Genetic control of identity and growth in the early Arabidopsis embryo

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolf Weijers
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Model System ◽  
Tissue Formation ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Embryonic Root

Plants can grow complex and elaborate structures, in some species for thousands of years. Despite the diversity in form and shape, plants are built from a limited number of fundamental tissue types, and their arrangement is deeply conserved in the plant kingdom. A key question in biology is how these fundamental tissues, i.e. epidermal, ground and vascular tissue, are specified and organized in time and space. In the present paper, I discuss the use of the early Arabidopsis embryo as a model system to dissect the control of tissue formation and patterning, as well as the specification of the stem cells that sustain post-embryonic growth. I present recent insights into the molecules and mechanisms that control both the specification and the subsequent growth of the different cell types within the embryonic root. Finally, I discuss major unanswered questions and future challenges in using the embryo as a model to decipher the regulatory logic of plant development.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs and Stem-like Properties: The Complex Regulation Underlying Stemness Maintenance and Cancer Development

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1074
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Divisato ◽  
Silvia Piscitelli ◽  
Mariantonietta Elia ◽  
Emanuela Cascone ◽  
Silvia Parisi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Different Cell Types

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the extraordinary properties to indefinitely proliferate and self-renew in culture to produce different cell progeny through differentiation. This latter process recapitulates embryonic development and requires rounds of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is characterized by the loss of the epithelial features and the acquisition of the typical phenotype of the mesenchymal cells. In pathological conditions, EMT can confer stemness or stem-like phenotypes, playing a role in the tumorigenic process. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a subpopulation, found in the tumor tissues, with stem-like properties such as uncontrolled proliferation, self-renewal, and ability to differentiate into different cell types. ESCs and CSCs share numerous features (pluripotency, self-renewal, expression of stemness genes, and acquisition of epithelial–mesenchymal features), and most of them are under the control of microRNAs (miRNAs). These small molecules have relevant roles during both embryogenesis and cancer development. The aim of this review was to recapitulate molecular mechanisms shared by ESCs and CSCs, with a special focus on the recently identified classes of microRNAs (noncanonical miRNAs, mirtrons, isomiRs, and competitive endogenous miRNAs) and their complex functions during embryogenesis and cancer development.

Biological Characteristics and Multilineage Differentiation of Kidney Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from the Tibetan Mastiff

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 904-913
Author(s):  
Bing Yan ◽  
Ruining Liang ◽  
Meng Ji ◽  
Qi-Qige Wuyun ◽  
Weijun Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Immunofluorescence Staining ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Different Cell Types

Of all the significant researches that have taken place in isolation, culture and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the field of kidney-derived mesenchymal stem cells (KMSCs) in Tibetan mastiff is still a blank. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to isolate, culture and characterize the Tibetan mastiff KMSCs. The KMSCs were successfully isolated from one-day year old Tibetan mastiff kidney, cultured for 16 passages and distinguished by two methods: immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR. The Tibetan mastiff KMSCs expressed specific surface marker genes (VIM, CD44, FN1, CD90, CD109, CD73, FN1) and kidney marker gene PAX2. The proliferation ability of Tibetan mastiff KMSCs was measured through cell count and clonality. Furthermore, cells differentiated into different cell types (hepatocellular cells, osteogenic cells, adipogenic cells and chondrogenic cells) under special induced medium, and the marker genes of induced cells were identified with Immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR. All of these results indicated that the Tibetan mastiff KMSCs were obtained successfully, which possessed certain characteristics of multipotent stem cells. Therefore, MSCs in Tibetan mastiff kidney hold potential for clinical applications for regenerative therapy and their further studies are waiting to be required to investigate their functions.

scholarly journals Leaf Morphogenesis: Insights From the Moss Physcomitrium patens

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenye Lin ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Yoan Coudert ◽  
Daniel Kierzkowski
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Model System ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Leaf Morphogenesis ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms

Specialized photosynthetic organs have appeared several times independently during the evolution of land plants. Phyllids, the leaf-like organs of bryophytes such as mosses or leafy liverworts, display a simple morphology, with a small number of cells and cell types and lack typical vascular tissue which contrasts greatly with flowering plants. Despite this, the leaf structures of these two plant types share many morphological characteristics. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of leaf morphogenesis in the model moss Physcomitrium patens, focusing on the underlying cellular patterns and molecular regulatory mechanisms. We discuss this knowledge in an evolutionary context and identify parallels between moss and flowering plant leaf development. Finally, we propose potential research directions that may help to answer fundamental questions in plant development using moss leaves as a model system.

scholarly journals Multiocular organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells displayed retinal, corneal, and retinal pigment epithelium lineages

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Isla-Magrané ◽  
Anna Veiga ◽  
José García-Arumí ◽  
Anna Duarri
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Retinal Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Eye Development ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Different Cell Types

