scholarly journals Single-atom catalytic growth of crystals using graphene as a case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqin Yang ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Huy Q. Ta ◽  
Ehsan Rezvani ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Single Atom ◽  
Monolayer Graphene ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Catalytic Growth ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Catalytic Etching

AbstractAnchored Single-atom catalysts have emerged as a cutting-edge research field holding tremendous appeal for applications in the fields of chemicals, energy and the environment. However, single-atom-catalysts for crystal growth is a nascent field. Of the few studies available, all of them are based on state-of-the-art in situ microscopy investigations and computational studies, and they all look at the growth of monolayer graphene from a single-atom catalyst. Despite the limited number of studies, they do, collectively, represent a new sub-field of single-atom catalysis, namely single-atom catalytic growth of crystalline solids. In this review, we examine them on substrate-supported and as freestanding graphene fabrication, as well as rolled-up graphene, viz., single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), grown from a single atom. We also briefly discuss the catalytic etching of graphene and SWCNT’s and conclude by outlining the future directions we envision this nascent field to take.

scholarly journals Modern Scientific Visualizations on the Web

Informatics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Loraine Franke ◽  
Daniel Haehn
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Visualization ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Current State ◽  
Visualization Systems ◽  
The Web

Modern scientific visualization is web-based and uses emerging technology such as WebGL (Web Graphics Library) and WebGPU for three-dimensional computer graphics and WebXR for augmented and virtual reality devices. These technologies, paired with the accessibility of websites, potentially offer a user experience beyond traditional standalone visualization systems. We review the state-of-the-art of web-based scientific visualization and present an overview of existing methods categorized by application domain. As part of this analysis, we introduce the Scientific Visualization Future Readiness Score (SciVis FRS) to rank visualizations for a technology-driven disruptive tomorrow. We then summarize challenges, current state of the publication trend, future directions, and opportunities for this exciting research field.

In Situ Assessment of Structural Timber: State-of-the-Art, Challenges and Future Directions

2010 ◽  
Vol 133-134 ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohumil Kasal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Historic Structures ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
Health Deterioration

Timber is one of the oldest structural materials and has been traditionally used in all parts of the world. Pressures on environmental sustainability lead to revitalization of timber as a modern, highly environmentally friendly and sustainable material. This new interest also sparks the attention of the research and engineering community in the structural applications involving timber. A number of techniques can be used to evaluate health, deterioration and extent of potential damage of historic structures and their components. Because timber is a natural, biodegradable, hygroscopic, and inhomogeneous material, its interaction with the environment presents challenges not normally encountered in materials typically studied by engineers. In addition, high variability of properties even within individual species makes it difficult to make inferences on properties of the investigated systems or even individual components. This requires a multidisciplinary approach and broad knowledge of disciplines spanning from biology and plant anatomy to mechanical properties and statistics. This paper will discuss some of the methods that can be deployed to evaluate historic timber and their drawbacks and limitations. Future directions and needs will be addressed in the last part of the presentation.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Convolutional Neural Network: a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Lucas Pereira ◽  
Manoela Kohler ◽  
Marco Aurélio C. Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Search Problem ◽  
Original Network ◽  
Selection Of

Most of the state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures are manually crafted by experts, usually with background knowledge from extent working experience in this research field. Therefore, this manner of designing CNNs is highly limited and many approaches have been developed to try to make this procedure more automatic. This paper presents a case study in tackling the architecture search problem by using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize an existing CNN Architecture. The proposed methodology uses VGG-16 convolutional blocks as its building blocks and each individual from the GA corresponds to a possible model built from these blocks with varying filter sizes, keeping fixed the original network architecture connections. The selection of the fittest individuals are done according to their weighted F1-Score when training from scratch on the available data. To evaluate the best individual found from the proposed methodology, the performance is compared to a VGG-16 model trained from scratch on the same data.

scholarly journals Systematic Studies of the High Output Thermoelectric Power Generation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
A. J. Jin ◽  
D. Liu ◽  
Q. Li ◽  
X. Liang ◽  
Z. Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermoelectric Power ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Thermoelectric Efficiency ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
High Output

Authors have methodically investigated the alternative energy technologies based upon thermoelectricity generation. Firstly, its power is systematically investigated under various work conditions in thermoelectric applications. In addition, they have modeled, designed, and constructed the thermoelectric power system. Moreover, they have invented a state-of-the-art table-top instrument that may evaluate several critical thermoelectric characters in situ. Several aspects of the thermoelectric features are characterized in situ that include the efficiency, force response curve, current-voltage (i.e., I-V) curve, power-voltage (P-V) curve, and the power versus temperature (P-T) responses. Furthermore, they have successfully built a high-power heat harvester and have applied to the automotive case study in details. Finally, they have obtained the multi-stack thermoelectric devices that have improved characters; e.g., both the power output and the thermoelectric efficiency have improved in comparison to the devices commercially available. The investigation leads to 19+% efficiency in triple stack devices and 10+% in dual-stack.

