scholarly journals The Abundance of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Infective Propagules Under Galam Stand at Shallow Peat of South Kalimantan

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 03008
Author(s):  
Tri Wira Yuwati ◽  
Annisa Noveani Rusalinda Rahmi ◽  
Safinah Surya Hakim ◽  
Badruzsaufari
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Acidic Condition ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Grid Line ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wet Sieving

Colonization of arbuscular mycorrhiza on plants has been reported to give benefit to p lants, especially at extreme sites such as degraded peatland. Galam (Mela leuca ca juputi) is an indigenous peatland species which grows on acidic condition. The number of arbuscular mycorrhiza infective propagules is important to be determined concerning the galam regeneration due to its offered benefits that support colonization. This research aims to determine the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhiza infective propagules under galam stand and to describe symbiotic forms of AMF colonization on the roots of galam. The Most Probable Number (MPN) method, wet sieving, and root staining from the modification of Vierherlig et al., 1996, and the calculation of root’s mycorrhizal colonization by grid line technique were the methods that were used in this research. The research used Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with a 5-fold factorial pattern. The results of this study indicated a significant difference between the abundance of AMF under galam stands at the depth of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm respectively . The results of spores identification showed 4 genera of spores, namely: Glomus, Gigaspora, Scutellospora, and Acaulospora. The structure of root colonizations were hyphae, spores, vesicles, and arbuscular.

scholarly journals Bacteriological quality of water in private wells and boreholes in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Adi Agyo ◽  
Raph Agbo Ofukwu ◽  
Anthony Ekle J. Okoh ◽  
Charity A. Agada
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
World Health ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Private Wells

Aim: This study aimed at examined the presence of coliform bacteria in private wells and boreholes (BH) in peri-urban areas of Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, using the approaches of most probable number (MPN) index and coliform count. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred and sixty-eight water samples were randomly collected during a 1-year period from non-cased wells, burn brick cased wells (BBW), concrete cased wells, and BH in four locations; A, B, C, and D during the wet and dry seasons. One liter of water was obtained from each well at every visit to the four sites, and eight water samples were collected from each visit. The samples were analyzed using multiple tube fermentation methods and pour plate techniques to determine the MPN of coliform/100 ml of water, reading from the MPN statistics table. Results: One-way analysis of variance statistics was applied using Duncan's new multiple range test to separate the means where there was a significant difference. The result revealed that the MPN index and total coliform counts in all the wells in the locations were above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit for potable water. The highest MPN index of 54.807 was recorded in Location A and followed by 42.679 in Location B. The MPN index in Locations C and D was 36.740 and 30.943, respectively. There was significantly (p=0.000) higher total coliform count in the wet season (41.48±7.09) than in the dry season (38.33±2.83). Conclusion: This study shows the presence of coliform bacteria isolates in all the wells and BH that exceeded the WHO permissible limits for drinking water. The water from these sources is unsafe for drinking except after dosing with appropriate germicides. Sensitization of the population on the actions they can take to make the water safe for domestic use is suggested.

scholarly journals Assessment of Watercare Efficacy on Treatment of Water for Human Consumption in Makurdi Metropolis Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
E M Mbaawuaga ◽  
W C Agber ◽  
M W Kar
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Significant Difference

Assessment of the efficacy of Water-Care in the treatment of water to safe health level was carried out on water samples from different water sources within six populated communities of Makurdi Metropolis. Thirty six (36) water samples were collected and treated with WaterCare based on the product manufacturer’s instructions. Treated water stored for 30 minutes and 24 hours were tested for coliforms using Multiple Tube Fermentation technique. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) for multiple comparisons of the data variables. Most probable Number (MPN) of coliforms /100mL of sampled water ranged from 43 to >1,100cfu/100ml. Mean MPN of treated water for30 minutes and 24 hours interval was 37.7±33.0cfu/100ml and 16.17±14.8cfu/100ml respectively. Improved/deep sources such as boreholes show 3cfu/100ml and 0cfu/100ml respectively for 30 minutes and 24 hours treatment while unimproved/shallow sources such as wells show ≤120 cfu/100ml and ≤53 cfu/100ml respectively for 30 minutes and 24 hour interval. A significant difference between treated samples and the untreated was observed (F = 6.321, P = 0.005). Tukey multiple comparison test revealed that MPN index/100ml in the water samples was significantly lower (P =0.015, P =0.009) after treating for 30 minutes and 24 hour time interval respectively as compared to untreated water. But there was no significant difference between the 30 minute and 24 hour time interval (P =0.970). The study found that, drinking water sources in Makurdi Township were heavily contaminated, and that 30 minutes and 24 hours’ time interval was not a sufficient time for total elimination of bacteria contaminants after treatment with WaterCare. Future research should ascertain the actual treatment time for inactivation of all bacteria in water treated with WaterCare.

