scholarly journals Effects of food deprivation on ketonaemia, ketogenesis and hepatic intermediary metabolism in the non-lactating dairy cow

1979 ◽  
Vol 178 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
G D Baird ◽  
R J Heitzman ◽  
I M Reid ◽  
H W Symonds ◽  
M A Lomax
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
A Value ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

1. The aim of this work was to investigate why non-lactating dairy cows are less susceptible to the development of ketonaemia during food deprivation than are dairy cows in early lactation. 2. The first experiment (Expt. A) consisted of determining the effect of 6 days of food deprivation on the concentrations of ketone bodies, and of metabolites related to the regulation of ketogenesis, in jugular blood and liver of non-lactating cows. 3. During the food deprivation, blood ketone-body concentrations rose significantly, but to a value that was only 16% of that achieved in lactating cows deprived of food for 6 days [Baird, Heitzman & Hibbitt (1972) Biochem. J. 128, 1311–1318]. 4. In the liver, food deprivation caused: a rise in ketone-body concentrations; a fall in the concentration of glycogen and of various intermediates of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle; an increase in cytoplasmic reduction; a decrease in the [total NAD+]/[total NADH] ratio; a decrease in energy charge. These changes were all qualitatively similar to those previously observed in the livers of the food-deprived lactating cows. 5. There appeared therefore to be a discrepancy in the food-deprived non-lactating cows between the absence of marked ketonaemia and the occurrence of metabolic changes within the liver suggesting increased hepatic ketogenesis. This discrepancy was partially resolved in Expt. B by the observation in two catheterized non-lactating cows that, although there was a 2-fold increase in hepatic ketogenesis during 6 days of food deprivation, ketogenesis from the splanchnic bed as a whole (i.e. gut and liver combined) declined slightly owing to cessation of gut ketogenesis.

scholarly journals Gluconeogenesis in the cow. The effects of a glucocorticoid on hepatic intermediary metabolism

1970 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Baird ◽  
R. J. Heitzman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Tyrosine Aminotransferase ◽  
Aspartate Transaminase ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Glycolytic Intermediates ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Parallel Measurements

1. The hepatic concentrations of the ketone bodies and of metabolites and activities of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis were measured in healthy lactating and non-lactating cows 48h after administration of Voren, an ester of dexamethasone, and compared with those found in control animals given saline. Parallel measurements were also made of the blood concentrations of several of the metabolites. 2. Blood glucose concentrations were raised in the Voren-treated animals, whereas blood ketone body and free fatty acid concentrations were unaltered. Similarly there was no change in the hepatic concentrations of the ketone bodies. 3. Significant increases were found in the hepatic concentrations of citrate, 2-oxo-glutarate and malate in both groups of animals given Voren. 4. The hepatic concentrations of those glycolytic intermediates that were measured either decreased or did not change after Voren treatment. 5. The enzymes aspartate transaminase and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase were unchanged in activity after Voren administration, whereas phosphopyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.32) activity was depressed in the lactating group. However, glucose 6-phosphatase, tryptophan oxygenase and tyrosine aminotransferase increased in activity. 6. In several cases those hepatic metabolites that increased in concentration after Voren administration were present in lower concentration in normal lactating cows than in normal non-lactating cows. The same applied mutatis mutandis to those metabolites that were decreased by Voren. 7. These findings are discussed in relation to the use of glucocorticoids in the treatment of bovine ketosis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Precision Xceed® for on-site monitoring of blood ß-hydroxybutyric acid and glucose in dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. PANOUSIS (Ν. ΠΑΝΟΥΣΗΣ) ◽  
M. KRITSEPI (Μ. ΚΡΙΤΣΕΠΗ) ◽  
I. KARAGIANNIS (Ι. ΚΑΡΑΓΙΑΝΝΗΣ) ◽  
E. KALAITZAKIS (ΕΜ. ΚΑΛΑΪΤΖΑΚΗΣ) ◽  
E. LAFI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Site Monitoring ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Positive Correlations

