scholarly journals Thermally-insulating vermiculite nanosheets-epoxy nanocomposite paint as fire-resistant wood coating

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abimannan R. Sethurajaperumal ◽  
Anagha Manohar ◽  
Arghya Banerjee ◽  
Eswaraiah Varrla ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Composite Coatings ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Wood Coating ◽  
Epoxy Nanocomposite ◽  
Hazardous Gases

Conventional fire-retardant composite coatings are typically made of organic-based materials which reduce flame spread rates. However, the associated chemical reactions and starting precursors produce toxic and hazardous gases affecting the...

scholarly journals Intumescent Biobased-Polylactide Films to Flame Retard Nonwovens

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155892500900400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Reti ◽  
Mathilde Casetta ◽  
Sophie Duquesne ◽  
René Delobel ◽  
Jérémie Soulestin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
New Process ◽  
Potential Use

The work focuses on the development of a new process to flame retard nonwovens, using films based on renewable resources. Films consist in intumescent formulations of polylactic acid (PLA), ammonium polyphosphate (APP) blended with lignin or starch and are coated on hemp or wool nonwovens. The objective of this study was to investigate the fire retardant and mechanical properties of textiles protected by FR PLA films for potential use in building applications. Horizontal and vertical flame spread tests as well as cone calorimetry tests show that flammability properties of nonwovens are significantly improved. Better mechanical properties are also obtained with coated nonwovens.

A method to assess downward flame spread and dripping characteristics of fire-retardant polymer composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuchu Wen ◽  
Jiyue Zhang ◽  
Yiannis A. Levendis ◽  
Michael A. Delichatsios
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Downward Flame Spread

scholarly journals An Investigation of Abrasion Resistance Property of Clay- Epoxy Nanocomposite Coating

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukesh K. Madhup ◽  
Nisha K. Shah ◽  
Neha R. Parekh
Keyword(s):  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Epoxy Matrix ◽  
Composite Coatings ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposite ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Epoxy Nanocomposite ◽  
Uniform Dispersion

Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A based epoxy resin was loaded with alkyl quaternary ammonium modified bentonite clay nanoparticles (b-CNPs) in various concentrations. The abrasion resistance (Taber) property of the composite coatings cured with amine were investigated after 7 days and with 60 days curing at two different cycle viz. 500 and 1000. The mass losses of the materials revealed the fact that abrasion resistance increases with increase in CNPs concentration inside epoxy matrix with ageing. Thermal (DSC), spectroscopic (FTIR) and morphological (SEM) studies were performed to characterize the developed epoxy nanocomposite (ENC) coating. A gradual decrease in glass transition temperature (Tg) was observed with increase in the b-CNPs concentration. The modified b-CNPs found interacting with epoxy matrix and the intensity found increasing with increase in b-CNPs concentration during spectroscopic study. Smooth film morphology was revealed by scanning electron microscopic analysis confirming the uniform dispersion of b-CNPs inside polymer nanocomposite matrix.

Testing of Fire Retardants

2016 ◽  
Vol 861 ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelaida Fanfarová ◽  
Linda Makovická Osvaldová ◽  
Stanislava Gašpercová
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Evaluation Criterion ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Different Types

The authors deal with the importance and significance of fire retardants for fire protection in practice. The main aim of this paper is to inform the readers about the possibilities of wood modifications by fire retardants. The authors present the experiment of testing wood specimens applying the experimental scientific method of test for limited flame spread on the test bench under laboratory conditions. The results of the experiment represent fire-technical characteristics that describe the wood behavior during the process of combustion. Different types of fire retardants are evaluated according to the selected evaluation criterion - the weight loss of test specimens. The conclusion summarizes the results of the experiment and recommendations for fire retardant modification in practice.

scholarly journals Flame retardant effect of lignin/carbon nanotubes/potassium carbonate composite coatings on cotton roving

Cellulose ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 7271-7281
Author(s):  
Damian Łukawski ◽  
Wojciech Grześkowiak ◽  
Agnieszka Lekawa-Raus ◽  
Małgorzata Widelicka ◽  
Filip Lisiecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Potassium Carbonate ◽  
Composite Coatings ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Carbon Allotrope ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
In Fire

