Relationship of maternal protein turnover and lean body mass during pregnancy and birth length

2001 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. DUGGLEBY ◽  
Alan A. JACKSON
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Birth Length ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Size At Birth

Epidemiological evidence shows that small size at birth is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adult life. We have examined the relationships between size at birth and maternal body composition and protein turnover in normal pregnant women. A group of 27 multiparous Caucasian women with singleton pregnancies were studied at around 18 and 28 weeks' gestation. Body composition was determined by anthropometry, and whole-body protein turnover was estimated by using a single oral dose of [15N]glycine and the end-product method. The baby's weight and length were measured within 48 h of birth. Mothers with a greater lean body mass had higher rates of protein turnover at 18 weeks' gestation. This association was largely accounted for by differences in the mother's visceral, rather than muscle, mass. Mothers who had higher protein turnover at 18 weeks' gestation had babies that were longer at birth. After adjustment for the duration of gestation and the baby's sex, 26% of the variation in length at birth was accounted for by maternal protein synthesis at 18 weeks' gestation. Maternal protein intake was not associated with the baby's birth length. Thus the mother's ability to nourish her fetus is influenced by her body composition and her rate of protein turnover. Dietary intake does not adequately characterize this ability.

Whole Body Protein Metabolism in Human Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Undernutrition: Evidence for Anabolic Block in Tuberculosis

1998 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek C. MacAllan ◽  
Margaret A. McNurlan ◽  
Anura V. Kurpad ◽  
George De Souza ◽  
Prakash S. Shetty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Nutrition Support ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Leucine Kinetics ◽  
Body Energy ◽  
Net Protein

1. Differing patterns of protein metabolism are seen in wasting due to undernutrition and wasting due to chronic infection. 2. We investigated whole body energy and protein metabolism in nine subjects with pulmonary tuberculosis, six undernourished subjects (body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2) and seven control subjects from an Indian population. Fasting subjects were infused with l-[1-13C] leucine (2.3 μmol · h−1 · kg−1) for 8 h, 4 h fasted then 4 h fed. Leucine kinetics were derived from 13C-enrichment of leucine and α-ketoisocaproic acid in plasma and CO2 in breath. 3. Undernourished subjects, but not tuberculosis subjects, had higher rates of whole body protein turnover per unit lean body mass than controls [163.1 ± 9.4 and 148.6 ± 14.6 μmol compared with 142.8 ± 14.7 μmol leucine/h per kg, based on α-ketoisocaproic acid enrichment (P = 0.039)]. 4. In response to feeding, protein oxidation increased in all groups. Tuberculosis subjects had the highest fed rates of oxidation (47.0 ± 10.5 compared with 37.1 ± 5.4 μmol · h−1 · kg−1 in controls), resulting in a less positive net protein balance in the fed phase (controls, 39.7 ± 6.2; undernourished subjects, 29.2 ± 10.6; tuberculosis subjects, 24.5 ± 93; P = 0.010). Thus fed-phase tuberculosis subjects oxidized a greater proportion of leucine flux (33.2%) than either of the other groups (controls, 24.0%; undernourished subjects, 24.0%; P = 0.017). 5. Tuberculosis did not increase fasting whole body protein turnover but impaired the anabolic response to feeding compared with control and undernourished subjects. Such ‘anabolic block’ may contribute to wasting in tuberculosis and may represent the mechanism by which some inflammatory states remain refractory to nutrition support.

scholarly journals The Protein Recommended Dietary Allowance Is Adequate to Retain Lean Body Mass: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (P08-065-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Hudson ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Robert Bergia ◽  
Wayne Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled

Abstract Objectives Classic short-term nitrogen balance research estimated that the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g protein/kg/d would be adequate to maintain whole-body nitrogen balance in 97.5% of the population. However, achieving whole-body nitrogen balance does not necessarily equate with tissue-specific amino acid (nitrogen) needs, for example in skeletal muscle. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess in weight-stable adults the effects of chronically consuming greater than the protein RDA, compared to the RDA, on whole-body composition. Methods Articles published through 2018 were identified with PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases. Five articles with 7 comparisons were identified to be relevant through the databases and through screening previous published reviews. Two researchers independently screened the articles for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of parallel design that measured changes in body composition after ³6 wk of dietary control. Results There was significant heterogeneity in the effect sizes amongst the comparisons (I2  = 72.8%, χ2  = 22.1, P = 0.001). Consuming greater than the protein RDA did not differentially affect any of the changes in total body mass [0.07 kg (−0.75, 0.88); WMD, (95% CI), Random effects], fat mass [−0.65 kg (−1.33, 0.03)], or lean body mass [0.08 kg (−0.59, 0.75)]. Conclusions These results from controlled feeding RCTs support adequacy of the protein RDA to retain lean body mass and indicate that protein intakes greater than the RDA do not promote morphological changes among weight-stable adults. Funding Sources Purdue University Graduate Lynn Fellowship. No external funding was provided for this review.

