Impact of Vocal Effort on Respiratory and Articulatory Kinematics

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Defne Abur ◽  
Joseph S. Perkell ◽  
Cara E. Stepp
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Electromagnetic Articulography ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
Vowel Space ◽  
Vocal Effort ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: The goal of this study was to examine the effects of increases in vocal effort, without changing speech intensity, on respiratory and articulatory kinematics in young adults with typical voices. Method: A total of 10 participants completed a reading task under three speaking conditions: baseline, mild vocal effort, and maximum vocal effort. Respiratory inductance plethysmography bands around the chest and abdomen were used to estimate lung volumes during speech, and sensor coils for electromagnetic articulography were used to transduce articulatory movements, resulting in the following outcome measures: lung volume at speech initiation (LVSI) and at speech termination (LVST), articulatory kinematic vowel space (AKVS) of two points on the tongue dorsum (body and blade), and lip aperture. Results: With increases in vocal effort, and no statistical changes in speech intensity, speakers showed: (a) no statistically significant differences in LVST, (b) statistically significant increases in LVSI, (c) no statistically significant differences in AKVS measures, and (d) statistically significant reductions in lip aperture. Conclusions: Speakers with typical voices exhibited larger lung volumes at speech initiation during increases in vocal effort, paired with reduced lip displacements. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate evidence that articulatory kinematics are impacted by modulations in vocal effort. However, the mechanisms underlying vocal effort may differ between speakers with and without voice disorders. Thus, future work should examine the relationship between articulatory kinematics, respiratory kinematics, and laryngeal-level changes during vocal effort in speakers with and without voice disorders. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.17065457

Respiratory and Laryngeal Function During Whispering

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine T. Stathopoulos ◽  
Jeannette D. Hoit ◽  
Thomas J. Hixon ◽  
Peter J. Watson ◽  
Nancy Pearl Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Laryngeal Function ◽  
Tracheal Pressure ◽  
Lower Lung ◽  
Resistive Loads

Established procedures for making chest wall kinematic observations (Hoit & Hixon, 1987) and pressure-flow observations (Smitheran & Hixon, 1981) were used to study respiratory and laryngeal function during whispering and speaking in 10 healthy young adults. Results indicate that whispering involves generally lower lung volumes, lower tracheal pressures, higher translaryngeal flows, lower laryngeal airway resistances, and fewer syllables per breath group when compared to speaking. The use of lower lung volumes during whispering than speaking may reflect a means of achieving different tracheal pressure targets. Reductions in the number of syllables produced per breath group may be an adjustment to the high rate of air expenditure accompanying whispering compared to speaking. Performance of the normal subjects studied in this investigation does not resemble that of individuals with speech and voice disorders characterized by low resistive loads.

Mechanics of the human diaphragm during voluntary contraction: statics

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 829-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Grassino ◽  
M. D. Goldman ◽  
J. Mead ◽  
T. A. Sears
Keyword(s):  
Volume Change ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Transdiaphragmatic Pressure ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Closed Airway

We related diaphragm electromyographic activity (Edi) to transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) in man during graded inspiratory efforts. Estimates of rib cage and abdominal volume displacements were based on their anteroposterior (AP) diameter changes. The diaphragm was assumed to contract isometrically when subjects performed inspiratory efforts against a closed airway at specified abdominothoracic configurations, increasing Edi and Pdi while holding lung volume and rib case and abdominal AP diameters constant. The relationship between Pdi and Edi depends primarily on abdominothoracic configuration rather than lung volume. For equal increments in lung volume, the Pdi developed at constant Edi is four to eight times more sensitive to changes in abdominal than in rib cage AP diameter. We demonstrate an isofunctional state of the diaphragm at different lung volumes, when increases in lung volume and rib cage AP diameter are compensated for by slight decreases in abdominal AP diameter, resulting in a constant relationship between Edi and Pdi. We conclude that diaphragm shortening is reflected more directly in abdominal displacement than in lung volume change.

