Diurnal Cortisol Dynamics, Perceived Stress, and Language Production in Aphasia

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1416-1426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Laures-Gore ◽  
Dalia Cahana-Amitay ◽  
Tony W. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Cortisol Awakening Response ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Language Deficits ◽  
Diurnal Cortisol ◽  
Picture Description ◽  
Subjective Reports

Purpose The current study investigated diurnal cortisol dynamics in adults with and without aphasia, along with subjective reports of stress and measures of language production. Dysregulation of cortisol, a common biomarker of stress, is associated with cognitive dysfunction in different clinical populations. However, little is known about the consequences of stress-induced cortisol disturbances for stroke survivors, including those with aphasia. Method Nineteen participants with aphasia and 14 age-matched neurotypical adults were tested. Saliva samples were collected from participants to assess the cortisol awakening response, a marker of the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Participants also completed 2 subjective stress questionnaires. Language was evaluated using 3 short, picture description narratives, analyzed for discourse (dys)fluency and productivity markers. Results In contrast to neurotypical participants, adults with aphasia did not show the predictable cortisol awakening response. Participants with aphasia also showed an unusual heightened level of cortisol upon awakening. Additionally, neurotypical participants demonstrated an association between intact language performance and the cortisol awakening response, whereas the participants with aphasia did not, although they did perceive the language tasks as stressful. Conclusion This study indicates that the functionality of the HPA axis, as indexed by cortisol, contributes to optimal language performance in healthy adults. The absence of an awakening response among participants with aphasia suggests that stroke leads to dysregulation of the HPA axis, although the degree to which this impairment affects language deficits in this population requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Loneliness Mediates the Relationship Between Early Life Stress and Perceived Stress but not Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Functioning

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Crespo-Sanmiguel ◽  
Mariola Zapater-Fajarí ◽  
Matias M. Pulopulos ◽  
Vanesa Hidalgo ◽  
Alicia Salvador
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Diurnal Cortisol ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Hpa Axis Functioning ◽  
The Relationship

Many authors have proposed that early life stress (ELS) provokes a dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and contributes negatively to the management of stress in adulthood. However, these associations have not always been observed, making it necessary to include new factors that could explain the different results found. In this regard, people with ELS experiences report less social support during adulthood, suggesting that loneliness could be a mediating factor. Thus, our aims were to investigate whether ELS was related to both perceived stress and diurnal HPA axis activity, and whether loneliness mediates these relationships, in a community sample (N=187, 18–55years old). Fourteen cortisol samples were collected on two non-consecutive days to obtain the overall diurnal cortisol, diurnal cortisol slope, and bedtime levels. Additionally, ELS was assessed with the Risky Families Questionnaire (RFQ) and the Recalled Childhood and Adolescence Perceived Stress (ReCAPS) measure. Results revealed that ELS was associated with perceived stress, but not HPA axis functioning, and loneliness mediated the relationship between ELS and perceived stress, but not between ELS and HPA axis functioning. Similar results were found for both ELS questionnaires, suggesting that the ReCAPS is an adequate tool. These results highlight the importance of loneliness in understanding the long-term effects of ELS, and they indicate different effects of ELS on subjective and physiological stress indicators.

scholarly journals Associations between the cortisol awakening response and patient-evaluated stress and mood instability in patients with bipolar disorder: an exploratory study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Faurholt-Jepsen ◽  
Vibe Gedsø Frøkjær ◽  
Arafat Nasser ◽  
Niklas Rye Jørgensen ◽  
Lars Vedel Kessing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Cortisol Awakening Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Mood Instability

Abstract Objective The Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) measured as the transient increase in cortisol levels following morning awakening appears to be a distinct feature of the HPA axis. Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) experience daily stress, mood instability (MI) and studies have shown disrupted HPA-axis dynamics. Aims: to evaluate (1) patient-evaluated stress against the CAR, (2) associations between the CAR and mood symptoms, and (3) the effect of smartphone-based treatment on the CAR. Methods Patients with BD (n = 67) were randomized to the use of daily smartphone-based monitoring (the intervention group) or to the control group for six months. Clinically rated symptoms according to the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17-items (HDRS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), patient-evaluated perceived stress using Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and salivary awakening cortisol samples used for measuring the CAR were collected at baseline, after three and six months. In the intervention group, smartphone-based data on stress and MI were rated daily during the entire study period. Results Smartphone-based patient-evaluated stress (B: 134.14, 95% CI: 1.35; 266.92, p = 0.048) and MI (B: 430.23, 95% CI: 52.41; 808.04, p = 0.026) mapped onto increased CAR. No statistically significant associations between the CAR and patient-evaluated PSS or the HDRS and the YMRS, respectively were found. There was no statistically significant effect of smartphone-based treatment on the CAR. Conclusion Our data, of preliminary character, found smartphone-based patient-evaluations of stress and mood instability as read outs that reflect CAR dynamics. Smartphone-supported clinical care did not in itself appear to disturb CAR dynamics.

