Trends in photonic lab-on-chip interferometric biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics

AbstractThe manipulation of blood within in vitro environments presents a persistent challenge, due to the highly reactive nature of blood, and its multifaceted response to material contact, changes in environmental conditions, and stimulation during handling. Microfluidic Lab-on-Chip systems offer the promise of robust point-of-care diagnostic tools and sophisticated research platforms. The capacity for precise control of environmental and experimental conditions afforded by microfluidic technologies presents unique opportunities that are particularly relevant to research and clinical applications requiring the controlled manipulation of blood. A critical bottleneck impeding the translation of existing Lab-on-Chip technology from laboratory bench to the clinic is the ability to reliably handle relatively small blood samples without negatively impacting blood composition or function. This review explores design considerations critical to the development of microfluidic systems intended for use with whole blood from an engineering perspective. Material hemocompatibility is briefly explored, encompassing common microfluidic device materials, as well as surface modification strategies intended to improve hemocompatibility. Operational hemocompatibility, including shear-induced effects, temperature dependence, and gas interactions are explored, microfluidic sample preparation methodologies are introduced, as well as current techniques for on-chip manipulation of the whole blood. Finally, methods of assessing hemocompatibility are briefly introduced, with an emphasis on primary hemostasis and platelet function.

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An integrated CMOS quantitative-polymerase-chain-reaction lab-on-chip for point-of-care diagnostics

Lab on a Chip ◽

10.1039/c4lc00443d ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (20) ◽

pp. 4076-4084 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Haig Norian ◽

Ryan M. Field ◽

Ioannis Kymissis ◽

Kenneth L. Shepard

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuit ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Lab On Chip ◽

Cmos Integrated Circuit ◽

Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽

Droplet Transport ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

On Chip

qPCR demonstrated on the surface of a CMOS integrated circuit using embedded heaters, temperature sensors, photodiodes, and electrowetting-based droplet transport mechanism.

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Point-of-Care Systems for Rapid DNA Quantification in Oncology

Tumori Journal ◽

10.1177/030089160809400214 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 216-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marco Bianchessi ◽

Sarah Burgarella ◽

Marco Cereda

Keyword(s):

Point Of Care ◽

Low Cost ◽

Semiconductor Industry ◽

Point Of Care Testing ◽

Lab On Chip ◽

Diagnostic Assays ◽

Care Systems ◽

Point Of Care Systems ◽

The Common ◽

On Chip

The development of new powerful applications and the improvement in fabrication techniques are promising an explosive growth in lab-on-chip use in the upcoming future. As the demand reaches significant levels, the semiconductor industry may enter in the field, bringing its capability to produce complex devices in large volumes, high quality and low cost. The lab-on-chip concept, when applied to medicine, leads to the point-of-care concept, where simple, compact and cheap instruments allow diagnostic assays to be performed quickly by untrained personnel directly at the patient's side. In this paper, some practical and economical considerations are made to support the advantages of point-of-care testing. A series of promising technologies developed by STMicroelectronics on lab-on-chips is also presented, mature enough to enter in the common medical practice. The possible use of these techniques for cancer research, diagnosis and treatment are illustrated together with the benefits offered by their implementation in point-of-care testing.

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Microfluidic Method of Pig Oocyte Quality Assessment in relation to Different Follicular Size Based on Lab-on-Chip Technology

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/467063 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bartosz Kempisty ◽

Rafał Walczak ◽

Paweł Antosik ◽

Patrycja Sniadek ◽

Marta Rybska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Fibers ◽

Spectral Characteristics ◽

Oocyte Quality ◽

Lab On Chip ◽

Chip Technology ◽

Porcine Oocyte ◽

Follicular Size ◽

On Chip ◽

Pig Oocyte

Since microfollicular environment and the size of the follicle are important markers influencing oocyte quality, the aim of this study is to present the spectral characterization of oocytes isolated from follicles of various sizes using lab-on-chip (LOC) technology and to demonstrate how follicle size may affect oocyte quality. Porcine oocytes (each,n=100) recovered from follicles of different sizes, for example, from large (>5 mm), medium (3–5 mm), and small (<3 mm), were analyzed after precedingin vitromaturation (IVM). The LOC analysis was performed using a silicon-glass sandwich with two glass optical fibers positioned “face-to-face.” Oocytes collected from follicles of different size classes revealed specific and distinguishable spectral characteristics. The absorbance spectra (microspectrometric specificity) for oocytes isolated from large, medium, and small follicles differ significantly (P<0.05) and the absorbance wavelengths were between 626 and 628 nm, between 618 and 620 nm, and less than 618 nm, respectively. The present study offers a parametric and objective method of porcine oocyte assessment. However, up to now this study has been used to evidence spectral markers associated with follicular size in pigs, only. Further investigations with functional-biological assays and comparing LOC analyses with fertilization and pregnancy success and the outcome of healthy offspring must be performed.

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pH Tunable Thin Film Gradients of Magnetic Polymer Colloids for MRI Diagnostics

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12092116 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2116

Author(s):

Sumera Khizar ◽

Nasir M. Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Thin Film ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Biological Fluids ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Polymer Colloids ◽

Lab On Chip

Magnetic polymer colloids comprising of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and Eudragit E100 were employed to fabricate thin film gradients and were investigated for in-vitro magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic polymer colloids (MPC) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) with stimuli-responsive cationic and anionic functional groups respectively facilitate the formation of thin film gradients via layer by layer technique. The characteristics of films were controlled by changing the pH and level of the adsorbing solutions that lead to the development of gradient films having 5.5, 10.5 and 15.5 bilayers. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and magnetic force microscopy was carried out to determine the surface coverage of films. Surface wettability demonstrated the hydrophilicity of adsorbed colloids. The developed thin-film gradients were explored for in vitro magnetic resonance imaging that offers a point of care lab-on-chip as a dip-stick approach for ultrasensitive in-vitro molecular diagnosis of biological fluids.

