Global impact and application of the anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J.M. Op den Camp ◽  
B. Kartal ◽  
D. Guven ◽  
L.A.M.P. van Niftrik ◽  
S.C.M. Haaijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Immunogold Labelling ◽  
Primary Electron ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Anammox Process

In the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process, ammonia is oxidized with nitrite as primary electron acceptor under strictly anoxic conditions. The reaction is catalysed by a specialized group of planctomycete-like bacteria. These anammox bacteria use a complex reaction mechanism involving hydrazine as an intermediate. The reactions are assumed to be carried out in a unique prokaryotic organelle, the anammoxosome. This organelle is surrounded by ladderane lipids, which make the organelle nearly impermeable to hydrazine and protons. The localization of the major anammox protein, hydrazine oxidoreductase, was determined via immunogold labelling to be inside the anammoxosome. The anammox bacteria have been detected in many marine and freshwater ecosystems and were estimated to contribute up to 50% of oceanic nitrogen loss. Furthermore, the anammox process is currently implemented in water treatment for the low-cost removal of ammonia from high-strength waste streams. Recent findings suggested that the anammox bacteria may also use organic acids to convert nitrate and nitrite into dinitrogen gas when ammonia is in short supply.

1994–2004: 10 years of research on the anaerobic oxidation of ammonium

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S.M. Jetten ◽  
I. Cirpus ◽  
B. Kartal ◽  
L. van Niftrik ◽  
K.T. van de Pas-Schoonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Primary Electron ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Complex Reaction ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Primary Electron Acceptor ◽  
Ladderane Lipids

The obligately anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) reaction with nitrite as primary electron acceptor is catalysed by the planctomycete-like bacteria Brocadia anammoxidans, Kuenenia stuttgartiensis and Scalindua sorokinii. The anammox bacteria use a complex reaction mechanism involving hydrazine as an intermediate. They have a unique prokaryotic organelle, the anammoxosome, surrounded by ladderane lipids, which exclusively contains the hydrazine oxidoreductase as the major protein to combine nitrite and ammonia in a one-to-one fashion. In addition to the peculiar microbiology, anammox was shown to be very important in the oceanic nitrogen cycle, and proved to be a very good alternative for treatment of high-strength nitrogenous waste streams. With the assembly of the K. stuttgartiensis genome at Genoscope, Evry, France, the anammox reaction has entered the genomic and proteomic era, enabling the elucidation of many intriguing aspects of this fascinating microbial process.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in different natural ecosystems

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1811-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao-lan Hu ◽  
Li-dong Shen ◽  
Xiang-yang Xu ◽  
Ping Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Water Columns ◽  
Anammox Process

Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation), which is a reaction that oxidizes ammonium to dinitrogen gas using nitrite as the electron acceptor under anoxic conditions, was an important discovery in the nitrogen cycle. The reaction is mediated by a specialized group of planctomycete-like bacteria that were first discovered in man-made ecosystems. Subsequently, many studies have reported on the ubiquitous distribution of anammox bacteria in various natural habitats, including anoxic marine sediments and water columns, freshwater sediments and water columns, terrestrial ecosystems and some special ecosystems, such as petroleum reservoirs. Previous studies have estimated that the anammox process is responsible for 50% of the marine nitrogen loss. Recently, the anammox process was reported to account for 9–40% and 4–37% of the nitrogen loss in inland lakes and agricultural soils respectively. These findings indicate the great potential for the anammox process to occur in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. The distribution of different anammox bacteria and their contribution to nitrogen loss have been described in different natural habitats, demonstrating that the anammox process is strongly influenced by the local environmental conditions. The present mini-review summarizes the current knowledge of the ecological distribution of anammox bacteria, their contribution to nitrogen loss in various natural ecosystems and the effects of major influential factors on the anammox process.

scholarly journals Enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria for short start-up of the anammox process: a review

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (30) ◽  
pp. 13958-13978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mumtazah Ibrahim ◽  
Norjan Yusof ◽  
Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Mohd Ali Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Anammox Process

scholarly journals Propionate Oxidation by and Methanol Inhibition of Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 1066-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didem Güven ◽  
Ana Dapena ◽  
Boran Kartal ◽  
Markus C. Schmid ◽  
Bart Maas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Methanol Inhibition ◽  
Propionate Oxidation ◽  
Anammox Process

