scholarly journals Solar total and spectral irradiance reconstruction over the last 9000 years

2018 ◽  
Vol 620 ◽  
pp. A120 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-J. Wu ◽  
N. A. Krivova ◽  
S. K. Solanki ◽  
I. G. Usoskin
Keyword(s):  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Maunder Minimum ◽  
Spectral Irradiance ◽  
Cosmogenic Isotopes ◽  
Secular Variability ◽  
Isotope Record ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Solar Influence

Context.Changes in solar irradiance and in its spectral distribution are among the main natural drivers of the climate on Earth. However, irradiance measurements are only available for less than four decades, while assessment of solar influence on Earth requires much longer records.Aims.The aim of this work is to provide the most up-to-date physics-based reconstruction of the solar total and spectral irradiance (TSI/SSI) over the last nine millennia.Methods.The concentrations of the cosmogenic isotopes14C and10Be in natural archives have been converted to decadally averaged sunspot numbers through a chain of physics-based models. TSI and SSI are reconstructed with an updated SATIRE model. Reconstructions are carried out for each isotope record separately, as well as for their composite.Results.We present the first ever SSI reconstruction over the last 9000 years from the individual14C and10Be records as well as from their newest composite. The reconstruction employs physics-based models to describe the involved processes at each step of the procedure.Conclusions.Irradiance reconstructions based on two different cosmogenic isotope records, those of14C and10Be, agree well with each other in their long-term trends despite their different geochemical paths in the atmosphere of Earth. Over the last 9000 years, the reconstructed secular variability in TSI is of the order of 0.11%, or 1.5 W m−2. After the Maunder minimum, the reconstruction from the cosmogenic isotopes is consistent with that from the direct sunspot number observation. Furthermore, over the nineteenth century, the agreement of irradiance reconstructions using isotope records with the reconstruction from the sunspot number by Chatzistergos et al. (2017, A&A, 602, A69) is better than that with the reconstruction from the WDC-SILSO series (Clette et al. 2014, Space Sci. Rev., 186, 35), with a lowerχ2-value.

PREPARING PUBLIC SERVANTS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: ARCHETYPAL APPROACH

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (14) ◽  
pp. 255-263
Author(s):  
Oleh Ivanovich Rohulskyi
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
German Model ◽  
Managerial Positions ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Individual

The article describes the main components of the institutional framework of an archetypical approach to public administration. It is determined that the system of preparation of public servants is based on a chain of universal foundations of archetype, in particular, it is influenced by the principle of formation of personnel in the public service, formed on the basis of public opinion. Based on two basic principles relating to admission to public service, three basic models of training civil servants in the European country are defined: German. French and Anglo-Saxon. We analyze each of the models and define the archetypes that influenced their formation and development. The advantages of each model are determined, in particular, the benefits are: the German model of training managers is the balancing between the theoretical knowledge and practical skills that a public servant receives during training, but as a disadvantage one can distinguish the orientation of preparation for legal orientation, which limits the ability to hold managerial positions for many employees The French model of professional training of public servants should include a well-balanced understanding of tasks, namely: decentralization and territorial organization of public services, communication, support of territorial communities, in-depth knowledge and understanding of the need for cooperation with institutions of the European Commonwealth, high-quality human resource management and orientation towards environmentally friendly innovations, such a model of training of public servants is holistic, costly and effective; The Anglo-Saxon model of training of public servants is its orientation towards the implementation of the concept of public administration and the individual approach to employee training, taking into account all the specifics of its activities, providing for the formation of personnel capable of solving specific problems. It is concluded that today in most European countries dominated by mixed models that include elements of different models.

scholarly journals Investigations of long-term trends in the ionosphere with world-wide ionosonde observations*

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bremer
Keyword(s):  
Data Series ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Maximum Electron Density ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Global Mean