Postprandial myofibrillar and whole body protein synthesis in young and old human subjects

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (4) ◽  
pp. E599-E604 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Welle ◽  
C. Thornton ◽  
M. Statt ◽  
B. McHenry
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Fractional Rate

Rates of incorporation of leucine (using L-[1-13C]leucine as a tracer) into myofibrillar and whole body proteins were determined in healthy old (> 60 yr old, n = 7) and young (< 30 yr old, n = 9) men and women who were fed small meals (4% of daily energy) every 30 min. There was no difference in whole body incorporation of leucine into proteins in the young (148 +/- 5 mumol.h-1.kg lean body mass-1, means +/- SE) and old groups (150 +/- 3 mumol.h-1.kg lean body mass-1). However, the fractional myofibrillar protein synthesis in the vastus lateralis muscle was 28% slower in the older group (0.063 +/- 0.004 vs. 0.088 +/- 0.003 %/h, P < 0.001). Extrapolation of these results to whole body myofibrillar synthesis (fractional rate x myofibrillar mass estimated by creatinine excretion) indicated that, in the older group, total myofibrillar synthesis was 43% slower (1.8 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.1 +/- 0.2 g/h, P < 0.01) and that their myofibrillar synthesis was a smaller portion of whole body protein synthesis (15 +/- 1 vs. 23 +/- 1%, P < 0.001). Compared with age-matched postabsorptive subjects, whole body protein synthesis was approximately 25% faster, and fractional myofibrillar synthesis was approximately 50% faster in these fed subjects, both young and old. We conclude that myofibrillar synthesis is slower in older subjects during both postabsorptive and postprandial conditions but that aging does not impair the stimulatory effect of feeding on protein synthesis.

Weight loss in postmenopausal obesity: no adverse alterations in body composition and protein metabolism

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (1) ◽  
pp. E124-E131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dympna Gallagher ◽  
Albert J. Kovera ◽  
Gaynelle Clay-Williams ◽  
Denise Agin ◽  
Patricia Leone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Body Protein

We sought to determine if decrements in the mass of fat-free body mass (FFM) and other lean tissue compartments, and related changes in protein metabolism, are appropriate for weight loss in obese older women. Subjects were 14 healthy weight-stable obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) postmenopausal women >55 yr who participated in a 16-wk, 1,200 kcal/day nutritionally complete diet. Measures at baseline and 16 wk included FFM and appendicular lean soft tissue (LST) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; body cell mass (BCM) by 40K whole body counting; total body water (TBW) by tritium dilution; skeletal muscle (SM) by whole body MRI; and fasting whole body protein metabolism through l-[1-13C]leucine kinetics. Mean weight loss (±SD) was 9.6 ± 3.0 kg ( P < 0.0001) or 10.7% of initial body weight. FFM decreased by 2.1 ± 2.6 kg ( P = 0.006), or 19.5% of weight loss, and did not differ from that reported (2.3 ± 0.7 kg). Relative losses of SM, LST, TBW, and BCM were consistent with reductions in body weight and FFM. Changes in [13C]leucine flux, oxidation, and synthesis rates were not significant. Follow-up of 11 subjects at 23.7 ± 5.7 mo showed body weight and fat mass to be below baseline values; FFM was nonsignificantly reduced. Weight loss was accompanied by body composition and protein kinetic changes that appear appropriate for the magnitude of body mass change, thus failing to support the concern that diet-induced weight loss in obese postmenopausal women produces disproportionate LST losses.

Whole-body composition of Xenopus laevis larvae: implications for lean body mass during development.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (7) ◽  
pp. 1013-1022
Author(s):  
P R Territo ◽  
A W Smits
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nucleic Acid Content ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Physiological Measures

Body composition in developing animals has been extensively investigated in fish larvae and bird embryos. However, no studies to date have attempted to determine whole-animal body composition or lean body mass (MLB) in developing amphibians. The present study investigates how body composition changes during development in Xenopus laevis and the potential implications of MLB for substrate turnover, energy stores, oxygen consumption and other physiological measures. Whole-animal composition was determined during development from eggs (NF stage 1) to 2 weeks post-feeding (NF 50-51), which represents two-thirds of the developmental period. Wet and dry masses were found to be highly correlated, with water content remaining constant at 93 % of wet mass. Whole-animal nucleic acid content was linearly correlated with both wet and dry masses, and declined relative to mass as development progressed. Similarly, total protein content was linearly correlated with wet and dry masses; however, total protein content increased with developmental stage. Amounts of individual neutral lipids were variable although, overall, total neutral lipid content declined progressively with development. The stoichiometric energy balance paralleled the changes seen in mass-specific .MO2, with the energy primarily from lipids fueling respiration up to NF 44-45. Quantification of total body composition revealed that lipid stores greatly influenced the calculations of MLB and therefore had profound underestimating effects on the mass-specific expression of numerous physiological measures through development.