Recovery of Escherichia coli Biotype I and Enterococcus spp. during Refrigerated Storage of Beef Carcasses Inoculated with a Fecal Slurry

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 944-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. CALICIOGLU ◽  
D. R. BUEGE ◽  
S. C. INGHAM ◽  
J. B. LUCHANSKY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Appreciable Reduction

Three beef front quarters/carcasses were inoculated with a slurry of cattle manure. During storage at 4°C, two sponge samples from each of three sites (i.e., 100 cm2 from each of two fat surfaces and 100 cm2 from a lean surface) were taken from each of the three carcasses on days 0, 1, 3, 7, and 10 after inoculation. The initial numbers of Escherichia coli averaged 2.0 log10 CFU/cm2 (1.21 to 2.47 log10 CFU/cm2) using the Petrifilm method and 2.09 log10 most probable number (MPN)/cm2 (0.88 to 2.96 log10 MPN/cm2) using the MPN method. The initial numbers of enterococci averaged 3.34 log10 CFU/cm2 (3.07 to 3.79 log10 CFU/cm2) using kanamycin esculin azide agar. In general, an appreciable reduction in the numbers of E. coli occurred during the first 24 h of storage; for the Petrifilm method an average reduction of 1.37 log10 CFU/cm2 (0.69 to 1.71 log10 CFU/cm2) was observed, and for the MPN method an average reduction of 1.52 log10 MPN/cm2 (0.47 to 2.08 log10 MPN/cm2) was observed. E. coli were not detected (<−0.12 log10 CFU/cm2) using Petrifilm on day 7 of the storage period on two (initial counts of 1.21 and 2.29 log10 CFU/cm2) of the three carcasses. However, viable E. coli cells were recovered from these two carcasses after a 24-h enrichment at 37°C in EC broth. Viable E. coli cells were detected at levels of −0.10 log10 CFU/cm2 on the third carcass (initial count of 2.47 log10 CFU/cm2) after 7 days at 4°C. No significant difference in recovery of viable cells was observed between the MPN and Petrifilm methods on days 0, 1, and 3 (P > 0.05). However, viable E. coli cells were recovered from all three carcasses by the MPN method on day 7 at an average of −0.29 log10 MPN/cm2 (−0.6 to −0.1 log10 MPN/cm2). On day 10, viable cells were recovered by the MPN method from two of the three carcasses at −0.63 and −0.48 log10 MPN/cm2 but were not recovered from the remaining carcass (<−0.8 log10 MPN/cm2). Similar to E. coli, the greatest reduction (average of 1.26 log10 CFU/cm2, range = 1.06 to 1.45 log10 CFU/cm2) in the numbers of enterococci occurred during the first 24 h of storage. Because of higher initial numbers and a slightly slower rate of decrease, the numbers of Enterococcus spp. were significantly higher (P < 0.017) than the numbers of E. coli Biotype I after 3, 7, and 10 days of storage. These results suggest that enterococci may be useful as an indicator of fecal contamination of beef carcasses.

Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Commercially Broken Unpasteurized Liquid Egg in Japan

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIHO OHKOCHI ◽  
MIYUKI NAKAZAWA ◽  
NOBUHIRO SASHIHARA
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Liquid Whole Egg ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
Good Agreement

Unpasteurized liquid whole-egg samples were collected from six and seven commercial establishments across Japan in 1993 and 1994 and in 2005, respectively. The samples were tested for the presence of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. Detection rates of the Listeria spp. were greatly different among the egg-breaking facilities, with a range of 8 to 55%. There was no significant difference in the contamination rate between the samples from 1993 and 1994 and from 2005. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 2 of 487 (0.4%) samples in 1993 and 1994, and 2 of 316 (0.6%) samples in 2005. These detection rates are lower than known detection rates of other livestock products (5.1 to 42%). In 2005, the L. monocytogenes–positive samples were quantified by a most-probable-number counting experiment, and the contamination levels were below 7.5 organisms per 25 g of sample. D55°C-values of 0.59 to 4.08/min were determined for L. monocytogenes isolated in this study. This heat tolerance is in a good agreement with past reports, and slightly higher than that of Salmonella. This study suggests that the legal pasteurization condition of liquid egg is sufficient to ensure microbial safety against L. monocytogenes because the contamination rate and its level are considerably low.