Abstract. Basing on model calculations by Roble and Dickinson (1989) for an increasing content of atmospheric greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere Rishbeth (1990) predicted a lowering of the ionospheric F2- and E-regions. Later Rishbeth and Roble (1992) also predicted characteristic longterm changes of the maximum electron density values of the ionospheric E-, F1-, and F2-layers. Long-term observations at more than 100 ionosonde stations have been analyzed to test these model predictions. In the E- and F1-layers the derived experimental results agree reasonably with the model trends (lowering of h'E and increase of ƒoE and ƒoF1, in the E-layer the experimental values are however markedly stronger than the model data). In the ionospheric F2-region the variability of the trends derived at the different individual stations for hmF2 as well as ƒoF2 values is too large to estimate reasonable global mean trends. The reason of the large differences between the individual trends is not quite clear. Strong dynamical effects may play an important role in the F2-region. But also inhomogeneous data series due to technical changes as well as changes in the evaluation algorithms used during the long observation periods may influence the trend analyses.

scholarly journals An MEG Study of Picture Naming

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem J. M. Levelt ◽  
Peter Praamstra ◽  
Antje S. Meyer ◽  
Päivi Helenius ◽  
Riitta Salmelin
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Naming Latency ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Phonological Encoding ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Wernicke’S Area ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The purpose of this study was to relate a psycholinguistic processing model of picture naming to the dynamics of cortical activation during picture naming. The activation was recorded from eight Dutch subjects with a whole-head neuromagnetometer. The processing model, based on extensive naming latency studies, is a stage model. In preparing a picture's name, the speaker performs a chain of specific operations. They are, in this order, computing the visual percept, activating an appropriate lexical concept, selecting the target word from the mental lexicon, phonological encoding, phonetic encoding, and initiation of articulation. The time windows for each of these operations are reasonably well known and could be related to the peak activity of dipole sources in the individual magnetic response patterns. The analyses showed a clear progression over these time windows from early occipital activation, via parietal and temporal to frontal activation. The major specific findings were that (1) a region in the left posterior temporal lobe, agreeing with the location of Wernicke's area, showed prominent activation starting about 200 msec after picture onset and peaking at about 350 msec, (i.e., within the stage of phonological encoding), and (2) a consistent activation was found in the right parietal cortex, peaking at about 230 msec after picture onset, thus preceding and partly overlapping with the left temporal response. An interpretation in terms of the management of visual attention is proposed.

Sunspot and Group Number: Recent advances from historical data

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (A30) ◽  
pp. 156-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Clette ◽  
José M. Vaquero ◽  
María Cruz Gallego ◽  
Laure Lefèvre
Keyword(s):  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Maunder Minimum ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earth Environment ◽  
Group Number ◽  
Dalton Minimum

AbstractDue to its unique 400-year duration, the sunspot number is a central reference for understanding the long-term evolution of solar activity and its influence on the Earth environment and climate. Here, we outline current data recovery work. For the sunspot number, we find historical evidence of a disruption in the source observers occurring in 1947–48. For the sunpot group number, recent data confirm the clear southern predominance of sunspots during the Maunder Minimum, while the umbra-penumbra ratio is similar to other epochs. For the Dalton minimum, newly recovered historical observations confirm a higher activity level than in a true Grand Minimum.

The ultrastructure of Methanothrix concilii, a mesophilic aceticlastic methanogen

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 703-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry J. Beveridge ◽  
Girish B. Patel ◽  
Bob J. Harris ◽  
G. Dennis Sprott
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Circular Plates ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Granular Matrix ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Individual

Methanothrix concilii strain GP6 consists of a chain of rod-shaped cells, ca. 2.5 μm in length and 0.8 μm in width, which are encased in a tubular proteinaceous sheath. The sheath is composed of annular hoops, ca. 8.0 nm wide and 9.0 nm thick, which are stacked together to form the tube. The ends of the sheath, and therefore the cell filament, are blocked by single, multilayered, 13.5 nm thick, circular plates, designated as "spacer plugs," which contain a series of concentric rings; these also separate the individual cells within each filament. Each cell is therefore bounded by a tubular section of sheath and two spacer plugs. Completely encapsulating each cell, and lying between the sheath and cell, is an amorphous granular matrix. Overlying the plasma membrane and surrounding each protoplast is a thin veil of material which resembles a cell wall, but which is unable to maintain the rod shape when cells are extruded from the sheath.