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Rapid and portable, lab-on-chip, point-of-care genotyping for evaluating clopidogrel metabolism

Clinica Chimica Acta ◽

10.1016/j.cca.2015.10.003 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 451 ◽

pp. 240-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Nicola Marziliano ◽

Maria Francesca Notarangelo ◽

Marco Cereda ◽

Vittoria Caporale ◽

Lucia Coppini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Point Of Care ◽

Lab On Chip ◽

On Chip

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Fast, accurate, point-of-care COVID-19 pandemic diagnosis enabled through advanced lab-on-chip optical biosensors: Opportunities and challenges

Applied Physics Reviews ◽

10.1063/5.0022211 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 031313

Author(s):

Aref Asghari ◽

Chao Wang ◽

Kyoung Min Yoo ◽

Ali Rostamian ◽

Xiaochuan Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Point Of Care ◽

Optical Biosensors ◽

Lab On Chip ◽

On Chip

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Growth and immunolocalisation of the brown alga Ectocarpus in a microfluidic environment

10.1101/2021.07.20.453111 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Benedicte Charrier ◽

Samuel Boscq ◽

Bradley J. Nelson ◽

Nino F Laubli

Keyword(s):

Cell Differentiation ◽

Brown Alga ◽

Open Space ◽

Algal Growth ◽

Biological Research ◽

Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Lab On Chip ◽

On Chip

PDMS chips have proven to be suitable environments for the growth of several filamentous organisms. However, depending on the specimen, the pattern of growth and cell differentiation has been rarely investigated. We monitored the developmental pattern of the brown alga Ectocarpus inside a PDMS lab-on-chip. Two main methods of inoculation of the lab-on-chip were tested, i.e. by injection of spores or by insertion of sporophyte filaments into the chamber. Growth rate, growth trajectory, cell differentiation, and branching were the main development steps that were monitored for 20 days inside 25 um or 40 um parallel channels under standard light and temperature conditions. They were shown to be similar to those observed in non-constrained in-vitro conditions. Labelling of Ectocarpus cell wall polysaccharides, both with calcofluor for cellulose, and by immunolocalisation for alginates with monoclonal antibodies, showed expected patterns when compared to open space growth using either epifluorescence or confocal microscopy. Overall this article describes the experimental conditions for observing and studying the basic unaltered processes of brown algal growth using microfluidic technology, which provides the basis for future biochemical and biological research.

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Polysaccharide Multilayer Films in Sensors for Detecting Prostate Tumor Cells Based on Hyaluronan-CD44 Interactions

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells9061563 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1563 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

João Batista Maia Rocha Neto ◽

Andrey Coatrini Soares ◽

Rogério Aparecido Bataglioli ◽

Olívia Carr ◽

Carlos Alberto Rodrigues Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tumor Cells ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Prostate Tumor ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Label Free ◽

Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽

Lbl Films ◽

Prostatic Tumor ◽

Prostate Tumor Cells

The increasing need for point-of-care diagnosis has sparked the development of label-free sensing platforms, some of which are based on impedance measurements with biological cells. Here, interdigitated electrodes were functionalized with layer-by-layer (LbL) films of hyaluronan (HA) and chitosan (CHI) to detect prostatic tumor cells (PC3 line). The deposition of LbL films was confirmed with atomic force microscopy and polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), which featured the vibrational modes of the HA top layer capable of interacting specifically with glycoprotein CD44 receptors overexpressed in tumor cells. Though the CHI/HA LbL films cannot be considered as a traditional biosensor due to their limited selectivity, it was possible to distinguish prostate tumor cells in the range from 50 to 600 cells/µL in in vitro experiments with impedance spectroscopy. This was achieved by treating the impedance data with information visualization methods, which confirmed the distinguishing ability of the films by observing the absence of false positives in a series of control experiments. The CD44–HA interactions may, therefore, be exploited in clinical analyses and point-of-care diagnostics for cancer, particularly if computational methods are used to process the data.

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Developments in Transduction, Connectivity and AI/Machine Learning for Point-of-Care Testing

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19081917 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 1917 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shane O’Sullivan ◽

Zulfiqur Ali ◽

Xiaoyi Jiang ◽

Reza Abdolvand ◽

M Selim Ünlü ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Data Analytics ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Clinical Diagnostics ◽

Least Developed Countries ◽

Point Of Care Testing ◽

Middle Income ◽

Lab On Chip ◽

On Chip

We review some emerging trends in transduction, connectivity and data analytics for Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) of infectious and non-communicable diseases. The patient need for POCT is described along with developments in portable diagnostics, specifically in respect of Lab-on-chip and microfluidic systems. We describe some novel electrochemical and photonic systems and the use of mobile phones in terms of hardware components and device connectivity for POCT. Developments in data analytics that are applicable for POCT are described with an overview of data structures and recent AI/Machine learning trends. The most important methodologies of machine learning, including deep learning methods, are summarised. The potential value of trends within POCT systems for clinical diagnostics within Lower Middle Income Countries (LMICs) and the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are highlighted.

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