scholarly journals Ransomware Detection, Avoidance, and Mitigation Scheme: A Review and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Adhirath Kapoor ◽  
Ankur Gupta ◽  
Rajesh Gupta ◽  
Sudeep Tanwar ◽  
Gulshan Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
User Data

Ransomware attacks have emerged as a major cyber-security threat wherein user data is encrypted upon system infection. Latest Ransomware strands using advanced obfuscation techniques along with offline C2 Server capabilities are hitting Individual users and big corporations alike. This problem has caused business disruption and, of course, financial loss. Since there is no such consolidated framework that can classify, detect and mitigate Ransomware attacks in one go, we are motivated to present Detection Avoidance Mitigation (DAM), a theoretical framework to review and classify techniques, tools, and strategies to detect, avoid and mitigate Ransomware. We have thoroughly investigated different scenarios and compared already existing state of the art review research against ours. The case study of the infamous Djvu Ransomware is incorporated to illustrate the modus-operandi of the latest Ransomware strands, including some suggestions to contain its spread.

scholarly journals A Survey on the Explainability of Supervised Machine Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 245-317
Author(s):  
Nadia Burkart ◽  
Marco F. Huber
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Survey Paper ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
Highly Sensitive

Predictions obtained by, e.g., artificial neural networks have a high accuracy but humans often perceive the models as black boxes. Insights about the decision making are mostly opaque for humans. Particularly understanding the decision making in highly sensitive areas such as healthcare or finance, is of paramount importance. The decision-making behind the black boxes requires it to be more transparent, accountable, and understandable for humans. This survey paper provides essential definitions, an overview of the different principles and methodologies of explainable Supervised Machine Learning (SML). We conduct a state-of-the-art survey that reviews past and recent explainable SML approaches and classifies them according to the introduced definitions. Finally, we illustrate principles by means of an explanatory case study and discuss important future directions.

scholarly journals Holistic corpus-based dialectology

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Szmrecsanyi ◽  
Christoph Wolk
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Joint Frequency ◽  
Visualization Techniques

This paper is concerned with sketching future directions for corpus-based dialectology. We advocate a holistic approach to the study of geographically conditioned linguistic variability, and we present a suitable methodology, 'corpusbased dialectometry', in exactly this spirit. Specifically, we argue that in order to live up to the potential of the corpus-based method, practitioners need to (i) abandon their exclusive focus on individual linguistic features in favor of the study of feature aggregates, (ii) draw on computationally advanced multivariate analysis techniques (such as multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis), and (iii) aid interpretation of empirical results by marshalling state-of-the-art data visualization techniques. To exemplify this line of analysis, we present a case study which explores joint frequency variability of 57 morphosyntax features in 34 dialects all over Great Britain.

Effects of Psychotherapy on Brain Activation Patterns in Anxiety Disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Straube
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Neuronal Plasticity ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
New Learning ◽  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
Sample Characteristics

Abstract. Psychotherapy is an effective treatment for most mental disorders, including anxiety disorders. Successful psychotherapy implies new learning experiences and therefore neural alterations. With the increasing availability of functional neuroimaging methods, it has become possible to investigate psychotherapeutically induced neuronal plasticity across the whole brain in controlled studies. However, the detectable effects strongly depend on neuroscientific methods, experimental paradigms, analytical strategies, and sample characteristics. This article summarizes the state of the art, discusses current theoretical and methodological issues, and suggests future directions of the research on the neurobiology of psychotherapy in anxiety disorders.

SenCity – Evaluating Users’ Experiences of Intelligent Lighting for Well-Being in Smart Cities

2018 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Henrika Pihlajaniemi ◽  
Anna Luusua ◽  
Eveliina Juntunen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
System Data

This paper presents the evaluation of usersХ experiences in three intelligent lighting pilots in Finland. Two of the case studies are related to the use of intelligent lighting in different kinds of traffic areas, having emphasis on aspects of visibility, traffic and movement safety, and sense of security. The last case study presents a more complex view to the experience of intelligent lighting in smart city contexts. The evaluation methods, tailored to each pilot context, include questionnaires, an urban dashboard, in-situ interviews and observations, evaluation probes, and system data analyses. The applicability of the selected and tested methods is discussed reflecting the process and achieved results.

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