Chapter 2. Adverse Effects of Pharmaceutical Products in the Marine Environment: The Use of Non-target Species to Evaluate Water and Sediment Matrices

2017 ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
L. A. Maranho ◽  
G. V. Aguirre-Martínez ◽  
M. L. Martín-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Water And Sediment

scholarly journals Evaluation of the quality and appropriateness of medical prescriptions in the hospital discharge report

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Maria Encarnacion Tamayo Rodríguez ◽  
Francisco Miguel González Valverde ◽  
Manuel Madrigal de Torres ◽  
Pedro Pérez Fernández ◽  
Eduardo Osuna Carrillo de Albornoz
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Hospital Discharge ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Standard Terms ◽  
Mean Cost

Objectives: The aim of this research has been to evaluate: (a) the frequency of the use of non-standard terms in medical prescriptions; (b) the proportion of “new drugs of irrelevant therapeutic value” or medication of low therapeutic utility (LTU); and (c) the use of Generic Pharmaceutical Specialties (GPS). Materials and methods: Descriptive transversal observational study with analytical components over the hospital discharge reports issued in a year. The main variables of the results were: a) the proportion of prescriptions with abbreviations, symbols or expressions of non-recommended doses in the discharge report, b) the frequency of prescriptions of pharmaceutical specialties without the relevant contribution (NRPS), c) the proportion of LTU medication in the hospital discharge reports, d) the frequency of GPS or, if they are not available, the Common International Denomination (CID) of the active ingredient in the discharge reports, and e) the mean cost per prescribed medication in the hospital discharge report. Results: A total of 854 discharge reports have been studied containing 4,055 medical prescriptions. A considerable number (38.8%) of the medical prescriptions in the discharge report have used abbreviations and non-recommended symbols for dose expression. The prescription of new drugs of irrelevant therapeutic value reached 2.8% while the prescription of pharmaceutical products of LTU was 2.1%. Only 13.8% of the prescriptions were carried out as an active ingredient. The mean cost per prescription was 17.3 euros (SD = 31.34). Conclusions: Appropriateness in the prescription of medication at hospital discharge is considered to be not satisfactory and our results are consistent with other previously published reports. However, there are frequent errors in the prescription of medication and given the demonstrated relationship between errors and possible adverse effects, it is necessary to introduce programs to raise awareness about the importance of the introduction of safe practices in the medical prescriptions of the hospital discharge report.

"Inactive" Ingredients in Pharmaceutical Products

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Benzyl Alcohol ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Product Label ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Inactive Ingredients

Pharmaceuticals often contain agents that have a variety of purposes including improvement of the appearance, bioavailability, stability, and palatability of the product. Excipients frequently make up the majority of the mass or volume of oral and parenteral drug products. These pharmaceutical adjuvants are usually considered to be inert and do not add to or affect the intended action of the therapeutically active ingredient. Some 773 chemical agents have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use as inactive ingredients in drug products.1 Inasmuch as these compounds are classified as "inactive," manufacturers are not presently required to list them on the product label. These ingredients are used for a variety of different purposes (Table 1). Because of the large number of these agents and their frequency of use, practicing physicians have recently become concerned about their possible physiologic effects. The increasing number of reports of adverse effects associated with pharmaceutical excipients2 has led to professional and consumer organizations formally requesting the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) to require complete disclosure on the product label of all substances contained in pharmaceuticals. Problems encountered with "inactive" ingredients, include the following. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENTS Benzyl Alcohol This antimicrobial agent is commonly used as a preservative in many injectable drugs and solutions. A number of neonatal deaths and severe respiratory and metabolic complications in infants have been associated with use of this agent.3-5 In a controlled study, intraventricular hemorrhage, metabolic acidosis, and increased mortality were positively correlated with substantial benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol levels in neonates.6

A review of strategies to monitor water and sediment quality for a sustainability assessment of marine environment

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 813-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Belin Tavakoly Sany ◽  
Rosli Hashim ◽  
Majid Rezayi ◽  
Aishah Salleh ◽  
Omid Safari
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Water And Sediment Quality

scholarly journals Risk of error estimated from Palestine pharmacists’ knowledge and certainty on the adverse effects and contraindications of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramzi Shawahna ◽  
Mohammed Al-Rjoub ◽  
Mohammed M Al-Horoub ◽  
Wasif Al-Hroub ◽  
Bisan Al-Rjoub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate community pharmacists’ knowledge and certainty of adverse effects and contraindications of pharmaceutical products to estimate the risk of error. Factors influencing their knowledge and certainty were also investigated. Methods: The knowledge of community pharmacists was assessed in a cross-sectional design using a multiple-choice questions test on the adverse effects and contraindications of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients from May 2014 to March 2015. Self-rated certainty scores were also recorded for each question. Knowledge and certainty scores were combined to estimate the risk of error. Results: Out of 315 subjects, 129 community pharmacists (41.0%) completed the 30 multiple-choice questions test on active ingredients and excipients. Knowledge on active ingredients was associated with the year of graduation and obtaining a licence to practice pharmacy. Knowledge on excipients was associated with the degree obtained. There was higher risk of error in items on excipients than those on ingredients (P< 0.01). Conclusion: The knowledge of community pharmacists in Palestine was insufficient with high risk of errors. Knowledge of community pharmacists on the safety issues of active ingredients and excipients need to be improved.

