The inflammatory macrophage: a story of Jekyll and Hyde

2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy S. DUFFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
Tissue Healing ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Selective Depletion ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Matrix Components ◽  
The Right ◽  
Extracellular Structures ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Inflammatory Macrophage

Recent investigations have highlighted new roles for the macrophage (Mϕ) in the biology of inflammation. Selective depletion of Mϕs from inflamed sites has confirmed their predominant role in immune-mediated damage. The components of this injury have been dissected. Mϕs mediate death of stromal, parenchymal and other immune cells by engaging the death programme, resulting in apoptosis. In addition, Mϕs induce destruction of matrix and extracellular structures both directly and indirectly by inducing stromal cells to release matrix metalloproteinases. However, there is another side to the inflammatory Mϕ. Evidence is provided that Mϕs at the same sites possess the ability to aid cell proliferation, secrete and stabilize new matrix components and induce resident cells to secrete matrix components themselves. Mϕ phagocytosis of apoptotic cells brings about a change from the cell-killing matrix-degrading cell to the matrix-generating cell-proliferating tissue-healing cell. Just as both Mϕ types are necessary at the inflamed site, the right balance of these two populations is required for healing and resolution. Evidence of excessive inflammation as a manifestation of impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic cells emphasizes that defects in the transition from one Mϕ type to another may account for the uncontrolled excessive inflammation seen in disease. Recent insights into the mechanisms by which apoptotic cells signal the change of function to the Mϕ offer the prospect of novel targets for manipulation of Mϕs in the inflamed tissue.

Immune-Mediated Neutropenia in a Miniature Poodle

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Brunson
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Marrow Aspirate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Tertiary Referral Center ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Specialized Equipment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Light Sedation ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT A 10 yr old spayed female toy poodle was presented to a tertiary referral center for a 10 day history of waxing and waning lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. An immune-mediated neutropenia (IMN) was suspected to be the underlying cause of her clinical signs. A bone marrow aspirate was obtained from the chostochondral junction of the 11th and 12th ribs on the right side and provided a definitive diagnosis of IMN. A positive response to therapy and repeat blood work further confirmed the diagnosis. Obtaining bone marrow aspirates from the chostochondral junction is a safe, cheap, and reliable method of diagnosing IMN and can be performed in the private practice setting with light sedation and minimal need for specialized equipment.

scholarly journals Improvement of the Impact Properties of Composite Laminates by Means of Nano-Modification of the Matrix—A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Saghafi ◽  
Mohamad Fotouhi ◽  
Giangiacomo Minak
Keyword(s):  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
Compression After Impact ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Right ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

This paper reviews recent works on the application of nanofibers and nanoparticle reinforcements to enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness, to reduce the impact induced damage and to improve the compression after impact performance of fiber reinforced composites with brittle thermosetting resins. The nanofibers have been mainly used as mats embedded between plies of laminated composites, whereas the nanoparticles have been used in 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D dimensional patterns to reinforce the matrix and consequently the composite. The reinforcement mechanisms are presented, and a comparison is done between the different papers in the literature. This review shows that in order to have an efficient reinforcement effect, careful consideration is required in the manufacturing, materials selection and reinforcement content and percentage. The selection of the right parameters can provide a tough and impact resistant composite with cost effective reinforcements.

scholarly journals A split-mouth clinico-radiographic comparative study for evaluation of crestal bone and peri-implant soft tissues in immediately loaded implants with and without platelet-rich plasma bioactivation

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
Vande Aaditee Vishnu ◽  
Pronob Kumar Sanyal ◽  
Shivsagar Tewary ◽  
Kumar Nilesh ◽  
Roy Malvika Suresh Prasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Marginal Bone Loss ◽  
Probing Depth ◽  
Tissue Healing ◽  
Single Piece ◽  
Edentulous Patients ◽  
The Right

Background. This study evaluated the viability of platelet-rich plasma for enhancement of osseous and associated soft tissue healing around single-piece implants, subjected to immediate loading and to compare it with a control site not treated with PRP. Methods. Twenty completely edentulous patients were selected and 2 one-piece implants with O-ball head were placed for mandibular overdenture. The implant on the right side was treated with PRP whereas the left side implant served as a control. All the cases were immediately loaded and marginal bone loss, probing depth, percussion, implant mobility and peri-implantitis were assessed and compared at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Results. Overall analysis of the results showed less marginal bone loss, probing depth, percussion, implant mobility and periimplantitis around implants treated with PRP; however, the results were insignificant statistically. Conclusion. PRP can be used as a viable treatment adjunct in immediately loaded one-piece implants.

scholarly journals Nodular Scleritis Associated with Herpes Zoster Virus: An Infectious and Immune-Mediated Process

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Loureiro ◽  
Renata Rothwell ◽  
Sofia Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Poor Response ◽  
Oral Prednisolone ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Clinical Resolution ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Right

