Whole-body composition of Xenopus laevis larvae: implications for lean body mass during development.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (7) ◽  
pp. 1013-1022
Author(s):  
P R Territo ◽  
A W Smits
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nucleic Acid Content ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Physiological Measures

Body composition in developing animals has been extensively investigated in fish larvae and bird embryos. However, no studies to date have attempted to determine whole-animal body composition or lean body mass (MLB) in developing amphibians. The present study investigates how body composition changes during development in Xenopus laevis and the potential implications of MLB for substrate turnover, energy stores, oxygen consumption and other physiological measures. Whole-animal composition was determined during development from eggs (NF stage 1) to 2 weeks post-feeding (NF 50-51), which represents two-thirds of the developmental period. Wet and dry masses were found to be highly correlated, with water content remaining constant at 93 % of wet mass. Whole-animal nucleic acid content was linearly correlated with both wet and dry masses, and declined relative to mass as development progressed. Similarly, total protein content was linearly correlated with wet and dry masses; however, total protein content increased with developmental stage. Amounts of individual neutral lipids were variable although, overall, total neutral lipid content declined progressively with development. The stoichiometric energy balance paralleled the changes seen in mass-specific .MO2, with the energy primarily from lipids fueling respiration up to NF 44-45. Quantification of total body composition revealed that lipid stores greatly influenced the calculations of MLB and therefore had profound underestimating effects on the mass-specific expression of numerous physiological measures through development.

Relationship of maternal protein turnover and lean body mass during pregnancy and birth length

2001 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. DUGGLEBY ◽  
Alan A. JACKSON
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Birth Length ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Size At Birth

Epidemiological evidence shows that small size at birth is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adult life. We have examined the relationships between size at birth and maternal body composition and protein turnover in normal pregnant women. A group of 27 multiparous Caucasian women with singleton pregnancies were studied at around 18 and 28 weeks' gestation. Body composition was determined by anthropometry, and whole-body protein turnover was estimated by using a single oral dose of [15N]glycine and the end-product method. The baby's weight and length were measured within 48 h of birth. Mothers with a greater lean body mass had higher rates of protein turnover at 18 weeks' gestation. This association was largely accounted for by differences in the mother's visceral, rather than muscle, mass. Mothers who had higher protein turnover at 18 weeks' gestation had babies that were longer at birth. After adjustment for the duration of gestation and the baby's sex, 26% of the variation in length at birth was accounted for by maternal protein synthesis at 18 weeks' gestation. Maternal protein intake was not associated with the baby's birth length. Thus the mother's ability to nourish her fetus is influenced by her body composition and her rate of protein turnover. Dietary intake does not adequately characterize this ability.

scholarly journals Accessory lymph sacs and body fluid partitioning in the lizard, Sauromalus hispidus

1986 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-177
Author(s):  
A. W. Smits
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Extracellular Fluid Volume ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Fluid Shifts

Chuckwalla lizards (genus Sauromalus) may accumulate substantial quantities of body fluid in extracoelomic, lateral abdominal spaces called accessory lymph sacs. The lymph sac fluid (LSF) of S. hispidus is similar to that of serum in Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations, but the total protein content (3.58 +/− 0.20 g dl-1) is only half that measured in serum (7.05 +/− 0.26 g dl-1). These analyses confirm that LSF is an extravascular form of extracellular fluid, similar in composition to true lymph. Measurements of body fluid partitioning by dilution analysis indicate that Sauromalus hispidus Stejnejer possesses a comparatively large (38.9% body mass) and labile extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), and that the volume of LSF is dependent on the ECFV. Expansion of the ECFV (and subsequent accumulation of LSF) is observed following large, intercompartmental fluid shifts from intracellular to extracellular locations when lizards are kept inactive in simulated hibernation, are injected with KCl in amounts similar to those found in their field diet, and are hydrated with NaCl that is isotonic to their body fluids. These data collectively suggest that the lymph sacs of chuckwallas facilitate expansion of the ECFV, and may be adaptive not only as a means to store body water, but to accommodate transient shifts in body fluid from intracellular to extracellular locations.

scholarly journals Influence of β-Glucan (Macrogard®) on Innate Immunity of Carp Fry

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganna Sych ◽  
Patrick Frost ◽  
Ilgiz Irnazarow
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Lysozyme Activity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Complement Pathway ◽  
Classical Complement Pathway ◽  
Pathway Activation ◽  
Experimental Feeding ◽  
Classical Complement

Abstract β-glucan (Macrogard®) was administrated to enhance the immunity and growth of Cyprinus carpio fry. The whole body homogenate of fish sampled with one week intervals during 2nd - 6th weeks post hatching was assayed for the total protein content, lysozyme activity, α-2-macroglobulin content, classical complement pathway activation, and weight gain. After the 3rd week of experimental feeding, the total protein content and the classical complement activity of fish fed β-glucan supplemented diet were higher than controls. Significantly higher lysozyme activity and α-2-macroglobulin levels were noted in group fed β-glucan at the 2nd and 3rd week of diet application. It was demonstrated that β-glucan enriched feeding increased the immunity of common carp at the earliest stages of their development.