scholarly journals The influence of comorbid depression and overweight status on peripheral inflammation and cortisol levels

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Anna P. McLaughlin ◽  
Naghmeh Nikkheslat ◽  
Caitlin Hastings ◽  
Maria A. Nettis ◽  
Melisa Kose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cortisol Awakening Response ◽  
Peripheral Inflammation ◽  
Comorbid Depression ◽  
Diurnal Cortisol ◽  
Overweight Status ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression ◽  
Cortisol Levels

Abstract Background Depression and overweight are each associated with abnormal immune system activation. We sought to disentangle the extent to which depressive symptoms and overweight status contributed to increased inflammation and abnormal cortisol levels. Methods Participants were recruited through the Wellcome Trust NIMA Consortium. The sample of 216 participants consisted of 69 overweight patients with depression; 35 overweight controls; 55 normal-weight patients with depression and 57 normal-weight controls. Peripheral inflammation was measured as high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) in serum. Salivary cortisol was collected at multiple points throughout the day to measure cortisol awakening response and diurnal cortisol levels. Results Overweight patients with depression had significantly higher hsCRP compared with overweight controls (p = 0.042), normal-weight depressed patients (p < 0.001) and normal-weight controls (p < 0.001), after controlling for age and gender. Multivariable logistic regression showed that comorbid depression and overweight significantly increased the risk of clinically elevated hsCRP levels ⩾3 mg/L (OR 2.44, 1.28–3.94). In a separate multivariable logistic regression model, overweight status contributed most to the risk of having hsCRP levels ⩾3 mg/L (OR 1.52, 0.7–2.41), while depression also contributed a significant risk (OR 1.09, 0.27–2). There were no significant differences between groups in cortisol awakening response and diurnal cortisol levels. Conclusion Comorbid depression and overweight status are associated with increased hsCRP, and the coexistence of these conditions amplified the risk of clinically elevated hsCRP levels. Overweight status contributed most to the risk of clinically elevated hsCRP levels, but depression also contributed to a significant risk. We observed no differences in cortisol levels between groups.

scholarly journals The Effects of Multivitamin Supplementation on Diurnal Cortisol Secretion and Perceived Stress

Nutrients ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 4429-4450 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Camfield ◽  
Mark Wetherell ◽  
Andrew Scholey ◽  
Katherine Cox ◽  
Erin Fogg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Cortisol Secretion ◽  
Multivitamin Supplementation ◽  
Diurnal Cortisol

Experiences of adversity in childhood and adolescence and cortisol in late adolescence

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Courtenay L. Kessler ◽  
Suzanne Vrshek-Schallhorn ◽  
Susan Mineka ◽  
Richard E. Zinbarg ◽  
Michelle Craske ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Late Adolescence ◽  
Developmental Timing ◽  
Cortisol Awakening Response ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Childhood Adversities ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Diurnal Cortisol

Abstract Early life adversity influences the diurnal cortisol rhythm, yet the relative influence of different characteristics of adversity remains unknown. In this study, we examine how developmental timing (childhood vs. adolescence), severity (major vs. minor), and domain of early life adversity relate to diurnal cortisol rhythms in late adolescence. We assessed adversity retrospectively in early adulthood in a subsample of 236 participants from a longitudinal study of a diverse community sample of suburban adolescents oversampled for high neuroticism. We used multilevel modeling to assess associations between our adversity measures and the diurnal cortisol rhythm (waking and bedtime cortisol, awakening response, slope, and average cortisol). Major childhood adversities were associated with flatter daily slope, and minor adolescent adversities were associated with greater average daily cortisol. Examining domains of childhood adversities, major neglect and sexual abuse were associated with flatter slope and lower waking cortisol, with sexual abuse also associated with higher cortisol awakening response. Major physical abuse was associated with higher waking cortisol. Among adolescent adversities domains, minor neglect, emotional abuse, and witnessing violence were associated with greater average cortisol. These results suggest severity, developmental timing, and domain of adversity influence the association of early life adversity with stress response system functioning.

