The Rules of Early Stuttering

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Bloodstein
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Verb Phrases

Brief samples of the speech of six stuttering children, aged three to six years, are analyzed on the basis of a conceptual model of stuttering as tension and fragmentation in speech. The hypothesis is advanced that while the older stutterer tends to fragment words, the early phase of stuttering is characterized chiefly by fragmentation of whole syntactic structures such as sentences, coordinate and subordinate clauses, verb phrases, noun phrases, and prepositional phrases. This is suggested by the predominance of repetitions of words and other large fragments, by their occurrence at the beginnings of syntactic structures, and by their absence from the ends of such structures. The young stutterer’s frequent tendency to stutter on pronouns and conjunctions is related to the model, and the prediction is made that the loci of early stuttering will not prove to be influenced directly by word-bound factors such as initial sound, word length, or word frequency.

scholarly journals Frequency, informativity and word length: Insights from typologically diverse corpora

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Levshina
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Zipf's Law ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Morphological Complexity ◽  
Methodological Choices

Zipf’s law of abbreviation, which posits a negative correlation between word frequency and length, is one of the most famous and robust cross-linguistic generalizations. At the same time, it has been shown that contextual informativity (average surprisal given previous context) can be more strongly correlated with word length, although this tendency is not observed consistently, depending on several methodological choices. The present study, which examines a more diverse sample of languages than in the previous studies (Arabic, Finnish, Hungarian, Indonesian, Russian, Spanish and Turkish), reveals intriguing cross-linguistic differences, which can be explained by typological properties of the languages. I use large web-based corpora from the Leipzig Corpora Collection to estimate word lengths in UTF-8 characters, as well as word frequency, informativity given previous word and informativity given next word, applying different methods of bigrams processing. The results show consistent cross-linguistic differences in the size of correlations between word length and the corpus-based measures. I argue that these differences can be explained by the properties of noun phrases in a language, most importantly, the order of heads and modifiers and their relative morphological complexity, as well as by orthographic conventions.

scholarly journals Językowe wykładniki intencji prawodawcy w Kodeksie Działyńskich

LingVaria ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Romana Łapa ◽  
Agnieszka Słoboda
Keyword(s):  
Canon Law ◽  
Semantic Relation ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Code Of Canon Law ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Legal Document ◽  
Goal Functions

Linguistic Exponents of the Legislator’s Intention in the Działyński Code The article presents syntactic methods of expressing the legislator’s intentions in the medieval legal document called Kodeks Działyńskich (the Działyński code). The intention is understood by the authors as ‘the goal towards which the action of the legislator is directed’. This type of element of a legislative text does not appear in modern legal texts, apart from the Code of Canon Law. However, in the oldest texts, the purpose of which was to change a functioning custom into binding law, the justification for introducing certain regulations was very important. We also pay attention to the information about the legislator, which is included in the text. The information is expressed by pluralis maiestaticus forms of performative verbs. Three types of syntactic structures serve to express the intention of the legislator: subordinate clauses introduced by the conjunction: aby, participial sentence equivalents based on the verb chcieć, and prepositional phrases with prepositions: na, ku and dla. These structures usually occur in preposition to the superior predicate. The fragments excerpted from the text are characterized by a considerable degree of cohesiveness, not only in terms of meaning but also in structure. A sentence or a participal construction in the semantic relation of the goal functions in a broader context, therefore it becomes necessary to introduce reference indicators and anaphorical elements such as repetitions, pronouns and pronominalization.

scholarly journals Conceptual Manipulation and Semantic Distinctions in Mandarin Verb Complements: The Contrast between shàng and dào

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Hui-Chen Sabrina Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Spatial Concepts ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
Explanatory Account ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Directional Complements