Abstract Background Recently, great efforts have been made to design protocols for obtaining ocular cells from human stem cells to model diseases or for regenerative purposes. Current protocols generally focus on isolating retinal cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), or corneal cells and fail to recapitulate the complexity of the tissue during eye development. Here, the generation of more advanced in vitro multiocular organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is demonstrated. Methods A 2-step method was established to first obtain self-organized multizone ocular progenitor cells (mzOPCs) from 2D hiPSC cultures within three weeks. Then, after the cells were manually isolated and grown in suspension, 3D multiocular organoids were generated to model important cellular features of developing eyes. Results In the 2D culture, self-formed mzOPCs spanned the neuroectoderm, surface ectoderm, neural crest, and RPE, mimicking early stages of eye development. After lifting, mzOPCs developed into different 3D multiocular organoids composed of multiple cell lineages including RPE, retina, and cornea, and interactions between the different cell types and regions of the eye system were observed. Within these organoids, the retinal regions exhibited correct layering and contained all major retinal cell subtypes as well as retinal morphological cues, whereas the corneal regions closely resembled the transparent ocular-surface epithelium and contained of corneal, limbal, and conjunctival epithelial cells. The arrangement of RPE cells also formed organoids composed of polarized pigmented epithelial cells at the surface that were completely filled with collagen matrix. Conclusions This approach clearly demonstrated the advantages of the combined 2D-3D construction tissue model as it provided a more ocular native-like cellular environment than that of previous models. In this complex preparations, multiocular organoids may be used to model the crosstalk between different cell types in eye development and disease. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Renal stem cells: fact or science fiction?

2012 ◽  
Vol 444 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen K. McCampbell ◽  
Rebecca A. Wingert
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Kidney Regeneration ◽  
Renal Stem Cells ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Renal Regeneration

The kidney is widely regarded as an organ without regenerative abilities. However, in recent years this dogma has been challenged on the basis of observations of kidney recovery following acute injury, and the identification of renal populations that demonstrate stem cell characteristics in various species. It is currently speculated that the human kidney can regenerate in some contexts, but the mechanisms of renal regeneration remain poorly understood. Numerous controversies surround the potency, behaviour and origins of the cell types that are proposed to perform kidney regeneration. The present review explores the current understanding of renal stem cells and kidney regeneration events, and examines the future challenges in using these insights to create new clinical treatments for kidney disease.

scholarly journals Using stem cells to study and possibly treat type 1 diabetes

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1575) ◽  
pp. 2307-2311 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Melton
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Juvenile Diabetes ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Cell Replacement ◽  
Disease Phenotypes ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Derivatives Of

Stem cells with the potential to form many different cell types are actively studied for their possible use in cell replacement therapies for several diseases. In addition, the differentiated derivatives of stem cells are being used as reagents to test for drugs that slow or correct disease phenotypes found in several degenerative diseases. This paper explores these approaches in the context of type 1 or juvenile diabetes, pointing to recent successes as well as the technical and theoretical challenges that lie ahead in the path to new treatments and cures.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal stem cells carry and transport clusters of cancer cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Zarubova ◽  
Mohammad Mahdi Hasani-Sadrabadi ◽  
Sam CP Norris ◽  
Andrea M Kasko ◽  
Song Li
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Clusters ◽  
Different Cell Types

AbstractCell clusters that collectively migrate from primary tumors appear to be far more potent in forming distant metastases than single cancer cells. A better understanding of collective cell migration phenomenon and the involvement of different cell types during this process is needed. Here, we utilize a micropatterned surface composed of a thousand of low-adhesive microwells to screen motility of spheroids containing different cell types by analyzing their ability to move from the bottom to the top of the microwells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) spheroid migration was efficient in contrast to cancer cell only spheroids. In spheroids with both cell types mixed together, MSCs were able to carry the low-motile cancer cells during migration. As the percentage of MSCs increased in the spheroids, more migrating spheroids were detected. Extracellular vesicles secreted by MSCs also contributed to the pro-migratory effect exerted by MSCs. However, the transport of cancer cells was more efficient when MSCs were physically present in the cluster. Similar results were obtained when cell clusters were encapsulated within a micropatterned hydrogel, where collective migration was guided by micropatterned matrix stiffness. These results suggest that stromal cells facilitate the migration of cancer cell clusters, which is contrary to the general belief that malignant cells metastasize independently.SignificanceDuring metastasis, tumor cells may migrate as a cluster, which exhibit higher metastatic capacity compared to single cells. However, whether and how non-cancer cells contained in tumor cluster regulate it’s migration is not clear. Here, we utilize two unique approaches to study collective tumor cell migration in vitro: first, in low-adhesive microwells and second, in micropatterned hydrogels to analyze migration in 3D microenvironment. Our results indicate that MSCs in tumor cell clusters could play an important role in the dissemination of cancer cells by actively transporting low-motile cancer cells. In addition, MSC-released paracrine factors also increase the motility of tumor cells. These findings reveal a new mechanism of cancer cell migration and may lead to new approaches to suppress metastases.

Infertility cell therapy and epigenetic insights

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Nahal Eshghifar ◽  
Behnam Kamali Dehghan ◽  
Atieh Abedin Do ◽  
Saeideh Zamani Koukhaloo ◽  
Mohsen Habibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
Epigenetic Patterns ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Recent advances in assisted reproductive technology (ART) have allowed couples with severe infertility to conceive, but the methods are not effective for all cases. Stem cells as undifferentiated cells which are found in different stages of embryonic, fetal and adult life are known to be capable of forming different cell types, tissues, and organs. Due to their unlimited resources and the incredible power of differentiation are considered as potential new therapeutic biological tools for treatment of infertility. For reproductive medicine, stem cells are stimulated in vitro to develop various specialized functional cells including male and female gametes. The epigenetic patterns can be modified in the genome under certain drugs exposure or lifestyle alterations. Therefore, epigenetics-related disorders may be treated if the nature of the modifications is completely admissible. It is proved that our understanding of epigenetic processes and its association with infertility would help us not only to understand the etiological factors but also to treat some type of male infertilities. Exploration of both genetic and epigenetic variations in the disease development could help in the identification of the interaction patterns between these two phenomena and possible improvement of therapeutic methods.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document