scholarly journals Disinfection by-products monitoring in water of selected outdoor swimming pools in Opole Voivodship

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 00027
Author(s):  
Iwona Klosok-Bazan ◽  
Marta Bożym ◽  
Małgorzata Wzorek
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
By Products

The aim of this study was to determine the level of disinfection by-products in selected outdoor swimming pool in the Opole Voivodship. The authors paid special attention to the determination of the concentration of trihalomethanes (THMs), which are formed during disinfection in water. Five outdoor swimming pools were selected in five different cities located in Opole Region. The level of trihalomethane (THM) concentrations in the analyzed waters was found to be in the wide range from 15 to more than 550 µg/L. The dominant compound of THMs was chloroform because of chlorine application in the disinfection method.

scholarly journals Copper(I)-Catalyzed Click Chemistry as a Tool for the Functionalization of Nanomaterials and the Preparation of Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2379 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Yáñez-Sedeño ◽  
A. González-Cortés ◽  
S. Campuzano ◽  
J. M. Pingarrón
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Electrode Surfaces ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Yields ◽  
By Products ◽  
Powerful Strategy

Proper functionalization of electrode surfaces and/or nanomaterials plays a crucial role in the preparation of electrochemical (bio)sensors and their resulting performance. In this context, copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) has been demonstrated to be a powerful strategy due to the high yields achieved, absence of by-products and moderate conditions required both in aqueous medium and under physiological conditions. This particular chemistry offers great potential to functionalize a wide variety of electrode surfaces, nanomaterials, metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) and polymers, thus providing electrochemical platforms with improved electrocatalytic ability and allowing the stable, reproducible and functional integration of a wide range of nanomaterials and/or different biomolecules (enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids and peptides). Considering the rapid progress in the field, and the potential of this technology, this review paper outlines the unique features imparted by this particular reaction in the development of electrochemical sensors through the discussion of representative examples of the methods mainly reported over the last five years. Special attention has been paid to electrochemical (bio)sensors prepared using nanomaterials and applied to the determination of relevant analytes at different molecular levels. Current challenges and future directions in this field are also briefly pointed out.

scholarly journals An exploration of disinfection by-products formation and governing factors in chlorinated swimming pool water

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huma Ilyas ◽  
Ilyas Masih ◽  
Jan Peter van der Hoek
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
By Products

Abstract This paper investigates disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation and their relationship with governing factors in chlorinated swimming pools. The study compares concentrations of DBPs with WHO guidelines for drinking water quality recommended to screen swimming pool water quality. The statistical analysis is based on a global database of 188 swimming pools accumulated from 42 peer-reviewed journal publications from 16 countries. The mean and standard deviation of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were estimated as 282 ± 437 and 326 ± 517 μg L−1, respectively, which most often surpassed the WHO guidelines. Similarly, more than half of the examined pools had higher values of chloral hydrate (102 ± 128 μg L−1). The concentration of total chloramines (650 ± 490 μg L−1) was well above the WHO guidelines in all reported cases. Nevertheless, the reported values remained below the guidelines for most of the studied pools in the case of total trihalomethanes (134 ± 160 μg L−1), dichloroacetonitrile (12 ± 12 μg L−1) and dibromoacetonitrile (8 ± 11 μg L−1). Total organic carbon, free residual chlorine, temperature, pH, total nitrogen and bromide ions play a pivotal role in DBPs formation processes. Therefore, proper management of these governing factors could significantly reduce DBPs formation, thereby, contributing towards a healthy swimming pool environment.

scholarly journals Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of a Broad Spectrum of UV Filters in Swimming Pool Water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samia MOKH ◽  
Rania NASSAR ◽  
Aitika BERRY ◽  
Samah DOUMIATI ◽  
Mariam TAHA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Uv Filters ◽  
Ionization Source ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
By Products

Abstract This paper describes an analytical approach based on Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) followed by analysis using liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detectors for a simultaneous determination of 18 organic UV filters from water samples. Extraction method parameters were optimized: 250 ml of water sample loaded on Chromo-Bond C18 cartridges after adjustment to pH 4 and then eluted with acetonitrile. The mobile phase, the parameters of the mass spectrometer, as well as those of the ionization source were tested to enhance detection sensitivity. During method validation, the extracted target compounds showed good recoveries (> 68%) with acceptable values in terms of repeatability (CVr) and reproducibility (CVR), that were lower than 20%. The validated method was applied to different real water samples collected from different swimming pools located in Lebanon where nine UV filters among the eighteen targets compounds were detected at concentrations up to 1500 µg/L in some samples. Padimate-O and Octocrylene were detected frequently. This study represents the first available data on the occurrence of UV filter residues in swimming pool in Lebanon opening hence future perspectives to evaluate their degradation by-products and their toxicity on human health and marine ecosystem.

scholarly journals ARIMA MODEL USED TO ANALYZE THE DEMAND FOR SWIMMING POOL SERVICES

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1 (32)) ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Mieczysław Pawlisiak
Keyword(s):  
Arima Model ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Endogenous Variable ◽  
Sports Facilities ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Customer Preferences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Active Leisure