This study investigates the lexicalization of spatial and aspectual components incorporated in Mandarin verb complements (VCs hereafter) shàng ‘up’ and dào ‘arrive’. The verb complement in Mandarin is well-known as the second verbal element in VV construction. Traditionally, V-shàng and V-dào are categorized as ‘directional complements’ and ‘phase complements’ respectively (Chao 1968; Li and Thompson 1981). Both VCs shàng and dào, originally functioning as a main verb (Gao 1995), are similar to the counterpart ‘up/on/above/over’ and ‘arrive/ reach’ in English; they have various usages, such as in verb phrases, and prepositional phrases, for example. Although there is no doubt that shàng and dào are poly-functional, it seems that there is no agreement on to what extent particular uses are related to one another. Most of the previous studies focus on the spatial meanings lexicalized in noun phrases and postpositions; they provide explanations based on a metaphorical approach or cultural values. However, such accounts cannot entirely explain the main function of the post-verbal comple- ments shàng and dào in VV construction. In this paper, I explore the subtle distinctions between the satellites shàng and dào, and provide an explanatory account for their seemingly diverse functions from a cognitive approach. Moreover, this paper aims to offer another perspective on the conceptual properties of spatial and aspectual notions embodied in these two verb complements, and verify evidence that Mandarin treats five framing events as a single conceptual entity. The organization of this paper is as follows. A brief literature review and the theoretical framework are presented in section 1. In section 2, the data involved the verb complements shàng and dào are introduced. In section 3, based on Talmy’s (2000) framework and framing event types, I discuss several examples and account for how aspectual and spatial concepts are explicitly expressed in shàng and dào regarding different framing event types. Section 4 shows a summary of findings and conclusion.

scholarly journals Lithuanian temporal adverbials: position in the system of temporal expressions and a review of semantic research

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Indrė Makauskaitė
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Functional Class ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Temporal Expressions ◽  
Important Field ◽  
Encode Time

Expression of time is an important field in linguistic research. In Lithuanian linguistics, the study of time has focused first and foremost on tense and aspect systems. Therefore, Lithuanian language has developed a big diversity of means to encode time, e.g. noun cases (vasarą ‘in summer’) and noun phrases (liepos vakarą ‘in July evening’), prepositional phrases (po darbo ‘after work’), adverbs (netrukus ‘soon’), subordinate clauses (kai nustos lyti ‘when it stops raining’). All of them despite their different grammatical status are suggested to be called temporal adverbials. ‘Adverbial’ is a quite new notion in Lithuanian linguistics, it was first presented in the studies of stance adverbials but is also convenient in the field of linguistic expression of time. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the necessity of distinguishing a semantic-functional class of temporal adverbials in Lithuanian linguistics and to show their position in the system of means that encode time. The second part of the paper presents a few semantic models of the temporal adverbials made by foreign linguists and the semantic research of Lithuanian temporal means that should be regarded as temporal adverbials.  

scholarly journals TAKE IT YA 3AZIZI: CODE-SWITCHING ON FACEBOOK BY JORDANIAN BILINGUALS

2021 ◽  
Vol XII (35) ◽  
pp. 215-234
Author(s):  
Mutasim Al-Deaibes
Keyword(s):  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
Structural Aspects

This study scrutinizes the structural aspects of Jordanian Romanized Arabic-English code-switching (CS) on Facebook. All posts examined are written in Romanized Arabic, a new trend of writing on computer-mediated communication (CMC). Three types of CS are examined, i.e., inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tags, though the greatest focus is on the intra-sentential instances because of their syntactic complexity. Different syntactic categories are examined and critically scrutinized. Finally, the validity of two controversial syntactic constraints, i.e., the Equivalence Constraint (EC) and the Free Morpheme Constraint (FMC) by Poplack (1980) are tested. The findings show that nouns and noun phrases are the most frequently used type of switches among the other syntactic categories, i.e., verbs and verb phrases, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and prepositional phrases, and pronouns. The results also obviously reveal that there is a violation to the two constraints, namely The Free Morpheme Constraint and The Equivalence Constraint.

Idiomatic Expressions Analysis in Joker Movie

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 594-608
Author(s):  
Annas Rozikin ◽  
Kasmaini Kasmaini ◽  
Azhar Aziz Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
Idiomatic Expressions ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This research aims to find out the types of idiomatic expressions and to identify the patterns of idiomatic expressions in the Joker movie. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method. In collecting the data, this research used a classification form, documentation, and monolingual dictionaries. The result showed that there were 4 types of idiomatic expressions found in the Joker movie; proverbs, clichés, fixed statements, and slang. The other types of idiomatic expressions such as simile, binomial, and other language were absent from the Joker movie. Moreover, the researcher identified the patterns of the idiomatic expressions in the Joker movie were; noun phrases, transitive verb phrases, verbal phrases, prepositional phrases, pair of words, and sentence pattern. The other patterns of idiomatic expressions such as be + prepositional phrases and alliterative comparison were not consisted in the Joker movie.