scholarly journals Plant-Derived Essential Oils; Their Larvicidal Properties and Potential Application for Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Osanloo ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat ◽  
Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi ◽  
Amir Amani
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Tagetes Minuta ◽  
Callitris Glaucophylla ◽  
Scientific Name ◽  
Cananga Odorata

Mosquito-borne diseases are currently considered as important threats to human health in subtropical and tropical regions. Resistance to synthetic larvicides in different species of mosquitoes, as well as environmental pollution, are the most common adverse effects of excessive use of such agents. Plant-derived essential oils (EOs) with various chemical entities have a lower chance of developing resistance. So far, no proper classification based on lethal concentration at 50% (LC50) has been made for the larvicidal activity of EOs against different species of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes. To better understand the problem, a summary of the most common mosquito-borne diseases have been made. Related articles were gathered, and required information such as scientific name, used part(s) of plant, target species and LC50 values were extracted. 411 LC50 values were found about the larvicidal activity of EOs against different species of mosquitoes. Depending on the obtained results in each species, LC50 values were summarized as follows: 24 EOs with LC50 < 10 µg/mL, 149 EOs with LC50 in range of 10- 50 µg/mL, 143 EOs having LC50 within 50- 100 µg/mL and 95 EOs showing LC50 > 100 µg/mL. EOs of Callitris glaucophylla and Piper betle against Ae. aegypti, Tagetes minuta against An. gambiae, and Cananga odorata against Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. dirus having LC50 of ~ 1 µg/mL were potentially comparable to synthetic larvicides. It appears that these plants could be considered as candidates for botanical larvicides. [GMJ.2019;8:e1532]

scholarly journals Herbicides in surface water bodies - behaviour, effects on aquatic organisms and risk assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Marija Stevanovic ◽  
Slavica Gasic
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Surface Water Bodies

Pesticides play a very important role in reducing losses and maintaining quality in crop production. Although positive effects of pesticide use are undeniable, adverse effects are frequent. This has led to a comprehensive reevaluation of the benefits of pesticide use and potential adverse effects on human health and the environment before placing them on the market. The fact that pesticides are designed to be toxic and are deliberately introduced into the environment, makes them a very important and strictly regulated group of pollutants. The most commonly used group of pesticides are herbicides, and their detection in surface water bodies has been repeatedly reported. In spite of being designed to be toxic to target species, adverse effects on other inhabitants of aquatic environments have also been observed. In order to prevent negative environmental effects, the registration process for active substances and plant protection products involves predictive environmental risk assessments (ERA). Reliable assessment of long-term effects on non-target species, natural populations and ecosystems is a priority and ERA process is constantly being improved.

scholarly journals Marine conservation in the republic of South Africa with special reference to marine parks and reserves

Koedoe ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
The Republic

Conservation in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) is dominated by big game and terrestrial reserves. Protecting these, have been in existence for many years. Recently Man has turned his attention more and more to the sea and due to adverse effects of pollution, overexploitation and habitat destruction the marine environment is threatened. However, conservationists have learnt lessons about both terrestrial and marine ecosystem-destruction and are now demanding with increasing persistence the establishment of marine parks and reserves.

scholarly journals A Review on the Use of Essential Oil-Based Nanoformulations in Control of Mosquitoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 12516-12529
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Repellent Effect ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Stagnant Water ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lipid Nanocarriers

It is estimated that one million deaths per year are caused by mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. While preventing such diseases is possible and, of course, more manageable than attended to treat patients. Prevention of these diseases is based on improving the environment (e.g., decreased stagnant water) and controlling mosquitoes in immature and adult forms. Resistances among mosquitoes, environmental pollution, and adverse effects on non-target species, such as humans, are some of the major disadvantages of using chemical insecticides. Essential oils (EO)s with a wide range of activities on mosquitoes, including ovicide effect, larvicide effect, pupicide effect, adulticide effects, and repellent effect, are proper alternatives for synthetic ones. However, their practical usage is questioned due to their volatility and lower efficiency than synthetic samples. In recent years, researchers have attended to overcome these challenges by formulating EOs into nanoformulations. In this study, existing reports on exploiting EO-based nanoformulations in mosquito control have been categorized as larvicides, repellents, and adulticides. Moreover, by discussing the reported results, the appropriate nanoformulations for each purpose have been suggested; polymeric nanoparticles are more suitable for larvicides, lipid nanocarriers are more suitable for repellents nanoemulsions are more suitable for adulticide.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document