Many factors influence customer preferences among those who choose active leisure. A wide range of market productsmakes for many opportunities, and sports facilities are required to be fully prepared to provide services. It is helpful to create forecasts that enable to determine the predictable number of clients. An example prediction made with respect to swimming pools is presented in this article. For this purpose, the ARIMA model was used, based on the assumption that the value of the endogenous variable is affected by the value of this variable laggedin time. JEL classification: C2, C22. 

scholarly journals Comparison of trihalomethanes in the air of two indoor swimming pool facilities using different type of chlorination and different types of water

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1350-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese B. Nitter ◽  
Wolfgang Kampel ◽  
Kristin v. H. Svendsen ◽  
Bjørn Aas
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Breathing Zone ◽  
Calcium Hypochlorite ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool ◽  
Different Types ◽  
By Products

Abstract Certain aspects of the distribution of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the air of indoor swimming pools, the exposure of the users, and possible health effects, have not been well documented. To determine the distribution of trihalomethanes (THMs), measurements were performed at 0.05 m, 0.60 m and 1.50 m above the water surface. These heights were chosen to measure the exposure in the breathing zone of the users. Air samples were collected from two indoor swimming pool facilities in Norway. Facility 1 uses calcium hypochlorite and facility 2 uses sodium hypochlorite for water treatment. In facility 2, one of the swimming pools is filled with 33% seawater, while the other pools in this study were filled with freshwater. Higher values were measured at 0.05 m compared to 1.50 m. Negligible differences between the measurements at 0.60 m and 1.50 m above floor levels were obtained. On average, 282% higher concentrations of total THM (tTHM) were measured in facility 2. Different disinfection products and ventilation concepts are possible explanations. Swimmers are exposed to higher concentrations compared to users by the poolside. For future studies, it is crucial to measure as close to the water surface as possible.

scholarly journals Compliance of bathers to showering before swimming in a public pool in Toronto, Ontario

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Oluyemisi Omisakin ◽  
Ian Young
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
By Products ◽  
Person Questionnaire

Bathers at public swimming pools should shower prior to entering the pool deck to remove organic material (e.g., sweat, lotions, fecal matter) that can increase the risk of recreational water illness and the formation of disinfection by-products. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate bathers’ pre-swimming showering practices. We conducted a cross-sectional study of bathers aged 18 years or older at a public swimming pool in Toronto, Ontario, to evaluate their showering habits. An in-person questionnaire was administered in October and November 2019. Bivariate associations were examined between selected variables and participants’ self-reported showering frequency prior to swimming (often or always vs. never, rarely, or sometimes). A total of 110 bathers agreed to participate. Most participants (63%) were aged 18–34, 56% identified as male, and 78.2% reported always or often showering before swimming. Of these individuals, only 34% reported using soap when showering. Participants that identified as male (vs. female) and an ethnicity other than white were more likely to report often or always showering, as were those that reported reading the pool rules and that observed other bathers taking a shower. Additional efforts are needed to educate bathers about the importance of showering prior to swimming in public pools.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of ozone-chlorine treatment for reducing chloramine concentration compared to chlorine treatment in swimming pools and whirlpools

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick Mah ◽  
BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽  
Helen Heacock
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Concentration Limit ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
By Products

  Objectives: Chloramines are by-products of chlorine disinfected swimming pools and are hazardous to people if chloramines evaporate into the air. There is evidence that chloramines cause upper respiratory tract and eye irritation. It was suspected that ozone treatment in addition to chlorine disinfection will reduce chloramine levels in the pool. The following study compared chloramine concentration in a strictly chlorine disinfected swimming pool and whirlpool (C.G. Brown) in Burnaby, BC with an ozone-chlorine disinfected swimming pool and whirlpool (Killarney) in Vancouver, BC. The study also compared each pool and whirlpool to the 1.0 mg/L combined chlorine concentration limit in the B.C. Pool Regulation. Methods: Chloramine concentrations were determined by using a Hach Pocket Colorimeter 2 Analysis System which used a DPD method of analysis. Chloramine was determined by subtracting total chlorine by the free chlorine. Thirty pool water samples were analyzed based on two samples per pool per day for fifteen days. A two sample t-test was used to compare the ozone-chlorine treated pools with the chlorine only treated pools using the Mann-Whitney U test. A z-test was used to compare all types of swimming pools and whirlpools to the 1.0 mg/L limit. Results: The chloramine concentration in both the ozone-chlorine disinfected swimming pool and whirlpool was not statistically significantly lower than in the chlorine disinfected swimming pool (p=0.263597) and whirlpool (p=0.523672). Both types of swimming pools were found to be statistically significantly greater than the 1.0 mg/L chloramine limit (p=0.000023 in the chlorine pool and p=0.00001 for the ozone-chlorine pool). Similarly, both types of whirlpools were determined to be statistically significantly greater than the 1.0 mg/L chloramine limit (p=0.000001 for the chlorine pool and p=0.000001 for the ozone-chlorine pool). Conclusion: It was determined that there was no difference between ozone chlorine treated pools and chlorine only treated pools. Environmental Health Officers can suggest other forms of secondary treatment instead of ozone since there is no significant difference compared to chlorine only treated pools in reducing chloramine concentrations. This information is also beneficial for pool operators because they can increase their flow rates for pools that use ozonation or strictly chlorination relative to what they were originally designed for.  

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