The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of the Precision Xceed® hand-held meter as an on-site method for determining blood ß-hydroxyboutyric acid (BHBA) and glucose concentrations, for the diagnosis of subclinical ketosis in dry and lactating dairy cows. A total of 163 clinically healthy Holstein cows (113 lactating, 8-50 days-in-milk; and 50 dry, 10-40 days pre-partum) from 5 farms located around Thessaloniki region, were blood-sampled once, from the jugular vein of each animal, 5 to 8 hours after the start of morning feeding. BHBA was determined in all 163 cows, whereas glucose only in 114 cows (50 dry and 64 lactating cows). These analyses were performed, for each cow, by both laboratory method (in serum) and Precision Xceed® meter (in whole blood, cowside). Using laboratory serum BHBA concentrations > 1.2 mmol/L as the cut-off point, 11/163 (6.7%) of the tested cows were considered as subclinically ketotic, whereas raising the cut-off to > 1.4 mmol/L, 9/163 (5.5%) cows had subclinical ketosis. All these cows (11 and 9, respectively) were lactating. None of the dry cows had subclinical ketosis at BHBA cut-off of > 1.4 mmol/L. One out of the 50 dry cows (2%) and 15/113 (13.3%) lactating cows sampled were classified as subclinically ketotic when the Precision Xceed® meter was set at BHBA concentrations > 1.2 mmol/L. Overall, mean BHBA and glucose concentrations were not statistically different (P>0.05) between the two methods. Significant positive correlations were found for BHBA (strong correlation: r=0.99; n=163; P<0.01) and glucose (moderate correlation: r=0.63; n=114; P<0.01) concentrations between Precision Xceed® and laboratory results. Precision Xceed® is less accurate for measuring glucose (glucometer) compared to BHBA (ketometer). The low percentage of false positive (<0.6%) and false negative (<4%) indicating that the Precision Xceed® meter is an accurate screening test and its results are highly reliable under field conditions. Precision Xceed® meter was highly sensitive (90.9%) and specific (96.05%) at cut off point of BHBA concentrations > 1.2 mmol/L and it had excellent test agreement for detection of subclinical ketosis when using a threshold of blood BHBA > 1.4 mmol/L.

Improving reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows by synchronising ovulation or inducing oestrus

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gy. Gábor ◽  
J. P. Kastelic ◽  
S. Pintér ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Preliminary Trial ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Considerable Promise ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Prostaglandin F

Lactating crossbred Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n = 331) were started on an Ovsynch regimen 68 ± 8.2 days after calving; 200 µg GnRH intramuscularly (i.m.) on Days 0 and 9, and 35 mg prostaglandin F2a i.m. on Day 7. Thirty-eight and 31 cows (11.5 and 9.4%, respectively) were in oestrus on Days 0 to 6 and 7 to 8, respectively, and inseminated, and the remainder were fixed-time inseminated (on Day 10). For these three groups, pregnancy rates (60-65 days after breeding) were 31.6, 38.7 and 34.0%, respectively (P = 0.82) and calving rates were 100, 100 and 89.9% (P = 0.23). In a preliminary trial, twelve lactating cows (45 to 60 days postpartum) with inactive ovaries were given 1500 IU eCG i.m.; 10 were in oestrus within 10 days after treatment (and inseminated) and eight of these were pregnant (30 days after breeding). The Ovsynch program resulted in acceptable reproductive performance in cyclic cows and eCG treatment has considerable promise for inducing oestrus in anoestrous cows.

Feeding diets with fodder beet decreased methane emissions from dry and lactating dairy cows in grazing systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjan Jonker ◽  
David Scobie ◽  
Robyn Dynes ◽  
Grant Edwards ◽  
Cecile De Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Pastoral Systems ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Fodder Beet ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) has a very high readily fermentable carbohydrate concentration, which could affect rumen fermentation and reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of the current study was to estimate CH4 emissions from dry dairy cows grazing either fodder beet supplemented with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-dominated pasture silage (6 kg DM/cow/day; FB+Sil) or forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.) supplemented with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straw (3 kg DM/cow/day; kale+Str; dry cows, Experiment 1), and from dairy cows in early lactation grazing perennial ryegrass-dominated pasture alone (pasture) or supplemented with fodder beet bulbs (3 kg DM/cow/day; past+FB; lactating cows; Experiment 2). Methane measurements were performed using GreenFeed units (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA) for 40 days in August–September 2015 (Experiment 1) and for 22 days in November–December 2015 (Experiment 2), from 45 and 31 Holstein–Friesian × Jersey dairy cows in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Dry cows grazing FB+Sil in Experiment 1 produced 18% less CH4 (g/day) and had 28% lower CH4 yield (g/kg DM intake; P < 0.001) than did cows grazing kale+Str. Lactating cows grazing past+FB in Experiment 2 produced 18% less CH4 and had 16% lower CH4 intensity (g/kg fat and protein-corrected milk production; P < 0.01) than did cows grazing pasture alone, while milk production and composition were similar for the two groups. In conclusion, feeding fodder beet at ~50% and 20% of the diet of dry and lactating dairy cows in pastoral systems can mitigate CH4 emissions.

scholarly journals Effects of starvation on intermediary metabolism in the lactating cow. A comparison with metabolic changes occurring during bovine ketosis

1972 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 1311-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Baird ◽  
R. J. Heitzman ◽  
K. G. Hibbitt
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

1. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of the metabolic changes associated with carbohydrate and fat metabolism that occurred in the blood and liver of lactating dairy cows during starvation for 6 days. 2. During starvation, the blood concentrations of the free fatty acids and ketone bodies increased, whereas that of citrate decreased. After an initial increase, the blood concentration of glucose subsequently declined as starvation progressed. Starvation caused a significant decrease in the plasma concentration of serine and a significant increase in that of leucine. 3. After 6 days of starvation the hepatic concentrations of oxaloacetate, citrate, phosphoenolpyruvate, 2-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate, glucose, glycogen, ATP and NAD+ had all decreased, as had the hepatic activities of phosphopyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.32) and pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40). 4. The above metabolic changes are similar to those previously found to occur in cows suffering from spontaneous ketosis (Baird et al., 1968; Baird & Heitzman, 1971). 5. Milk yield decreased progressively during starvation. 6. There were marked differences in the ability of individual animals to resist the onset of severe starvation ketosis.

scholarly journals Ketone body metabolism and cardiovascular disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (8) ◽  
pp. H1060-H1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Cotter ◽  
Rebecca C. Schugar ◽  
Peter A. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
De Novo Lipogenesis ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Ketone Body Metabolism

Ketone bodies are metabolized through evolutionarily conserved pathways that support bioenergetic homeostasis, particularly in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle when carbohydrates are in short supply. The metabolism of ketone bodies interfaces with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, β-oxidation of fatty acids, de novo lipogenesis, sterol biosynthesis, glucose metabolism, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, hormonal signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and the microbiome. Here we review the mechanisms through which ketone bodies are metabolized and how their signals are transmitted. We focus on the roles this metabolic pathway may play in cardiovascular disease states, the bioenergetic benefits of myocardial ketone body oxidation, and prospective interactions among ketone body metabolism, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis. Ketone body metabolism is noninvasively quantifiable in humans and is responsive to nutritional interventions. Therefore, further investigation of this pathway in disease models and in humans may ultimately yield tailored diagnostic strategies and therapies for specific pathological states.

Natural tree shade increases milk stability of lactating dairy cows during the summer in the subtropics

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Alexandre S. Abreu ◽  
Vivian Fischer ◽  
Marcelo T. Stumpf ◽  
Concepta M. McManus ◽  
Felix H. D. González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Coagulation Time ◽  
Research Communication ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Acceptable Range ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Time Test ◽  
Post Stress

Abstract This research communication addresses the hypothesis that, during the summer in the subtropics, natural tree shade helps to improve milk functional characteristics such as stability and acidity. Sixteen Holstein lactating cows were enrolled. The study consisted of three periods (pre-stress, heat stress and post-stress) based on allocating grazing cows into two treatments (with and without access to shade during the Heat Stress period). Overall THI during the trial was (mean ± se) 76.0 ± 3.4. Access to shade prevented the heat stress-related decrease in milk stability both in the ethanol and in the coagulation time test, as well as maintained milk acidity within an acceptable range (14 to 18°D).

10 EFFECT OF USING PROTECTIVE AI COVER SHEATHS ON FERTILITY OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
S. Bas ◽  
A. Hoet ◽  
P. Rajala-Schultz ◽  
D. Sanders ◽  
G. M. Schuenemann
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Reproductive Outcomes ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Herd Milk ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Moment