Kinetics of the hydrogen/oxygen reaction II. The explosion region in salt- and alkali-coated vessels

1952 ◽  
Vol 211 (1104) ◽  
pp. 86-95 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mixture Composition ◽  
Spontaneous Ignition ◽  
Vessel Size ◽  
First Order ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chain Theory ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Oxygen Reaction

The first, second and third explosion limits for the hydrogen/oxygen reaction have been examined over a wide range of temperature, mixture composition, vessel size and wall coating. An expression has been derived from general chain theory which can account for the observed features of the complete explosion region. It includes and relates previously given expressions for the individual limits. The reactions found to be necessary and apparently sufficient to account for the hydrogen/oxygen spontaneous ignition peninsula are those of chain destruction in triple collisions, destruction at the wall of three different chain carriers, first-order branching, second-order branching, the regeneration of ‘dead’ chains and a chain-initiating process.

Religious Symbolism and Conscientious Objection in the Workplace: An Evaluation of Strasbourg's Judgment in Eweida and others v United Kingdom

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Hill
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Same Sex Couples ◽  
Religious Symbolism ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
European Court ◽  
Domestic Courts ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in Eweida and others v United Kingdom1 related to two pairs of cases.2 The first pair concerned a British Airways check-in clerk and a nurse, each of whom complained that dress codes at their respective places of work prevented them from openly wearing a small cross on a chain around their neck. In the second pair, a registrar of marriages and a relationship counsellor refused to offer their respective services to same-sex couples on the basis that homosexual acts were incompatible with their religious beliefs. Having failed to obtain relief in the domestic courts, all four applicants took their claims to Strasbourg, which heard oral argument last September. Judgment was pronounced on 15 January 2013. This Comment considers the broad thrust of the judgment, particularly the threefold manner by which the Court has clarified and embedded the right to freedom of religion, the practical outcome in the individual cases, and the likely effect of the judgment upon future litigation in the domestic courts of the United Kingdom.

scholarly journals Bis(μ-benzoato-κ2O:O′)bis(benzoato-κO)octabutyldi-μ3-oxido-tetratin(IV)

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-326
Author(s):  
Hans Reuter ◽  
Coco K. Y. A. Okio
Keyword(s):  
Phenyl Group ◽  
Asymmetric Unit ◽  
Ladder Structure ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Distorted Octahedral Coordination ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Carboxylate Groups ◽  
Distorted Octahedral ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Individual

