scholarly journals Modelling reaction kinetics inside cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Grima ◽  
Santiago Schnell
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Reaction Kinetics ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Deterministic Models ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fundamental Length

In the past decade, advances in molecular biology such as the development of non-invasive single molecule imaging techniques have given us a window into the intricate biochemical activities that occur inside cells. In this chapter we review four distinct theoretical and simulation frameworks: (i) non-spatial and deterministic, (ii) spatial and deterministic, (iii) non-spatial and stochastic and (iv) spatial and stochastic. Each framework can be suited to modelling and interpreting intracellular reaction kinetics. By estimating the fundamental length scales, one can roughly determine which models are best suited for the particular reaction pathway under study. We discuss differences in prediction between the four modelling methodologies. In particular we show that taking into account noise and space does not simply add quantitative predictive accuracy but may also lead to qualitatively different physiological predictions, unaccounted for by classical deterministic models.

scholarly journals Multimodality cardiac imaging in the 21st century: evolution, advances and future opportunities for innovation

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (1117) ◽  
pp. 20200780
Author(s):  
Melissa A Daubert ◽  
Tina Tailor ◽  
Olga James ◽  
Leslee J Shaw ◽  
Pamela S Douglas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Cardiac Imaging ◽  
Cardiac Ct ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Clinical Workflow ◽  
Multiple Modalities ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Developments

Cardiovascular imaging has significantly evolved since the turn of the century. Progress in the last two decades has been marked by advances in every modality used to image the heart, including echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, cardiac CT and nuclear cardiology. There has also been a dramatic increase in hybrid and fusion modalities that leverage the unique capabilities of two imaging techniques simultaneously, as well as the incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning into the clinical workflow. These advances in non-invasive cardiac imaging have guided patient management and improved clinical outcomes. The technological developments of the past 20 years have also given rise to new imaging subspecialities and increased the demand for dedicated cardiac imagers who are cross-trained in multiple modalities. This state-of-the-art review summarizes the evolution of multimodality cardiac imaging in the 21st century and highlights opportunities for future innovation.

scholarly journals Electrical Impedance Tomography: the future of mechanical ventilation?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Melina Simonpietri ◽  
Mia Shokry ◽  
ehab daoud
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Electrical Impedance Tomography ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Everyday Clinical Practice ◽  
Impedance Tomography ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Past ◽  
Concise Review

Electrical Impedance Tomography is a rapidly evolving technology used for bedside lung imaging. Although EIT devices have been commercially available for the past decade, they are still not commonly used in everyday clinical practice. EIT has multiple benefits over standard chest imaging techniques; it is non-invasive, it can be used at bedside and it allows continuous monitoring of the patient’s condition. EIT can change the standard practice for monitoring lung function and caring for patients on mechanical ventilation. In this concise review, we will discuss the general concepts of EIT and its clinical applications. As this technology keeps developing and becomes more available for clinical use, it might revolutionize the way we practice mechanical ventilation. Additional studies need to be performed to compare its benefits to our current practice. Keywords: EIT, Mechanical ventilation, PEEP, Overdistention

scholarly journals Photography in dermatology: Basic concepts

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Paola Pasquali ◽  
Feroze Kaliyadan
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Past ◽  
Medical Photography ◽  
Basic Concepts

Photography of skin lesions has always been among the most popular non-invasive imaging techniques, one that assists in documenting and monitoring as well as teaching and research. Its importance has become more apparent in the past year with the COVID-19 pandemic and the sudden widespread use of teledermatology. Basic concepts of medical photography and using a proper camera are fundamental to obtain good quality images.

Single-Molecule Biomechanics: DNA and Protein Deformation

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Bao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
The Past ◽  
Molecular Biomechanics ◽  
Protein Molecules

Abstract With the advent of molecular biology and biophysics during the past decade, single-molecule biomechanics has emerged as a new field. Different techniques have been used to study the mechanical properties of DNA and protein molecules; various models have been developed to quantify the deformation of biomolecules under force. Here we review some of these advances, explore the connection between mechanics and biochemistry, and discuss the concepts, issues and challenges in developing molecular biomechanics.

scholarly journals Developmental biology teaching - the importance of a practical approach

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
John F Mulley
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Higher Education ◽  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Practical Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
Direct Exposure

The huge growth in knowledge in many areas of biological sciences over the past few decades has created a major dilemma for those of us in higher education, for not only must we adequately and efficiently convey these new facts and concepts to our students, we must also ensure that they understand and appreciate them.The field of developmental biology has witnessed such a massive growth in knowledge since the mid-1980s, driven mainly by advances in cell and molecular biology, and the development of new imaging techniques and tools. Ensuring that students fully appreciate the four-dimensional nature of embryonic development and morphogenesis is a particular issue, and one that I argue can only be properly learned via direct exposure to embryos via laboratory practicals.

