Application of a novel small scale UV LED photochemical batch reactor for the thiol-yne reaction

Reduction of food rations and shortages is one of the impacts of the increasing human population. Food sector industries then try to cope with the fast growing number of customers. Agribusiness sector gains its popularity in these recent years, including pig farm. The increase trend of animal farming industry is likely to bring increasing pollution problem unless effective treatment methods are used. The main problems related to the pig farm include odor nuisance and pig manure disposal. The existing land application of piggery wastewater is the traditional way to discharge the wastewater. This may yield in land and water contamination, due to the accumulation of unused nutrients by crop plant. A case study of a large commercial pig farm from Australia is proposed to apply in smaller scale in Indonesia. Operational strategies for the small-scale SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) treating piggery effluent were developed based on lab-scale experiments. Due to SBR characteristics, which are money-saving and space-saving, it is very suitable to be applied in urban area. An economic evaluation was made of various process options. The cost estimation showed that SBR is a cost effective process, allowing operational batches to be adjusted to reduce unnecessary aeration cost. A reduction in the aeration cost was achieved by shortening the batch time from 24-h to 8-h. A comparison of three different SBR options showed that smaller size reactors could be more flexible and cost effective when compared with the larger ones.

Download Full-text

Advanced Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Sequencing Batch Reactor Activated Sludge Process

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1993.0243 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (10) ◽

pp. 267-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Imura ◽

E. Suzuki ◽

T. Kitao ◽

S. Iwai

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Small Scale ◽

Experimental Plant ◽

Activated Sludge Process ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Experimental Apparatus

In order to apply a sequencing batch reactor activated sludge process to small scale treatment facilities, various experiments were conducted by manufacturing an experimental apparatus made of a factory-produced FRP cylinder transverse tank (Ø 2,500mm). Results of the verification test conducted for one year by leading the wastewater discharged from apartment houses into the experimental apparatus were as follows. Excellent performance was achieved without any addition of carbon source, irrespective of the organic compound concentration and the temperature of raw wastewater. Organic substances, nitrogen and phosphorus were removed simultaneously. Due to the automated operation format, stable performance was obtained with only periodic maintenance. Though water depth of the experimental plant was shallow, effective sedimentation of activated sludge was continued during the experimental period. Regarding the aerobic and anaerobic process, nitrification and denitrification occurred smoothly.

Download Full-text

Dynamic control of a continuous-inflow SBR with time-varying influent loading

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2001.0125 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 107-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R.-F. Yu ◽

S.-L. Liaw ◽

B.-C. Cho ◽

S.-J. Yang

Keyword(s):

Ph Monitoring ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Dynamic Control ◽

Fixed Time ◽

Treatment Costs ◽

Small Scale ◽

Time Varying ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Substrate Removal ◽

Sequential Control

The conventional sequential control of Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is designed with fixed time periods for various operation phases. However, both of the flow rates and qualities of influent vary over time, therefore, a big capacity of wastewater equalization unit is required to cope with influent variability. Such an equalization unit increases the total treatment costs of the system, especially in a small-scale wastewater treatment system. Moreover, in using a SBR treating a time-varying influent loading with conventional sequential control, the system performance cannot be optimized. This paper presents the application of on-line ORP and pH monitoring to dynamically control a continuous-inflow SBR with time-varying loading of influent flow rates and water qualities. Experiential results show that the dynamic controlled SBR revealed not only achieved better substrate removal efficiencies, but also reduced treatment costs.

Download Full-text

Process Intensification of Photocatalytic p-Anisaldehyde Synthesis by Using Mini Batch Reactor and UV-LED

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN ◽

10.1252/jcej.15we042 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 130-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dalia Heggo ◽

Haitham Mohamed ◽

Shinichi Ookawara ◽

Yoshihisa Matsushita

Keyword(s):

Batch Reactor ◽

Process Intensification ◽

Uv Led

Download Full-text

Cold Climate Sequencing Batch Reactor Biological Phosphorus Removal – Results 1991-92

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1993.0244 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (10) ◽

pp. 275-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. Marklund

Keyword(s):