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [{Sn(C4H9)2(C6H5COO)}2O]2, consists of two half molecules, completed by application of inversion symmetry. Both molecules adopt a ladder structure typical for this class of dimeric tetraorganodistannoxane dicarboxylates characterized by a centrosymmetric four-membered (Sn—O)2ring of rhomboidal shape that is extended on both sides by folded six-membered Sn—O—C rings. To a first approximation, both kinds of Sn atoms (Sniand Sno) are trigonal–bipyramidally coordinated. The bond angles between then-butyl groups are widened [135.64 (7)–146.20 (7)°] in comparison with an ideal trigonal bipyramid. Sn—O bond lengths within the {R2SnO3} coordination sphere depend strongly on the position of the corresponding O atom – axial (ax) or equatorial (eq) – as well as on the functionality of the carboxylate groups which exhibit μ2(–COOi) and μ1(–COOo) coordination modes, respectively. In summary, the following sequence of distances [mean values] is found:d(Sno—Oμ3)eq[2.024 (2) Å] <d(Sni—Oμ3)eq[2.044 (2) Å] <d(Sni—Oμ3)ax[2.158 (6) Å] <d(Sno—Oμ1-carb)ax[2.182 (6) Å] <d(Sni—Oμ2-carb)ax[2.250 (2) Å] ≃d(Sno—Oμ2-carb)ax[2.247 (12) Å]. Then-butyl groups adopt ananti–anticonformation with exception of two disordered outern-butyl groups of the second molecule which exhibitgauche–antiandanti–gaucheconformations. Weak intramolecular Sn...O interactions between the different O atoms of the outer carboxyl groups with the inner, as well as outer, Sn atoms give rise to a strongly distorted octahedral coordination at these Sn atoms. Intermolecular interactions between the individual molecules are restricted to van der Waals and O...H—C interactions of which a nearly linear very short C—H...O contact between the H atom of the phenyl group of one of the molecules with the outer non-coordinating C=O group of the other molecule is the most prominent. It gives rise to a chain-like arrangement of the molecules along [111]. The twon-butyl groups attached to the outer Sn atom of one molecule are disordered over two sets of sites with occupancies of 0.806 (3)/0.194 (3) and 0.702 (3)/0.298 (3).

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTHOR CONCEPT OF I. O. SIKORSKY IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE KIEV FROEBEL PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE (1907–1920)

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
N. Demyanenko
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Logical System ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
Pedagogical Training ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pedagogical Institute ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

The article carries out a retrospective logical-system analysis of the scientific heritage of the first rector of the Kiev Froebel Pedagogical Institute I.O. Sikorsky (1842–1919) – a doctor of medicine, a well-known teacher and psychologist, a professor of the University of St. Volodymyr, chairman of the Kiev Froebel Society of the Promotion of Education. It was found out that the scientist considered the comprehensive knowledge of the child by a chain that unites family and school, and the integration of knowledge on psychology, medicine, upbringing and development of the family was a foundation for effective education of the individual. The interpretation of the ultimate goal of education by I.O. Sikorsky defined as the achievement of harmonious development of the spirit and body, mental and physical, as the balance of mental, moral and aesthetic principles. The directions and mechanisms of implementation of the author's medical-psychological-pedagogical concept I.O. Sikorsky are investigated in the content of vocational and pedagogical training of the Kiev Froebel Pedagogical Institute (1907–1920).

scholarly journals Long-term solar activity explored with wavelet methods

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 769-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lundstedt ◽  
L. Liszka ◽  
R. Lundin ◽  
R. Muscheler
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Maunder Minimum ◽  
High Solar Activity ◽  
Solar Modulation ◽  
Group Sunspot ◽  
Group Sunspot Number ◽  
Wavelet Methods

Abstract. Long-term solar activity has been studied with a set of wavelet methods. The following indicators of long-term solar activity were used; the group sunspot number, the sunspot number, and the 14C production rate. Scalograms showed the very long-term scales of 2300 years (Hallstat cycle), 900-1000 years, 400-500 years, and 200 years (de Vries cycle). Scalograms of a newly-constructed 14C production rate showed interesting solar modulation during the Maunder minimum. Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA) revealed the modulation in detail, as well as peaks of solar activity not seen in the sunspot number. In both the group sunspot number scalogram and the 14C production rate scalogram, a process appeared, starting or ending in late 1700. This process has not been discussed before. Its solar origin is unclear. The group sunspot number ampligram and the sunspot number ampligram showed the Maunder and the Dalton minima, and the period of high solar activity, which already started about 1900 and then decreased again after mid 1990. The decrease starts earlier for weaker components. Also, weak semiperiodic activity was found. Time Scale Spectra (TSS) showed both deterministic and stochastic processes behind the variability of the long-term solar activity. TSS of the 14C production rate, group sunspot number and Mt. Wilson sunspot index and plage index were compared in an attempt to interpret the features and processes behind the long-term variability.

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