Abstract A new composite flame retardant coating for cotton roving has been investigated. The proposed coating comprises natural lignin, pure carbon allotrope carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and non-toxic potassium carbonate (K2CO3). The series of complementary experiments, including thermogravimetric analysis, vertical burning in fire tube, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement and combustion in mass loss calorimeter enabled the formulation of an optimum composition including aqueous suspension with 1 wt% of CNTs, 1 wt% lignin (L) as well as 1 wt% of K2CO3. Applying L/CNT/K2CO3 on cotton roving increased LOI from 17.1 to 38.5%, decreased final mass loss and temperature during vertical burning from 100 to 78% and 457 to 190 °C, respectively. Moreover, peak heat release rate and total heat released dropped from 97.5 to 70.4 kW/m2 and from 4.2 to 1.6 MJ/m2, respectively . The above experiments supported by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy allowed also the explanation of the complementary mechanisms responsible for the overall fire retardant effect.

Surface reactions observed by photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM)

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
H.H. Rotermund
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Work Function ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Clean Surface ◽  
Crystal Surfaces ◽  
Single Crystal Surfaces ◽  
Photoemission Electron

Chemical reactions at a surface will in most cases show a measurable influence on the work function of the clean surface. This change of the work function δφ can be used to image the local distributions of the investigated reaction,.if one of the reacting partners is adsorbed at the surface in form of islands of sufficient size (Δ>0.2μm). These can than be visualized via a photoemission electron microscope (PEEM). Changes of φ as low as 2 meV give already a change in the total intensity of a PEEM picture. To achieve reasonable contrast for an image several 10 meV of δφ are needed. Dynamic processes as surface diffusion of CO or O on single crystal surfaces as well as reaction / diffusion fronts have been observed in real time and space.

Microwaves: Application in Electron Microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
Anthony S-Y Leong ◽  
David W Gove
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Tissue Fixation ◽  
Primary Method ◽  
Dipolar Molecules ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cryostat Sections

Microwaves (MW) are electromagnetic waves which are commonly generated at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. When dipolar molecules such as water, the polar side chains of proteins and other molecules with an uneven distribution of electrical charge are exposed to such non-ionizing radiation, they oscillate through 180° at a rate of 2,450 million cycles/s. This rapid kinetic movement results in accelerated chemical reactions and produces instantaneous heat. MWs have recently been applied to a wide range of procedures for light microscopy. MWs generated by domestic ovens have been used as a primary method of tissue fixation, it has been applied to the various stages of tissue processing as well as to a wide variety of staining procedures. This use of MWs has not only resulted in drastic reductions in the time required for tissue fixation, processing and staining, but have also produced better cytologic images in cryostat sections, and more importantly, have resulted in better preservation of cellular antigens.

Fine structure and properties of defects in naturally occurring silicates and oxides

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-461
Author(s):  
David R. Veblen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Extended Defects ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Fine Structures ◽  
Image Simulations ◽  
Similar Crystal Structure

Extended defects and interfaces control many processes in rock-forming minerals, from chemical reactions to rock deformation. In many cases, it is not the average structure of a defect or interface that is most important, but rather the structure of defect terminations or offsets in an interface. One of the major thrusts of high-resolution electron microscopy in the earth sciences has been to identify the role of defect fine structures in reactions and to determine the structures of such features. This paper will review studies using HREM and image simulations to determine the structures of defects in silicate and oxide minerals and present several examples of the role of defects in mineral chemical reactions. In some cases, the geological occurrence can be used to constrain the diffusional properties of defects.The simplest reactions in minerals involve exsolution (precipitation) of one mineral from another with a similar crystal structure, and pyroxenes (single-chain silicates) provide a good example. Although conventional TEM studies have led to a basic understanding of this sort of phase separation in pyroxenes via spinodal decomposition or nucleation and growth, HREM has provided a much more detailed appreciation of the processes involved.

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