An adequate and clean artificial insemination (AI) technique is recommended to maximize reproductive outcomes in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using protective sheaths (PS; Continental Plastic Inc., Delavan, WI, USA) to minimize contamination of the AI catheter (AIC) on pregnancies per AI (P/AI) in lactating dairy cattle. A previous study reported no improvement on cattle fertility when using PS during first service AI (King et al. 1984 Can. Vet. J. 25, 327). Lactating cows housed in free-stall barns on a commercial dairy farm with a rolling herd milk production average of 10.140 kg were presynchronized with 2 injections of PGF2α (25 mg; Lutalyse, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) given 14 days apart (starting at 26 ± 3 d postpartum) followed by Ovsynch [OV; GnRH-7 d-PGF2α-56 h-GnRH-16 h-timed-AI(TAI)] 12 days later. Cows presenting signs of standing heat any time during the protocol received AI, whereas the remaining animals were subjected to TAI16 h after second OV GnRH (100 μg; Cystorelin, Merial, Duluth, GA, USA). At the moment of AI (one AI technician), 996 services from lactating dairy cows were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 groups; with (TRT, n = 487) or without (CON, n = 509) the use of PS. In the TRT group, the AIC protected with a PS was introduced into the vagina; once in the cranial portion of the vagina adjacent to the cervical os, the PS was pulled back and only the AIC was manipulated through the cervix into the uterine body for semen deposition. In the CON group, cows received AI without the PS. Additionally, sterile cotton swab (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) samples were taken from AIC (n = 51) after AI from both treatment groups. Pregnancy diagnosis was determined by ultrasonography 42 ± 3 d after AI. Data analyses were performed using GLIMMIX (P/AI) and FREQ (culture) procedures of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Cultured swab samples revealed that the use of PS was effective in minimizing contamination of the AIC (bacterial growth on AIC; TRT = 57.7% v. CON = 100%; P < 0.0002). Overall, the proportion of cows pregnant (all services) was greater (P = 0.03) for cows in TRT (42.7 ± 2.2%) compared with CON group (36.1 ± 2.1%). For first services postpartum, P/AI did not differ (P = 0.87) between CON (43.01 ± 4.4%) and TRT (43.8 ± 4.6%) groups. However, P/AI for second or greater services (≥2S) were greater (P = 0.007) in TRT (43.8 ± 2.9%) than in CON cows (32.3 ± 2.6%). Results from this study suggested that the use of PS during AI improved P/AI for ≥2S in lactating dairy cows. Performing a clean AI technique through the use of PS may be a cost-effective strategy to improve reproductive outcomes in dairy cattle. Further investigation is needed under various reproductive management conditions to confirm and determine the underlying mechanisms for these findings. Authors thank Coba/Select Sires Inc. (Columbus, OH, USA) for the donation of the AI protector sheaths, Meerland Dairy for providing the animals and Brian Alkire (Coba’s AI technician).

scholarly journals Maximum activities of some enzymes of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and ketone-body and glutamine utilization pathways in lymphocytes of the rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 208 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Salleh M. Ardawi ◽  
Eric A. Newsholme
Keyword(s):  
Ketone Body ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Graft Versus Host Reaction ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase

1. The maximum activity of hexokinase in lymphocytes is similar to that of 6-phosphofructokinase, but considerably greater than that of phosphorylase, suggesting that glucose rather than glycogen is the major carbohydrate fuel for these cells. Starvation increased slightly the activities of some of the glycolytic enzymes. A local immunological challenge in vivo (a graft-versus-host reaction) increased the activities of hexokinase, 6-phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, confirming the importance of the glycolytic pathway in cell division. 2. The activities of the ketone-body-utilizing enzymes were lower than those of hexokinase or 6-phosphofructokinase, unlike in muscle and brain, and were not affected by starvation. It is suggested that the ketone bodies will not provide a quantitatively important alternative fuel to glucose in lymphocytes. 3. Of the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle whose activities were measured, that of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was the lowest, yet its activity (about 4.0μmol/min per g dry wt. at 37°C) was considerably greater than the flux through the cycle (0.5μmol/min per g calculated from oxygen consumption by incubated lymphocytes). The activity was decreased by starvation, but that of citrate synthase was increased by the local immunological challenge in vivo. It is suggested that the rate of the cycle would increase towards the capacity indicated by oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in proliferating lymphocytes. 4. Enzymes possibly involved in the pathway of glutamine oxidation were measured in lymphocytes, which suggests that an aminotransferase reaction(s) (probably aspartate aminotransferase) is important in the conversion of glutamate into oxoglutarate rather than glutamate dehydrogenase, and that the maximum activity of glutaminase is markedly in excess of the rate of glutamine utilization by incubated lymphocytes. The activity of glutaminase is increased by both starvation and the local immunological challenge in vivo. This last finding suggests that metabolism of glutamine via glutaminase is important in proliferating lymphocytes.

The responses of lactating dairy cows to feeding of high molasses levels

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 109-109
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
D. J. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Inclusion Rate ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Very High

Molasses has been fed to dairy cows for about a century. Extensive studies have shown that its energy value is worth from 75 to 100% that of maize when up to 10% of molasses is fed in a complete diet and high molasses inclusion in the diet can be detrimental to the responses of the animals. Nevertheless, the maximum inclusion rate of molasses in a diet that cows can tolerate has still been unclear. Few publications are available to describle the responses of cows to very high molasses feeding. This is a question, however, that both farmers and advisers are concious of. The present experiment was designed to evaluate the effects on milk yield and composition, feed intake, liveweight gain and health of lactating cows fed on very high levels of molasses, in comparision with those fed a relatively low level.Fifteen British Friesian late lactation cows (168 ± 6 days calved) all in second lactation or more were randomly allocated to a 3 x 3 changeover experiment with 21 day periods. The cattle were fed individually through Broadbent Calan Gates ad libitum on a complete diet of silage plus a liquid supplement including molaferm 20 (a mixture of 80% cane molasses with 20% condensed molasses solubles supplied by United Molasses Ltd.), soyabean meal and fish meal.

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