Evaluation of Colilert-18® as an alternative method for monitoring total coliforms and Escherichia coli in some faecally polluted river waters

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-611
Author(s):  
Amanda S. Brand ◽  
Jo M. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
True Value ◽  
Significant Difference

The increase in numbers and contamination levels of faecally polluted water has resulted in shifts worldwide towards methods which enumerate faecal indicator bacteria faster. Rapid methods enable more timely remedial and preventative actions which protect the health of water users. However, especially in the developing world, straightforward methods are also preferred as they reduce the requirement for highly qualified analysts. This study investigates the feasibility of using the rapid, semi-automated enzyme substrate test Colilert-18® instead of multiple-tube fermentation (MTF) in total coliform and Escherichia coli enumeration for South African river water, as one example of a surface water source carrying considerable faecal pollution, which needs monitoring. Spearman rank correlation coefficients (ρ) of 0.83 and 0.86 were obtained for total coliforms and E. coli respectively, indicating Colilert-18® performed acceptably in the pollution ranges encountered. A Bland–Altman plot further revealed that Colilert-18® showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) from MTF values below 100,000 E. coli most probable number/100 mL (estimated true value). Above this level Colilert-18® was found to progressively underestimate E. coli. This inadequacy of Colilert-18® was considered acceptable from a health risk assessment viewpoint as such high counts should have sounded the alarm for preventative and corrective action irrespective of method inaccuracy.

Inexpensive, Disposable Presence-Absence Test for Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Water

1989 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUBY M. LEE ◽  
PAUL A. HARTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Six-ounce (151-g) Whirl-Pak® bags containing 3.05 g of dehydrated Presence-Absence (P-A) Broth and 5 mg of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG) were pasteurized with 10 kGy of gamma irradiation. To conduct a “bag” P-A test, 100 ml of water sample were added to a bag. The bag was closed, the medium was dissolved by massaging the bag for about 15 sec, and the bag was then placed in a rack for incubation. The bag method was compared with P-A tests conducted in 160-ml glass bottles and 200-ml polysulfone bottles, as well as with a 5-tube Laury] Tryptose Broth (LTB) most-probable-number (MPN) method. Twenty-nine surface-water samples (11 streams, 7 rivers, and 11 lakes), 9 well-water samples, and 2 sewage effluents were examined. Chi-square analyses of the results revealed that no significant difference (P≤0.1) existed among the different P-A tests. The hydrolysis of MUG provided excellent Escherichia coli detection and was easiest to determine in the bags.

Evaluation of TA10 Broth for Recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from Ground Beef

2017 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 470-473
Author(s):  
Naoko Kamisaki-Horikoshi ◽  
Yukio Okada ◽  
Kazuko Takeshita ◽  
Makoto Takada ◽  
Shinichi Kawamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Enrichment Broth ◽  
Conventional Culture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Peptone Water

Abstract In 2009, the enrichment broth TA10 was released for simultaneous recovery of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. This medium was compared with other Salmonella enrichment broths [lactose (LAC) broth, buffered peptone water (BPW), and universal pre-enrichment (UP) broth] for the recovery of heat- and freeze-injured Salmonella spp. in beef by the conventional culture method. There was a significant difference between TA10 and LAC enrichment broths for detecting injured Salmonella spp. In this study, the International Organization for Standardization Listeria pre-enrichment broth (Half-Fraser/Fraser) was compared with TA10 broth for the recovery of L. monocytogenes from ground beef. Ground beef samples were contaminated with single Listeria serovars at levels of 0.096 to 0.001 most probable number/g. Twenty 25 g test portions of the contaminated ground beef were pre-enriched in each broth, and the ISO-11290-1 Listeria official isolation protocol was used thereafter. There was a significant difference between TA10 broth (48 h) and Half-Fraser/Fraser broth (72 h) in the recovery of L. monocytogenes. In addition, the incubation time for TA10 broth was shorter than for Half-Fraser/Fraser broth. The results indicate that TA10 broth should be used instead of Half-Fraser/Fraser broth for analysis of beef that may be contaminated with very low levels of L. monocytogenes.

The 'most probable number' method for enumerating infective propagules of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil

Soil Research ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Porter
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Field Soils ◽  
Wet Sieving ◽  
Good Agreement

Estimates of the number of infective propagules of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) endophytes in two soils were obtained using a most probable number (MPN) method. These estimates were compared with counts of the number of spores in the same soils obtained using a conventional wet sieving method. In one soil, there was good agreement between the number of coarse endophyte propagules, estimated by the MPN technique, and the number of germinable spores extracted using the wet sieving technique. However, a large population of fine endophyte propagules (more than 230 per 50 g soil) could only be enumerated using the MPN technique. In the second soil, fewer coarse endophyte propagules were found using the wet sieving technique than when using the MPN technique. The MPN technique appears to give a more realistic estimate of the number of infective propagules of VA endophytes in field soils than the conventional method.

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