4.16 Diurnal Cortisol Secretion and Cortisol-Awakening Response in Adolescent Girls With Conduct Disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. S209-S210
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Pajer ◽  
Robert Rubin ◽  
William P. Gardner ◽  
Andrea Lourie ◽  
Anna N. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Cortisol Awakening Response ◽  
Cortisol Secretion ◽  
Diurnal Cortisol

Effects of Overtraining Status on the Cortisol Awakening Response—Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining Syndrome (EROS-CAR)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Travis Anderson ◽  
Laurie Wideman ◽  
Flavio A. Cadegiani ◽  
Claudio E. Kater
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Cortisol Awakening Response ◽  
Distinct Component ◽  
Linear Change ◽  
Diurnal Cortisol ◽  
Overtraining Syndrome ◽  
The Awakening ◽  
Conditional Effect ◽  
Healthy Athlete

The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is a distinct component of the circadian cortisol profile and has promise as a biomarker for the monitoring of athlete readiness and training status. Although some studies have suggested the CAR may be affected by the development of overtraining syndrome (OTS), this has yet to be systematically investigated. Purpose: To compare the CAR and diurnal cortisol slope between athletes diagnosed with OTS, healthy athletes, and sedentary controls. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of data from the Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining study. Male participants were recruited to either OTS, healthy athlete, or sedentary control groups. The participants produced saliva samples immediately after waking (S1), 30 minutes after waking (S2), at 16:00 hours, and at 23:00 hours. Salivary cortisol concentration was determined by an electrochemiluminescence assay. Mixed-effects models were used to assess the conditional effect of group (sedentary controls, OTS, and healthy athletes) on the change in cortisol over time. Separate models were fit for the awakening samples (S1 and S2) and for the diurnal slope (linear change across S1, 16:00 h, and 23:00 h). Results: The models demonstrated significant time-by-group interaction for OTS for the 2 cortisol concentrations collected during the awakening period (β = −9.33, P < .001), but not for the diurnal cortisol slope (β = 0.02, P = .80). Conclusions: These results suggest the CAR may be associated with OTS and should be considered within a panel of biomarkers. Further research is necessary to determine whether alterations in the CAR may precede the diagnosis of OTS.

Language and Cognitive Aging

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori E. James ◽  
Sara Anne Goring
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Contextual Processing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Effects Of Aging

The questions of whether and why language processes change in healthy aging require complicated answers. Although comprehension appears to be more stable across adulthood than does production, there is evidence for age-related changes and also for constancy within both input and output components of language. Further, these changes can be considered at various levels of the language hierarchy, such as sensory input, words, sentences, and discourse. As concluded in several other comprehensive reviews, older adults’ language production ability declines much more noticeably than does their comprehension, presumably because comprehension is able to benefit from contextual processing in a way that production cannot. Specifically, lexical and orthographic retrieval become more difficult during normal aging, and these changes appear to represent the most noticeable age-related declines in language production. Some theories of age-related decline focus on global deterioration of cognitive function, whereas other theories predict changes in specific processes related to language function. Both types of theories have received empirical support as applied to language performance, although additional theoretical development is still needed to capture the patterns of effects. Further, in order to truly understand how cognitive aging impacts the ability to understand and produce language, it is necessary to examine how age-related shifts in goals, expertise, and compensatory strategies influence language processes. There are important implications of research on language and cognitive aging, in that language can play a role in physical health and psychological well-being. In summary, our review of the existing literature on language and cognitive aging supports previous claims that language ability is asymmetrically impacted by age, with smaller overall effects of aging on comprehension than production processes.

scholarly journals HPA-axis multilocus genetic profile score moderates the association between maternal prenatal perceived stress and offspring depression in early adulthood

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke G. McKenna ◽  
Constance Hammen ◽  
Patricia A. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Fetal Programming ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Maternal Stress ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Polygenic Risk ◽  
Profile Score ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Maternal stress during pregnancy can cause alterations to the fetal hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, a phenomenon known as fetal programming that may have lasting effects on offspring outcomes, including depression. Evidence suggests that these effects may vary with respect to the offspring's genetic risk. Nonetheless, few studies have examined these effects into adulthood, when risk for depression onset is highest. The present study builds upon the extant literature by examining the interaction of maternal prenatal perceived stress (MPPS) and offspring HPA-axis polygenic risk to predict offspring depression in early adulthood. A total of 381 mother–child dyads participated in a prospective, longitudinal study that spanned from pregnancy until offspring were 20 years of age. Polygenic risk was defined by a multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS) that reflected the additive risk of three HPA-axis candidate genes. The results indicated that the interaction of MPPS and HPA-axis MGPS confers risk for offspring depression at age 20, in line with the differential susceptibility model. This interaction may be specific to prenatal stress, as maternal stress during early childhood did not interact with genetic risk to predict depression. These findings provide the first evidence that genetic variants that are associated with the HPA axis may act in a polygenic, additive fashion to moderate the association between fetal programming and adult depression.

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