Purpose.To describe a case of anterior nodular scleritis, preceded by an anterior hypertensive uveitis, which was primarily caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV).Case Report. A 54-year-old woman presented with anterior uveitis of the right eye presumably caused by herpetic viral disease and was successfully treated. Two months later, she developed a nodular scleritis and started oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory without effect. A complete laboratory workup revealed positivity for HLA-B27; the infectious workup was negative. Therapy was changed to oral prednisolone and an incomplete improvement occurred. Therefore, a diagnostic anterior paracentesis was performed and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed VZV. She was treated with valacyclovir and the oral prednisolone began to decrease; however, a marked worsening of the scleritis occurred with the reduction of the daily dose; subsequently, methotrexate was introduced allowing the suspension of the prednisolone and led to clinical resolution of the scleritis.Conclusion.This report of anterior nodular scleritis caused by VZV argues in favor of an underlying immune-mediated component, requiring immunosuppressive therapy for clinical resolution. The PCR analysis of the aqueous humor was revealed to be a valuable technique and should be considered in cases of scleritis with poor response to treatment.

Differential regulation of the chick dorsal thoracic dermal progenitors from the medial dermomyotome

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (20) ◽  
pp. 4763-4772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Olivera-Martinez ◽  
Sylvain Missier ◽  
Sandrine Fraboulet ◽  
Jacques Thélu ◽  
Danielle Dhouailly
Keyword(s):  
Neural Tube ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Differential Regulation ◽  
Dorsal Neural Tube ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dermal Cells ◽  
Epaxial Muscles ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Axial Organs

The chick dorsal feather-forming dermis originates from the dorsomedial somite and its formation depends primarily on Wnt1 from the dorsal neural tube. We investigate further the origin and specification of dermal progenitors from the medial dermomyotome. This comprises two distinct domains: the dorsomedial lip and a more central region (or intervening zone) that derives from it. We confirm that Wnt1 induces Wnt11 expression in the dorsomedial lip as previously shown, and show using DiI injections that some of these cells, which continue to express Wnt11 migrate under the ectoderm, towards the midline, to form most of the dorsal dermis. Transplantation of left somites to the right side to reverse the mediolateral axis confirms this finding and moreover suggests the presence of an attractive or permissive environment produced by the midline tissues or/and a repellent or inadequate environment by the lateral tissues. By contrast, the dorsolateral dermal cells just delaminate from the surface of the intervening space, which expresses En1. Excision of the axial organs or the ectoderm, and grafting of Wnt1-secreting cells, shows that, although the two populations of dermal progenitors both requires Wnt1 for their survival, the signalling required for their specification differs. Indeed Wnt11 expression relies on dorsal neural tube-derived Wnt1, while En1 expression depends on the presence of the ectoderm. The dorsal feather-forming dermal progenitors thus appear to be differentially regulated by dorsal signals from the neural tube and the ectoderm, and derive directly and indirectly from the dorsomedial lip. As these two dermomyotomal populations are well known to also give rise to epaxial muscles, an isolated domain of the dermomyotome that contains only dermal precursors does not exist and none of the dermomyotomal domains can be considered uniquely as a dermatome.

The Role of Average Health Status

2016 ◽  
pp. 884-899
Author(s):  
Jordan Panayotov
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Right ◽  
No Gold Standard ◽  
Average Health

Economic, social and environmental policies, programs and projects have impact on health. Health in All Policies (HiAP) aims to improve population health by taking into account these impacts. HiAP needs appropriate tools for assessing impacts on population health. When making choices between policy options, decision-makers rely on predictions from Health Impact Assessment. Currently there is no gold standard for establishing and assessing validity of predictions. This paper distinguishes between two levels of causal pathways regarding health impacts – specific and conditional, and proposes the Average Health Status – Health Inequalities Matrix as gold standard. The Matrix facilitates making the right choices at any level and local context, thus is useful for researchers, policy-makers and practitioners for designing, analysing and evaluating all kinds of policies. By allowing quick, reliable and inexpensive appraisal of different policy options the matrix makes feasible taking into account the impacts on population health and paves the way for institutionalizing of HiAP.

Strain History and Polar Decomposition

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Oertel
Keyword(s):  
Polar Decomposition ◽  
Transformation Matrix ◽  
Strain History ◽  
Transformation Matrices ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Principal Stretches ◽  
Principal Directions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Asymmetric Transformation