scholarly journals The Protein Recommended Dietary Allowance Is Adequate to Retain Lean Body Mass: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (P08-065-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Hudson ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Robert Bergia ◽  
Wayne Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled

Abstract Objectives Classic short-term nitrogen balance research estimated that the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g protein/kg/d would be adequate to maintain whole-body nitrogen balance in 97.5% of the population. However, achieving whole-body nitrogen balance does not necessarily equate with tissue-specific amino acid (nitrogen) needs, for example in skeletal muscle. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess in weight-stable adults the effects of chronically consuming greater than the protein RDA, compared to the RDA, on whole-body composition. Methods Articles published through 2018 were identified with PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases. Five articles with 7 comparisons were identified to be relevant through the databases and through screening previous published reviews. Two researchers independently screened the articles for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of parallel design that measured changes in body composition after ³6 wk of dietary control. Results There was significant heterogeneity in the effect sizes amongst the comparisons (I2  = 72.8%, χ2  = 22.1, P = 0.001). Consuming greater than the protein RDA did not differentially affect any of the changes in total body mass [0.07 kg (−0.75, 0.88); WMD, (95% CI), Random effects], fat mass [−0.65 kg (−1.33, 0.03)], or lean body mass [0.08 kg (−0.59, 0.75)]. Conclusions These results from controlled feeding RCTs support adequacy of the protein RDA to retain lean body mass and indicate that protein intakes greater than the RDA do not promote morphological changes among weight-stable adults. Funding Sources Purdue University Graduate Lynn Fellowship. No external funding was provided for this review.

Basal, but not overload-induced, myonuclear addition is attenuated by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) administration

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 646-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott E. Gordon ◽  
Christopher M. Westerkamp ◽  
Kathleen J. Savage ◽  
Robert C. Hickner ◽  
Sarah C. George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Surgical Ablation ◽  
Cross Sectional

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of blocking nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity via NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) on myonuclear addition in skeletal muscle under basal and overloaded conditions. Female Sprague–Dawley rats (approx. 220 g) were placed into 1 of the following 4 groups (n = 7–9/group): 7-day skeletal muscle overload (O), sham operation (S), skeletal muscle overload with l-NAME treatment (OLN), and sham operation with l-NAME treatment (SLN). Plantaris muscles were overloaded via bilateral surgical ablation of the gastrocnemius muscles and l-NAME (0.75 mg/mL) was administered in the animals’ daily drinking water starting 2 days prior to surgery and continued until sacrifice. Myonuclear addition was assessed as subsarcolemmal incorporation of nuclei labeled with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (approx. 25 mg·(kg body mass)–1·day–1) delivered via osmotic pump during the overload period. As expected, muscle wet mass, total protein content, fiber cross-sectional area, and myonuclear addition were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in O vs. S; however, only the increase in wet mass and total protein content (per body mass) were attenuated by l-NAME administration. Interestingly, l-NAME significantly reduced myonuclear addition by 75% in nonoverloaded muscles (SLN vs. S). Muscle hepatocyte growth factor protein content increased with overload, but was unaffected by l-NAME in either loading state. These data indicate that NOS inhibition in rat plantaris muscle attenuates myonuclear addition under basal, but not overloaded, conditions.

scholarly journals Incorporating Milk Protein Isolate into an Energy-Restricted Western-Style Eating Pattern Augments Improvements in Blood Pressure and Triglycerides, but Not Body Composition Changes in Adults Classified as Overweight or Obese: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 851
Author(s):  
Joshua L. Hudson ◽  
Jing Zhou ◽  
Jung Eun Kim ◽  
Wayne W. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Fasting Plasma

Unhealthy Western-style eating patterns (WSEP) predominate, adversely affecting health. Resistance to improving dietary patterns prompts interest to incorporate a potentially health-promoting ingredient into typical WSEP foods and beverages. We assessed the effect of incorporating isocalorically matched carbohydrates versus milk protein isolate (MPI) into a WSEP on weight loss-induced changes in cardiometabolic health and body composition. In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-design study, 44 participants (age 52 ± 1 years, body mass index (BMI) 31.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2, mean ± standard error) consumed a weight maintenance WSEP (0.8 g total protein/kg/day) for 3 weeks (baseline). After, participants consumed an energy-restricted (750 kcal/day below estimated requirement) WSEP for 16 weeks, randomly assigned to contain either an additional 0.7 g carbohydrate/kg/d (CON: n = 23, 0.8 g total protein/kg/day) or 0.7 g protein/kg/d from MPI (MPI: n = 21, 1.5 g total protein/kg/day) incorporated into foods and beverages. Compared to CON, the MPI favored reductions in average 24 h and sleeping systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BP), waking hours systolic BP, and fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations. Reductions in fasting plasma insulin, glucose, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were not different between groups. Among all participants, whole body mass, lean mass, fat mass, and thigh muscle area, each decreased over time. For adults finding it difficult to deviate from a WSEP, replacing a portion of their carbohydrate with foods and beverages containing MPI may be an effective dietary strategy to reduce BP after weight loss.