ABSTRACT Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a recently discovered microbial pathway and a cost-effective way to remove ammonium from wastewater. Anammox bacteria have been described as obligate chemolithoautotrophs. However, many chemolithoautotrophs (i.e., nitrifiers) can use organic compounds as a supplementary carbon source. In this study, the effect of organic compounds on anammox bacteria was investigated. It was shown that alcohols inhibited anammox bacteria, while organic acids were converted by them. Methanol was the most potent inhibitor, leading to complete and irreversible loss of activity at concentrations as low as 0.5 mM. Of the organic acids acetate and propionate, propionate was consumed at a higher rate (0.8 nmol min−1 mg of protein−1) by Percoll-purified anammox cells. Glucose, formate, and alanine had no effect on the anammox process. It was shown that propionate was oxidized mainly to CO2, with nitrate and/or nitrite as the electron acceptor. The anammox bacteria carried out propionate oxidation simultaneously with anaerobic ammonium oxidation. In an anammox enrichment culture fed with propionate for 150 days, the relative amounts of anammox cells and denitrifiers did not change significantly over time, indicating that anammox bacteria could compete successfully with heterotrophic denitrifiers for propionate. In conclusion, this study shows that anammox bacteria have a more versatile metabolism than previously assumed.

scholarly journals Treatment of high-strength rare-earth ammonia wastewater with two-stage anammox process

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-874 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Uncultured Bacterium ◽  
Total Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Anammox Process

<p>In this study, a two-stage anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) system—including a partial nitritation system with a biological selector (PNBS) and a granular activated carbon-based granule anammox process (GAP) —was used for the treatment of real high-strength rare-earth ammonia wastewater (HRAW). A nitrogen removal rate of 89% on average was achieved at the end of the study with the influent total nitrogen concentration of 2200 mg l<sup>-1</sup>. The nitrogen-loading rate (NLR) of 17 kg N/(m<sup>3</sup>×d) was achieved in the PNBS, and a reduced NLR of 6 kg N/(m<sup>3</sup>×d) was maintained in the GAP. To our knowledge, this is the highest NLR applied to a two-stage anammox system. A genetic analysis of the sludge samples revealed that a <em>Nitrosomonas</em><em> sp.</em> was enriched in the PNBS reactor, while, <em>Kuenenia stuttgartiensis</em><sub>,</sub><em> Uncultured bacterium clone KIST-JJY001</em>, and <em>Uncultured anoxic sludge bacterium KU2</em> were enriched in the GAP reactor.</p>

scholarly journals The influence of antibiotics on the anammox process — a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Gamoń ◽  
Grzegorz Cema ◽  
Aleksandra Ziembińska-Buczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Anammox Process

AbstractAnaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is one of the most promising processes for the treatment of ammonium-rich wastewater. It is more effective, cheaper, and more environmentally friendly than the conventional process currently in use for nitrogen removal. Unfortunately, anammox bacteria are sensitive to various substances, including heavy metals and organic matter commonly found in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Of these deleterious substances, antibiotics are recognized to be important. For decades, the increasing consumption of antibiotics has led to the increased occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment, including wastewater. One of the most important issues related to antibiotic pollution is the generation and transfer of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here, we will discuss the effect of short- and long-term exposure of the anammox process to antibiotic pollutants; with a special focus on the activity of the anammox bacteria, biomass properties, community structures, the presence of antibiotic resistance genes and combined effect of antibiotics with other substances commonly found in wastewater. Further, the defense mechanisms according to which bacteria adapt against antibiotic stress are speculated upon. This review aims to facilitate a better understanding of the influence of antibiotics and other co-pollutants on the anammox process and to highlight future avenues of research to target gaps in the knowledge.

scholarly journals Start up and Stabilization of Anammox Process in an Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (an MBR)

2017 ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
S. Suneethi ◽  
Kurian Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Seed Culture ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Anammox Process

Release of nitrate and ammonia rich wastewaters into the natural waters promotes eutrophication, aquatic toxicity and deterioration in water quality. Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (ANAMMOX) process is an advanced biological nitrogen removal alternative to traditional nitrification – denitrification, which removes ammonia using nitrite as the electron acceptor without oxygen. The feasibility to enrich ANAMMOX bacteria from anaerobic seed culture to start up an Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (An MBR) for N – removal is reported in this paper. The seed culture used was anaerobic digester sludge collected from a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in Chennai. Stabilization performance of An MBR is reported for a period of 250 days, for the presence of ANAMMOX bacteria and its sustained activity in terms of Nitrogen transformations to Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate along with Hydrazine and Hydroxylamine.