scholarly journals Analisis Kesalahan Sintaksis Pada Karangan Deskripsi Bahasa Jerman

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Dhesy Bonitha Savitri Murad ◽  
Laelah Azizah ◽  
Misnah Mannahali
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Research Data ◽  
German Language ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Writing Test ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Data Collection Technique

This study aims to determine the types of syntactic errors in the essay descriptions of the German language of SMA NEGERI 9 Makassar students. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The analytical method used is the method proposed by Ellis. The research data is in the form of descriptive essays written by students. The data source of this research is the students of class XII Mia 8 SMA Negeri 9 Makassar, amounting to 31 students. The data collection technique was carried out through a German writing test. The results of the data analysis show that the syntactic errors that appear are phrase errors, including 4 types of errors in noun phrases, 8 types of errors in pronouns, 7 types of errors in prepositional phrases, 4 types of errors in adjective phrases, and 4 types of verb phrases. 

scholarly journals Syntactic strategies of exclamatives

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-178
Author(s):  
Natalia Zevakhina
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Illocutionary Force ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Subordinate Clauses

The study presented in this paper has two aims. First, it establishes pragmasemantic features of exclamations and exclamatives relying on three formulated approaches – a constructional approach, a presupposition approach, and a scalarity approach, and suggests distinguishing proper exclamatives, the syntactic structures of which are conventionally associated with an illocutionary force of expressivity, from improper ones that do not have such an association. Second, involving the data of 45 languages, the paper reveals and describes 5 syntactic strategies of exclamatives, which are as follows: subject-verb inversion, subordinate clauses, noun phrases, anaphoric adverbs and adjectives, and wh-phrases. The latter three are further divided into several sub-strategies.

scholarly journals Conjunction and additive constructions in the language of the Gavião of Rondônia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denny Moore
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Constituent Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Semantic Difference ◽  
Verb Phrases

Abstract As a contribution to the study of complex structures in native Amazonian languages, this article examines the syntax of additives and conjunctions in the language of the Gavião of Rondônia. In this language the particle k ĩ ´í ‘also, too, and’ is used to form additive (‘also’) constructions with noun phrases and verb phrases, without creating conjoined syntactic constituents. The same particle is also used to form constructions with conjoined constituents, in which two or more verb phrases or two or more noun phrases are conjoined. The different functions of the particle have different and somewhat complicated syntactic structures. A brief description of basic Gavião syntax is provided, to have a basis for understanding the structure of the additives and conjunctions. Examples are given to describe the patterns observed and to provide tests to determine the constituent structure of the conjoined constructions. Composition rules for conjoined and additive constructions are offered when there is sufficient evidence. The semantic difference between participles and conjunctions is noted. Typological properties of Gavião additives and conjunction are discussed. Conjunction is of the postpositive bisyndetic type. Disjunction, ‘or’, which also appears in the language, is briefly described.

Similarities in the Syntactic Structure of the German and Croatian Language

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Manuela Svoboda
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
German Language ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Subordinate Clauses

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse any potential similarities between the Croatian and German language and present them adopting a contrastive approach with the intent of simplifying the learning process in regards to the German syntactic structure for Croatian German as foreign language students. While consulting articles and books on the theories and methods of foreign language teaching, attention is usually drawn to differences between the mother tongue and the foreign language, especially concerning false friends etc. The same applies to textbooks, workbooks and how teachers behave in class. Thus, it is common practice to deal with the differences between the foreign language and the mother tongue but less with similarities. This is unfortunate considering that this would likely aid in acquiring certain grammatical and syntactic structures of the foreign language. In the author's opinion, similarities are as, if not more, important than differences. Therefore, in this article the existence of similarities between the Croatian and German language will be examined closer with a main focus on the segment of sentence types. Special attention is drawn to subordinate clauses as they play an important role when speaking and/or translating sentences from Croatian to German and vice versa. In order to present and further clarify this matter, subordinate clauses in both the German and Croatian language are defined, clarified and listed to gain an oversight and to present possible similarities between the two. In addition, the method to identify subordinate clauses in a sentence is explained as well as what they express, which conjunctions are being used for each type of subordinate clause in both languages and where the similarities and/or differences between the two languages lie.

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