Cycle Time ◽

Phosphorus Removal ◽

Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Cold Climate ◽

Small Scale ◽

Aeration Tank ◽

Biological Phosphorus Removal ◽

Biological Phosphorus

The aeration tank in a small scale wastewater treatment plant was converted to a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with a maximum volume of approx. 27 m3. The main purpose of this study was to examine low temperature biological phosphorus removal (BPR). The wastewater temperature varied during the study between 3 and 8°C, with a water temperature at or below 5°C during 7 months of the year. The SBR unit has been in operation from the end of 1989, the study period discussed here covered July 1991 - December 1992. SBR cycle time was varied between 6 and 12 hours, giving a total daily treatment capacity of between 18 and 36 m3. The influent biological oxygen demand - 7 days (BOD7) levels varied between 88 and 165 mg/l. Corresponding phosphorus levels were between 3.10 and 9.55 mg/l The mean effluent level of phosphorus was 1.57 mg/l and the BOD7 value was 23 mg/l. This gives a mean total phosphorus reduction of 74% and a BOD7 reduction of 81 %. During the study, mean supernatant suspended solids (SS) levels were quite high, at around 36 mg/l. This high SS level contributed a major part of both outlet phosphorus as well as BOD7 value. Effluent soluble values for phosphorus and BOD7 were 0.79 mg/l and 9 mg/l. The supernatant SS component of BOD7 and phosphorus increased at lower temperatures. It was not possible to reduce or balance this increase by increased cycle time or increased settling time within the maximum cycle time available (12 hours). Stable low supernatant phosphorus and BOD7 levels are thus to a large degree controlled by the effluent SS level. A maximum of 20 mg/l supernatant SS is necessary to reach target supernatant values of less than 1 mg/l of phosphorus and 15 mg/l of BOD7.

Download Full-text

Bio-based polyfunctional reactive diluent derived from tung oil by thiol-ene click reaction for high bio-content UV-LED curable coatings

Industrial Crops and Products ◽

10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113117 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 113117

Author(s):

Zhuangzhuang Chu ◽

Yechang Feng ◽

Bingqing Xie ◽

Yu Yang ◽

Yang Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Click Reaction ◽

Reactive Diluent ◽

Tung Oil ◽

Uv Led

Download Full-text

Small-Scale Biodiesel Production Plants—An Overview

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14071901 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 1901

Author(s):

Maria Gabriela De Paola ◽

Ivan Mazza ◽

Rosy Paletta ◽

Catia Giovanna Lopresto ◽

Vincenza Calabrò

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Small Scale ◽

Scale Production ◽

Small Communities ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Cooking Oils ◽

Renewable Energy Storage

Small-scale plants that produce biodiesel have many social, economic and environmental advantages. Indeed, small plants significantly contribute to renewable energy production and rural development. Communities can use/reuse local raw materials and manage independently processes to obtain biofuels by essential, simple, flexible and cheap tools for self-supply. The review and understanding of recent plants of small biodiesel production is essential to identify limitations and critical units for improvement of the current process. Biodiesel production consists of four main stages, that are pre-treatment of oils, reaction, separation of products and biodiesel purification. Among lots of possibilities, waste cooking oils were chosen as cheap and green sources to produce biodiesel by base-catalyzed transesterification in a batch reactor. In this paper an overview on small-scale production plants is presented with the aim to put in evidence process, materials, control systems, energy consumption and economic parameters useful for the project and design of such scale of plants. Final considerations related to the use of biodiesel such as renewable energy storage (RES) in small communities are discussed too.

