽  
Majid Kazemi ◽  
Farshid Farahbakhsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Caesarian Section ◽  
Depression Score ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Double Blind

Postpartum depression is a common disabling psychosocial disorder that could have adverse effects on the life of the mother, infant, and family. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ketamine on preventing postpartum depression in women undergoing caesarian sections considering the relatively known positive effect of ketamine on major depression. The present double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 134 women undergoing scheduled caesarian sections. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups of control and intervention. To induce anesthesia, 1–2 mg/kg of body weight of Nesdonal and 0.5 mg/kg of body weight of ketamine were used in the intervention group, while only 3–5 mg/kg of body weight Nesdonal was administered in the control group. Data were gathered using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in three stages: before the caesarian section and two and four weeks after the caesarian section. Data were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measures and the Chi-square test. Results of the present study showed that the mean (± standard deviation) of the depression score in the intervention and control groups were 13.78±3.87 and 13.79±4.78(p = 0.98) before the caesarian section, 11.82±3.41 and 14.34±4.29 (p < 0.001) two weeks after and 10.84±3.48 and 13.09±3.79 (p = 0.001) four weeks after the caesarian section, respectively. Using ketamine in the induction of general anesthesia could be effective in preventing postpartum depression. However, further studies are required to strengthen these findings.

scholarly journals Labor Analgesia reduces the risk of postpartum depression: A cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 396-406
Author(s):  
Li Ren ◽  
Qibin Chen ◽  
Su Min ◽  
Fangliang Peng ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Labor Analgesia ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Postpartum depression (PPD) is a frequent mental disorder after delivery. In China, most parturients give birth with the assistance of labor analgesia (LA) or by cesarean section (CS); however, it is still unclear whether these two approaches reveal different effects on PPD. Methods One hundred and ninety-eight patients with single pregnancy at full term were allocated to receive either group LA or group CS. Maternal and neonatal variables in the perinatal period were recorded. Multivariate logistical regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the associated factors of PPD. Results The incidence of PPD in group LA was lower than in group CS. Besides, eight factors were found to be potential predictors of PPD. Multivariate logistic model showed that LA was a protective factor against PPD. However, high family income and Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) scores at 3 days postpartum were associated with an increased risk of PPD. Conclusion LA could reduce the incidence of PPD in women with single pregnancy at full term. Family income and EPDS scores in the early postpartum period were also related with PPD. Large sample size studies are needed to verify the impact of LA on the psychological states of postpartum women.

scholarly journals Preeclampsia and Its Complications Exacerbate Development of Postpartum Depression: A Retrospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ying Ye ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Jiani Xu ◽  
Qinjin Dai ◽  
Xin Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hypertensive Diseases ◽  
Postpartum Pain

Background. Hypertensive disorders were proved to be associated with the development of depression. But it is unclear if pregnancy-induced hypertensive diseases, especially preeclampsia (PE), will affect postpartum moods. We aimed to determine the incidence rate of postpartum depression (PPD) in PE patients and comprehensively evaluate the association between PPD and PE, including its severity and complications. Methods. 425 participants including 130 PE mothers were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Each woman was asked to complete a questionnaire integrating the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Leakage Index Questionnaire, and a pain scale questionnaire within 6 weeks after delivery. The EPDS cut-off score above 13 was recognized as screening positive for PPD. Data between groups were compared by bivariate analysis. Results. PE mothers showed a direct tendency to PPD development. The positive screening for PPD in the PE group was significantly higher than that of the control group (30.77% vs. 14.58%). Based on the results of the regression model, women diagnosed with severe PE and fetal growth restriction were more inclined to develop PPD than normal ones (AOR: 2.759, 95% CI: 1.206-6.315 and AOR: 3.450, 95% CI: 1.596-7.458). It is also indicated that postpartum pain exacerbated the odds of PPD in PE patients (AOR: 1.509, 95% CI: 1.078-2.114). Conclusions. PE was an independent risk factor for PPD. Its severity and complications exacerbate the development of PPD. Doctors and society should pay more attention to PE patients after delivery against the development of PPD.

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