The effect of two consecutive strains (only two states enter into the calculation of a strain, the states before and after, independently of the actual strain path) can be calculated by premultiplying the transformation matrix of the first strain (its stretch tensor) with that of the second. Unless the two strains are coaxial (their principal directions coincide), however, the resulting cumulative transformation matrix represents not only a strain but also a rigid-body rotation; in that case the matrix is asymmetric. The method of polar decomposition allows one to interpret the combined transformation as if it had come about either by a strain followed by a rotation (right polar decomposition) or by a rotation followed by a strain (left polar decomposition). Let 𝔸 and 𝔹 be two stretch tensors, or transformation matrices, representing each a strain without rotation; and let the strain 𝔹 follow the strain 𝔸. Then the combined transformation matrix 𝔽 is: . . . 𝔹𝔸 = 𝔽 = ℝ𝕌= 𝕍ℝ, (8.1) . . . where 𝔽 results from premultiplication of the earlier stretch 𝔸 with the later 𝔹, where ℝ𝕌 is the “right” and 𝕍ℝ the “left” decomposition of 𝔽, where 𝕌 and 𝕍 are two distinct stretch tensors, and where ℝ is the transformation matrix for a rotation (elements of rotation matrices are indicated by the symbol aij elsewhere in this book). 𝔽 is asymmetric and ℝ differs from the identity matrix (δij) except when 𝔸 and 𝔹 are coaxial. 𝕌 and 𝕍 have the same principal stretches and differ by orientation only. In Problems 120 to 122, false approaches in the search for an appropriate decomposition of an asymmetric transformation were recognized by yielding impossible values for a rotation. Application of eq. (8.1) makes such a trial-and-error approach unnecessary.

scholarly journals Functional Polymer Hybrid Nanocomposites Based on Polyolefins: A Review

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1475
Author(s):  
Sandra Paszkiewicz ◽  
Krzysztof Pypeć ◽  
Izabela Irska ◽  
Elzbieta Piesowicz
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Hybrid Nanocomposites ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
Polymer Hybrid ◽  
Engineering Plastics ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Right ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Structure Properties

For the last twenty years, polymer hybrid nanocomposites have enjoyed unflagging interest from numerous scientific groups and R&D departments, as they provide notable enhancement of properties, even at low nanofillers’ content. Their performance results from many factors, the most important of which is the uniform distribution in the entire volume of the matrix, that still is very challenging, but is the right choice of two types of nanoparticles that can lead to an increase of dispersion stability and even more uniform distribution of fillers. The incorporation of two types of nanofillers, especially when they differ in aspect ratio or chemical nature, allows to additively reduce the price of the final composite by replacing the more expensive filler with the cheaper one, or even synergistically improving the properties, e.g., mechanical, thermal, and barrier, etc., that can extend their usage in the industry. Despite numerous review papers on nanocomposites, there is no review on how the introduction of a hybrid system of nanofillers affects the properties of polyolefins, which are the most commonly used engineering plastics. This review deeply focuses on the structure–properties relationship of polyolefins-based hybrid nanocomposites, especially based on two types of polyethylenes (low-density polyethylenes (LDPE) and high-density polyethylenes (HDPE)) and polypropylene.

scholarly journals Structural Organization of Themagnetic Part of Smart Material Based on Nanoparticles of Iron or Magnetite in Pores of Mcm-41 Mesoporous Silica for Target Drug Delivery

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182
Author(s):  
E.G. Zemtsova ◽  
A.N. Ponomareva ◽  
A.Y. Arbenin ◽  
V.M. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Smart Material ◽  
The Body ◽  
Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Target Drug Delivery ◽  
Target Drug ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mcm 41

Abstract The important stage of the development of smart material for the target drug delivery is the construction of the magnetic part of this material, including mesoporous silica and magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4or Fe0). Such a systemwill allow carry outmagnetic decapsulation (excretion) of drug from smart material using the magnetic field of a given value in the right place of the body. The paper considers the features of synthesis mesoporous silica MCM-41 with various pore diameter (33-51 Å) and synthesis of superparamagnetic nanoparticles of magnetite or metallic iron in the pores of mesoporous silica. The dependence of magnetic properties of nanocomposites MCM-41/Fe0 and MCM-41/Fe3O4 from the pore diameters of MCM-41 templates is studied. It was found that the matrix has a decisive influence on the content of iron or magnetite nanoparticles. The saturation magnetization of the material increases with increasing pore size of the mesoporous matrix. Nanocomposites MCM-41/Fe0 and MCM-41/Fe3O4 exhibit superparamagnetism, that allows them to be used as a magnetic material for targeted drug delivery.

scholarly journals A procedure for light and electron microscopic intracellular immunolocalization of collagen and fibronectin in rat liver.

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Clement ◽  
M Rissel ◽  
S Peyrol ◽  
Y Mazurier ◽  
J A Grimaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Type Iii Collagen ◽  
Collagen Types ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Matrix Components ◽  
Indirect Immunoperoxidase

Experimental conditions have been designed that permit both extracellular and intracellular immunolocalization of various collagen types and fibronectin in rat liver. The procedure involves paraformaldehyde fixation by perfusion of the organ, use of saponin as a membrane permeabilizing agent, and visualization of the matrix components by indirect immunoperoxidase. Intracellular demonstration of collagens was particularly sensitive to the composition of the fixative and the duration of fixation. Hepatocytes contained fibronectin and types I and IV collagen, whereas fat-storing and endothelial cells evidenced type III collagen in addition. All the components were specifically located in the endoplasmic reticulum and/or the Golgi apparatus.

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