Advances in 3-D Vascular Ultrasound Imaging

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Fenster
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Plaque Morphology ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Vascular Ultrasound ◽  
The Past ◽  
Plaque Disruption ◽  
Plaque Ulceration ◽  
Triggering Mechanisms ◽  
Made In

Abstract In spite of the progress in the understanding of atherosclerotic disease made in the past two decades, neither the triggering mechanisms for carotid plaque haemorrhage and disruption, or the importance of plaque ulceration are well understood. Controversies exist because the mechanisms are complex and agreement on definitions (e.g., ulceration) is lacking. Advances in imaging techniques are helping to diagnose and quantify plaque morphology, composition, extent and ulceration (Steifler et al. 1994). In this paper we report on our work focusing on the development of improved non-invasive imaging tools, which will improve the accuracy and reduce the variability of the carotid exam and allow better serial monitoring. These will help elucidate the mechanisms contributing to the last phase of atherosclerosis — plaque disruption and haemorrhage.

scholarly journals The Evolution of the Role of Imaging in the Diagnosis of Craniosynostosis: A Narrative Review

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 727
Author(s):  
Giovanni Cacciaguerra ◽  
Monica Palermo ◽  
Lidia Marino ◽  
Filippo Andrea Salvatore Rapisarda ◽  
Piero Pavone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Know How ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Past ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Technological Limitations

Craniosynostosis, the premature closure of cranial sutures, is one of the principal causes of pediatric skull deformities. It can cause aesthetic, neurological, acoustic, ophthalmological complications up to real emergencies. Craniosynostosis are primarily diagnosed with accurate physical examination, skull measurement and observation of the deformity, but the radiological support currently plays an increasingly important role in confirming a more precise diagnosis and better planning for therapeutic interventions. The clinician must know how to diagnose in the earliest and least invasive way for the child. In the past, technological limitations reduced the choices; today, however, there are plenty of choices and it is necessary to use the various types of available imaging correctly. In the future, imaging techniques will probably rewrite the common classifications we use today. We provide an updated review of the role of imaging in this condition, through the ages, to outline the correct choice for the clinician for an early and non-invasive diagnosis.

Mitochondrial Reconstructions Based on Serial Thick Sections and HVEM

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
Jerome J. Paulin
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Posterior Pole ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Stereo Imaging ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Mitochondrial Reticulum

Within the past decade it has become apparent that HVEM offers the biologist a means to explore the three-dimensional structure of cells and/or organelles. Stereo-imaging of thick sections (e.g. 0.25-10 μm) not only reveals anatomical features of cellular components, but also reduces errors of interpretation associated with overlap of structures seen in thick sections. Concomitant with stereo-imaging techniques conventional serial Sectioning methods developed with thin sections have been adopted to serial thick sections (≥ 0.25 μm). Three-dimensional reconstructions of the chondriome of several species of trypanosomatid flagellates have been made from tracings of mitochondrial profiles on cellulose acetate sheets. The sheets are flooded with acetone, gluing them together, and the model sawed from the composite and redrawn.The extensive mitochondrial reticulum can be seen in consecutive thick sections of (0.25 μm thick) Crithidia fasciculata (Figs. 1-2). Profiles of the mitochondrion are distinguishable from the anterior apex of the cell (small arrow, Fig. 1) to the posterior pole (small arrow, Fig. 2).

Integration Between Computed Tomography and Nuclear Medicine for Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Anatomy and Myocardial Perfusion

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Wanda Acampa ◽  
Mario Petretta ◽  
Carmela Nappi ◽  
Alberto Cuocolo ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Myocardial Perfusion ◽  
Myocardial Blood Flow ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Coronary Anatomy ◽  
Non Invasive

Many non-invasive imaging techniques are available for the evaluation of patients with known or suspected coronary heart disease. Among these, computed-tomography-based techniques allow the quantification of coronary atherosclerotic calcium and non-invasive imaging of coronary arteries, whereas nuclear cardiology is the most widely used non-invasive approach for the assessment of myocardial perfusion. The available single-photon-emission computed tomography flow agents are characterised by a cardiac uptake proportional to myocardial blood flow. In addition, different positron emission tomography tracers may be used for the quantitative measurement of myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve. Extensive research is being performed in the development of non-invasive coronary angiography and myocardial perfusion imaging using cardiac magnetic resonance. Finally, new multimodality imaging systems have recently been developed bringing together anatomical and functional information. This article provides a description of the available non-invasive imaging techniques in the assessment of coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion in patients with known or suspected coronary heart disease.

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