Download Full-text

Beyond signal quality: The value of unmaintained pH, dissolved oxygen, and oxidation-reduction potential sensors for remote performance monitoring of on-site sequencing batch reactors

10.31224/osf.io/ndm7f ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mariane Yvonne Schneider ◽

Juan Pablo Carbajal ◽

Viviane Furrer ◽

Bettina Sterkele ◽

Max Maurer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dissolved Oxygen ◽

Reduction Potential ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Soft Sensor ◽

Small Scale ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

Soft Sensors ◽

Oxidation Reduction ◽

Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽

Using Data

Sensor maintenance is time-consuming and is a bottleneck for monitoring on-site wastewater treatment systems. Hence, we compare maintained and unmaintained pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) sensors to monitor the biological performance of a small-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR). We created soft sensors using engineered features: ammonium valley for pH, oxidation ramp for DO, and nitrite ramp for the ORP. We found that the pH soft sensors are able to reliably identify the completion of ammonium oxidation in the SBR’s effluent even without sensor maintenance for over a year. In contrast, the DO soft sensor using data from a maintained sensor showed slightly better detection performance than that using data from unmaintained sensors, as the DO soft sensor using maintained data is much less sensitive to the optimisation of cut-off frequency and slope tolerance than the soft sensor using unmaintained data. The nitrite ramp provided no useful information on the state of nitrite oxidation, so no comparison of maintained and unmaintained ORP sensors was possible in this case. We identified two hurdles when designing soft sensors for unmaintained sensors: i) Sensors’ type- and design-specific deterioration affects performance. ii) Feature engineering for soft sensors is sensor type specific, and the outcome is strongly influenced by operational parameters such as the aeration rate. In summary, we provide soft sensors that allow the performance of unstaffed small-scale SBRs to be monitored with unmaintained sensors and therefore the maintenance and reliability of OST systems to be optimised.

Download Full-text

Benchtop Semi-Automated Solid State Photolithography Tool

10.31224/osf.io/dhqfu ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zoulikha Mouffak ◽

A. Olaivar ◽

A. N. Vang

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Research And Development ◽

New Technologies ◽

Uv Exposure ◽

Small Scale ◽

Uv Led ◽

Mask Aligner ◽

Led Array ◽

The Cost ◽

Photolithography Process

The cost of a lab-grade photolithography tool is typically of the order of tens of thousands of dollars, a prohibitive price for many organizations that wish to prototype the fabrication of nanostructures. The availability of a more cost-friendly implementation of photolithography is crucial to the research and development of new technologies in nanoscale devices. In this work, we built a scaled down simplified version of a patterning system, the benchtop photolithography tool, which is expected to replicate certain nanopatterning techniques for under $300 —a tiny fraction of the cost of a typical mask aligner. A semi-automated benchtop photolithography tool is designed, fabricated, and programmed for prototyping and for research purposes. We use a USB 32-Bit Whacker PIC32MX795 Development Board that drives a programmable touchscreen, a UV LED array, a shutter, and a UV sensor, allowing us to have the desired high precision UV exposure. The integration of a microcontroller to operate the peripheral components of the tool allows to automate the small-scale photolithography process.

Download Full-text

Full Scale Process Design for Energy Recovery from Swine Manure

Linnaeus Eco-Tech ◽

10.15626/eco-tech.2010.063 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 592-597

Author(s):

Wathsala Jinadasa ◽

Eshetu Janka Wakjera ◽

Rune Bakke

Keyword(s):

Biogas Production ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Swine Manure ◽

Maximum Energy ◽

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽

Uasb Reactor ◽

Small Scale ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor ◽

Biogas Yield

The aim of this study is to investigate biogas reactor designs to recover energy from swine manure and utilize that energy for a small scale pig farm in Norway. Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor were the design alternatives investigated. Simulations were based on the anaerobic digestion model no.1(ADM1) implemented in Aquasim software. The model was calibrated based on a series of laboratory batch reactors. The batch reactor with the highest biogas yield was first simulated to obtain the organic matter concentration in the feed manure. The resulting calibrated model was used to simulate CSTR and UASB reactors for a manure feed flow rate of 2m3/day. Different CSTR volumes in the range of 10- 60 m3 and UASB volumes in the range of 2-20 m3 were assessed using simulations. At low reactor volumes overloaded conditions were observed. Maximum energy production of 128 kWh/day at a biogas production rate of ~20 m3/day (68-71 % methane content in the biogas) was simulated for the reactor volumes for CSTR and UASB of 30m3 and 2.5m3, respectively. An efficient biogas production (e.g. to cover farm energy needs) can be obtained from a UASB reactor that can be constructed and installed at a reasonable cost.

Download Full-text