scholarly journals Interrelationships Among Vitamin D Status and Body Composition in Mother-Infant Dyads

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1061-1061
Author(s):  
Maryam Razaghi ◽  
Catherine Vanstone ◽  
Olusola Sotunde ◽  
Nathalie Gharibeh ◽  
Shu Qin Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Maternal Vitamin D Status ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Objectives To explore the associations between postpartum maternal vitamin D status and body composition to neonatal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and body composition. Methods Healthy mothers and term-born infants of appropriate size for gestational age were recruited from Greater Montreal (March 2016 through March 2019). The present analysis includes data from mothers and infants (n = 144). Maternal characteristics and lifestyle factors were surveyed and newborn capillary blood samples were taken within 36 h of delivery to assess vitamin D status using total serum 25(OH)D (Liaison, Diasorin). Maternal and infant anthropometry and body composition (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and maternal serum 25(OH)D were measured within 1 mo postpartum. Mothers were classified into 2 groups (group 1: ≥50 nmol/L; group 2: <50 nmol/L). Data were analyzed descriptively (mean ± SD or n (%)) and using a mixed model with Tukey post hoc tests accounting for neonatal sex, gestational age, season, family income, maternal age, education, and race. Correlation tests were used to identify linear relationships between continuous variables. Results Neonates (85 males, 59 females) were 39.7 ± 1.0 wk GA and 3393 ± 363 g at birth. Mothers (32.1 ± 4.5 years) in group 1 had considerably higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations compared to mothers in group 2 (80.3 ± 22.0 n = 96 vs. 38.7 ± 9.0 n = 48, nmol/L, P < 0.0001). Moreover, maternal serum 25(OH)D concentrations were positively associated with their % whole body lean mass (r = 0.28, P = 0.0009) and inversely associated with their % whole body fat mass (r = −0.25, P = 0.003). At birth, infants of mothers in group 1 had higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations compared to infants in group 2 (51.0 ± 18.1 vs. 27.0 ± 12.0 nmol/L, P < 0.0001), and were correlated with maternal 25(OH)D (r = 0.74, P < 0.0001). Maternal lean body mass and lean mass index (LMI) (kg/m2) explained some positive variations in infant lean body mass and LMI (Estimate = 0.01, P = 0.004; Estimate = 27.7, P = 0.04). Conclusions Higher maternal vitamin D status is associated with higher neonatal vitamin D with possible implications to neonatal lean body mass. This study reinforces the importance of ensuring adequate maternal-fetal transfer of vitamin D. Funding Sources Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

scholarly journals WOMEN’S FEMORAL MASS CONTENT CORRELATES TO MUSCLE STRENGTH INDEPENDENTLY OF LEAN BODY MASS

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 485-489
Author(s):  
Luciana Duarte Pimenta ◽  
Danilo Alexandre Massini ◽  
Daniel Dos Santos ◽  
Leandro Oliveira Da Cruz Siqueira ◽  
Andrei Sancassani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Regional Body Composition ◽  
Body Lean Mass

ABSTRACT Introduction There is limited consensus regarding the recommendation of the most effective form of exercise for bone integrity, despite the fact that weight training exercise promotes an increase in muscle mass and strength as recurrent responses. However, strength variations in women do not depend on muscle mass development as they do in men, but strength enhancement has shown the potential to alter bone mineral content (BMC) for both sexes. Objective This study analyzed the potential of muscle strength, as well as that of whole-body and regional body composition, to associate femoral BMC in young women. Methods Fifteen female college students (aged 24.9 ± 7.2 years) were assessed for regional and whole-body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Maximum muscle strength was assessed by the one-repetition maximum (1RM) test in the following exercises: bench press (BP), lat pulldown (LP), knee flexion (KF), knee extension (KE) and 45° leg press (45LP). Linear regression analyzed BMC relationships with regional composition and 1RM values. Dispersion and error measures (R 2 aj and SEE), were tested, defining p ≤0.05. Results Among body composition variables, only total lean body mass was associated with femoral BMC values (R 2 aj = 0.37, SEE = 21.3 g). Regarding strength values, 1RM presented determination potential on femoral BMC in the CE exercise (R 2 aj = 0.46, SEE = 21.3 g). Conclusions Muscle strength aptitude in exercises for femoral regions is relevant to the femoral mineralization status, having associative potential that is similar to and independent of whole-body lean mass. Therefore, training routines to increase muscle strength in the femoral region are recommended. In addition, increasing muscle strength in different parts of the body may augment bone remodeling stimulus, since it can effectively alter total whole-body lean mass. Level of Evidence II; Development of diagnostic criteria in consecutive patients (with universally applied reference ‘‘gold’’ standard).

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