Myofibrillar protein synthesis in young and old men

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (5) ◽  
pp. E693-E698 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Welle ◽  
C. Thornton ◽  
R. Jozefowicz ◽  
M. Statt
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Myofibrillar Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis

We tested the hypothesis that healthy older men (> 60 yr old) have a slower rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis than young men (< 35 yr old). Myofibrillar protein synthesis was determined by the in vivo incorporation of L-[1-13C]leucine into myofibrillar proteins obtained by muscle biopsy. Subjects were eight young (21-31 yr) and eight older (62-81 yr) men, all healthy and moderately active. There was no significant difference in the mean height and weight of the two age groups, but the older group had 12% less lean body mass (determined by 40K counting) and 21% less muscle mass (estimated by urinary creatinine excretion). Upper leg strength was approximately one-third lower in the older subjects according to isokinetic dynamometry. The fractional rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis was 28% slower in the older group (0.039 +/- 0.009 vs. 0.054 +/- 0.010 %/h, mean +/- SD, P < 0.01). Total myofibrillar protein synthesis, estimated as total myofibrillar mass (from creatinine excretion) times the fractional synthesis rate, was 44% slower in the older group (1.4 vs. 2.5 g/h, P < 0.001). Whole body protein synthesis, assessed as the difference between leucine disappearance rate and leucine oxidation, was marginally slower (8%, P = 0.10) in the older group, but not when the data were adjusted for lean body mass. Myofibrillar protein synthesis was a smaller fraction of whole body protein synthesis in the older group (12 vs. 19%). Reduced myofibrillar protein synthesis may be an important mechanism of the muscle atrophy associated with aging.

scholarly journals Body composition and mortality in the general population: A review of epidemiologic studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 243 (17-18) ◽  
pp. 1275-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Hoon Lee ◽  
Edward L Giovannucci
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
General Population ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Obesity Paradox ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk

Numerous studies have examined the association between body mass index and mortality and often observed that risk of mortality was higher in those with lower body mass index than those who were overweight or even obese (“obesity paradox”). One potential explanation of the obesity paradox is the limitation of body mass index as an imperfect measure of adiposity. However, relatively few studies have examined the association between body composition and mortality due to practical issues of assessing body composition in large-scale epidemiological settings. The available epidemiologic studies on this topic were heterogenous with regard to study design, analyses, results, and interpretations. The majority of studies using direct body composition measures such as dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography had relatively small sample size, short follow-up period and restricted study population. Studies have also used other approaches to indirectly estimate body composition to examine the association with mortality in a larger and more representative population. Overall findings were not consistent but suggested that fat mass and lean body mass may play an independent role on mortality in the general population. Various shapes of the associations were observed, but studies generally suggested that high fat mass was associated with increased risk of mortality (especially higher range of fat mass) and low lean body mass was associated with increased risk of mortality (especially lower range of lean body mass). On the other hand, fat mass and lean body mass tended to show either null or inverse association with mortality in elderly populations. Given the complex relationship of two body components as well as with other factors (e.g., age, smoking, disease, etc.), future studies should be conducted and interpreted after careful consideration of potential biases. In summary, the available data suggest independent associations of fat mass and lean body mass on mortality in the general population. Impact statement Current understanding of the association of body composition on mortality in the general population is limited. This review evaluated the available epidemiologic studies on body composition and mortality that leveraged diverse approaches to estimate body composition. Although studies showed inconsistent results, there was evidence suggesting that high fat mass and low lean body mass may be independently associated with mortality in the general population. This review may help partially explain the “obesity paradox” phenomenon and facilitate further studies to advance the understanding of the association of body composition on health in the general and patient populations.

Resting metabolic rate and protein turnover in apparently healthy elderly Gambian men

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (6) ◽  
pp. E1083-E1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Benedek ◽  
P. Y. Berclaz ◽  
E. Jequier ◽  
Y. Schutz
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Body Protein

Body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), and whole body protein metabolism were studied in 26 young and 28 elderly Gambian men matched for body mass index during the dry season in a rural village in The Gambia. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry (hood system) in the fasting state and after five successive meals. Rates of whole body nitrogen flux, protein synthesis, and protein breakdown were determined in the fed state from the level of isotopic enrichment of urinary ammonia over a period of 12 h after a single oral dose of [15N]glycine. Expressed in absolute value, REE was significantly lower in the elderly compared with the young group (3.21 +/- 0.07 vs. 4.04 +/- 0.07 kJ/min, P < 0.001) and when adjusted to body weight (3.29 +/- 0.05 vs. 3.96 +/- 0.05 kJ/min, P < 0.0001) and fat-free mass (FFM; 3.38 +/- 0.01 vs. 3.87 +/- 0.01 kJ/min, P < 0.0001). The rate of protein synthesis averaged 207 +/- 13 g protein/day in the elderly and 230 +/- 13 g protein/day in the young group, whereas protein breakdown averaged 184 +/- 13 g protein/day in the elderly and 203 +/- 13 g protein/day in the young group (nonsignificant). When values were adjusted for body weight or FFM, they did not reveal any difference between the two groups. It is concluded that the reduced REE adjusted for body composition observed in elderly Gambian men is not explained by a decrease in protein turnover.

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