Effects of thoracic volume and shape on electromechanical coupling in abdominal muscles

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1294-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Hill ◽  
D. L. Kaiser ◽  
D. F. Rochester
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Electromechanical Coupling ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Abdominal Surface ◽  
The Relationship

To assess the effects of lung volume and chest wall configuration on electromechanical coupling of the abdominal muscles, we examined the relationship between abdominal muscle pressure ( Pmus ) and electrical activity ( EMGab ) in eight normal subjects during expiratory efforts at lung volumes ranging from functional residual capacity (FRC) to FRC + 2.0 liters. At and above FRC, increases of lung volume did not significantly alter either the Pmus - EMGab relationship or abdominal surface linear dimensions, although expiratory efforts displaced the abdomen inward from its relaxed position. We attribute the constancy of delta Pmus /delta EMG above FRC to the negligible effects of increasing lung volume on abdominal configuration and muscle length. Expiratory efforts performed at lung volumes below FRC resulted in a wider range of abdominal indrawing . Under these conditions the EMGab required to augment Pmus by 30–40 cmH2O increased as the abdomen was displaced inward. This decrease of delta Pmus /delta EMGab appears to reflect muscle shortening, flattening of the abdominal wall, and possibly deformation of the rib cage.

scholarly journals Diaphragm thickening during inspiration

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Cohn ◽  
Joshua O. Benditt ◽  
Scott Eveloff ◽  
F. Dennis McCool
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Total Lung Capacity ◽  
Diaphragm Thickness ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Lung Capacity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Cohn, David, Joshua O. Benditt, Scott Eveloff, and F. Dennis McCool. Diaphragm thickening during inspiration. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1): 291–296, 1997.—Ultrasound has been used to measure diaphragm thickness ( T di) in the area where the diaphragm abuts the rib cage (zone of apposition). However, the degree of diaphragm thickening during inspiration reported as obtained by one-dimensional M-mode ultrasound was greater than that predicted by using other radiographic techniques. Because two-dimensional (2-D) ultrasound provides greater anatomic definition of the diaphragm and neighboring structures, we used this technique to reevaluate the relationship between lung volume and T di. We first established the accuracy and reproducibility of 2-D ultrasound by measuring T diwith a 7.5-MHz transducer in 26 cadavers. We found that T di measured by ultrasound correlated significantly with that measured by ruler ( R 2 = 0.89), with the slope of this relationship approximating a line of identity ( y = 0.89 x + 0.04 mm). The relationship between lung volume and T di was then studied in nine subjects by obtaining diaphragm images at the five target lung volumes [25% increments from residual volume (RV) to total lung capacity (TLC)]. Plots of T di vs. lung volume demonstrated that the diaphragm thickened as lung volume increased, with a more rapid rate of thickening at the higher lung volumes [ T di = 1.74 vital capacity (VC)2 + 0.26 VC + 2.7 mm] ( R 2= 0.99; P < 0.001) where lung volume is expressed as a fraction of VC. The mean increase in T di between RV and TLC for the group was 54% (range 42–78%). We conclude that 2-D ultrasound can accurately measure T di and that the average thickening of the diaphragm when a subject is inhaling from RV to TLC using this technique is in the range of what would be predicted from a 35% shortening of the diaphragm.

The Relationship Between Narcissism and Personality Traits of the Five-Factor-Model in Adolescents and Young Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 516-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Allroggen ◽  
Peter Rehmann ◽  
Eva Schürch ◽  
Carolyn C. Morf ◽  
Michael Kölch
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Grandiose Narcissism ◽  
Vulnerable Narcissism ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract.Narcissism is seen as a multidimensional construct that consists of two manifestations: grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. In order to define these two manifestations, their relationship to personality factors has increasingly become of interest. However, so far no studies have considered the relationship between different phenotypes of narcissism and personality factors in adolescents. Method: In a cross-sectional study, we examine a group of adolescents (n = 98; average age 16.77 years; 23.5 % female) with regard to the relationship between Big Five personality factors and pathological narcissism using self-report instruments. This group is compared to a group of young adults (n = 38; average age 19.69 years; 25.6 % female). Results: Grandiose narcissism is primarily related to low Agreeableness and Extraversion, vulnerable narcissism to Neuroticism. We do not find differences between adolescents and young adults concerning the relationship between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism and personality traits. Discussion: Vulnerable and grandiose narcissism can be well differentiated in adolescents, and the pattern does not show substantial differences compared to young adults.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

Does Ego-Resilience Impact Friendship Outcomes?

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B. Lozano ◽  
Mahzad Hojjat ◽  
Judith Sims-Knight
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Ego Resilience ◽  
Maintenance Behaviors ◽  
Received Social Support ◽  
Trait Resilience ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The present study examined the relationship between resilience and positive outcomes in friendships of young adults. SEM and bootstrapping analyses were performed to test whether positive emotions mediate the relationship between ego-resilience and enhanced friendship outcomes. Findings revealed indirect effects for friendship closeness, maintenance behaviors, and received social support. Our findings demonstrate the importance of positive emotions and its connection with trait resilience in the realm of friendships.

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