scholarly journals Coupled anaerobic ammonium oxidation and hydrogenotrophic denitrification for simultaneous NH4-N and NO3-N removal

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 975-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuru Kamei ◽  
Rawintra Eamrat ◽  
Kenta Shinoda ◽  
Yasuhiro Tanaka ◽  
Futaba Kazama
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Removal ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Anammox Process

Abstract Nitrate removal during anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) treatment is a concern for optimization of the anammox process. This study demonstrated the applicability and long-term stability of the coupled anammox and hydrogenotrophic denitrification (CAHD) process as an alternative method for nitrate removal. Laboratory-scale fixed bed anammox reactors (FBR) supplied with H2 to support denitrification were operated under two types of synthetic water. The FBRs showed simultaneous NH4-N and NO3-N removal, indicating that the CAHD process can support NO3-N removal during the anammox process. Intermittent H2 supply (e.g. 5 mL/min for a 1-L reactor, 14/6-min on/off cycle) helped maintain the CAHD process without deteriorating its performance under long-term operation and resulted in a nitrogen removal rate of 0.21 kg-N/m3/d and ammonium, nitrate, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen removal efficiencies of 73.4%, 80.4%, and 77%, respectively. The microbial community structure related to the CAHD process was not influenced by changes in influent water quality, and included the anammox bacteria ‘Candidatus Jettenia’ and a Sulfuritalea hydrogenivorans-like species as the dominant bacteria even after long-term reactor operation, suggesting that these bacteria are key to the CAHD process. These results indicate that the CAHD process is a promising method for enhancing the efficiency of anammox process.

scholarly journals Cometabolism of the Superphylum Patescibacteria with Anammox Bacteria in a Long-Term Freshwater Anammox Column Reactor

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Suguru Hosokawa ◽  
Kyohei Kuroda ◽  
Takashi Narihiro ◽  
Yoshiteru Aoi ◽  
Noriatsu Ozaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Column Reactor ◽  
Nitrite Nitrate ◽  
Anammox Process ◽  
Candidate Phyla Radiation

Although the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process has attracted attention regarding its application in ammonia wastewater treatment based on its efficiency, the physiological characteristics of anammox bacteria remain unclear because of the lack of pure-culture representatives. The coexistence of heterotrophic bacteria has often been observed in anammox reactors, even in those fed with synthetic inorganic nutrient medium. In this study, we recovered 37 draft genome bins from a long-term-operated anammox column reactor and predicted the metabolic pathway of coexisting bacteria, especially Patescibacteria (also known as Candidate phyla radiation). Genes related to the nitrogen cycle were not detected in Patescibacterial bins, whereas nitrite, nitrate, and nitrous oxide-related genes were identified in most of the other bacteria. The pathway predicted for Patescibacteria suggests the lack of nitrogen marker genes and its ability to utilize poly-N-acetylglucosamine produced by dominant anammox bacteria. Coexisting Patescibacteria may play an ecological role in providing lactate and formate to other coexisting bacteria, supporting growth in the anammox reactor. Patescibacteria-centric coexisting bacteria, which produce anammox substrates and scavenge organic compounds produced within the anammox reactor, might be essential for the anammox ecosystem.

scholarly journals Phylogenomics Suggests the Origin of Obligately Anaerobic Anammox Bacteria Correlates with the Great Oxidation Event

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianhua Liao ◽  
Sishuo Wang ◽  
Haiwei Luo
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Great Oxidation Event ◽  
Obligate Anaerobic

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria transform ammonium and nitrite to dinitrogen gas, and this obligate anaerobic process accounts for nearly half of global nitrogen loss. Yet its origin and evolution, which may give important insights into the biogeochemistry of early Earth, remains enigmatic. Here, we compile a comprehensive sequence data set of anammox bacteria, and confirm their single origin within the phylum Planctomycetes. After accommodating the uncertainties and factors influencing time estimates with different statistical methods, we estimate that anammox bacteria originated at 2.0 - 2.6 Ga, broadly coinciding with the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) which is thought to have fundamentally changed global biogeochemical cycles. We further show that during the origin of anammox bacteria, genes involved in oxidative stress, bioenergetics and anammox granules formation were recruited, which may have contributed to their survival in an increasingly oxic Earth. Our findings suggest the rising level of atmospheric oxygen, which made nitrite increasingly available, as a potential driving force for the emergence of anammox bacteria. This is one of the first studies that link GOE to the evolution of obligate anaerobic bacteria.

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