scholarly journals Highly insulated crawl spaces with controlled minimal ventilation – proof of concept by field measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 07004
Author(s):  
Miimu Airaksinen ◽  
Lars Olsson ◽  
Jarek Kurnitski ◽  
Staffan Hvidberg
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Exhaust Ventilation ◽  
Crawl Space ◽  
One Year ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Excess Humidity ◽  
Space Concept

In current practices crawl spaces are typically ventilated with outdoor air. This leads very often to high relative humidity especially in the beginning of the summer, which can be problematic if the excess humidity cannot be ventilated efficiently enough. This paper introduces a crawl space concept where the crawl space is highly insulated and traditional ventilation openings are replaced by minimal mechanical exhaust ventilation set by pressure difference with the aim to prevent potential pollutants to penetrate indoors through the base floor. The concept that has been developed based on the simulation study is tested in this study with field measurements in four single family houses. Continuous measurements of relative humidity and temperature in crawl spaces and outdoor air were running more than one year in each building. The results revealed that all the crawl spaces had very low relative humidity, mostly below 75% and for very short periods close to 80% even though some of the buildings were new and construction phase moisture was drying out. The results revealed that the crawl space concept studied provided an ultimate moisture safety and can be recommended for all buildings with wooden floor.

BIOASSAY TO DETERMINE CHERRY ROOTSTOCK TOLERANCE TO `BACTERIAL CANKER' CAUSED BY PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PV SYRINGAE

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1354F-1355
Author(s):  
Elzbieta Krzesinska ◽  
Anita Nina Miller
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Avirulent Strain ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Callus Production ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
One Year

An excised twig assay was developed to evaluate cherry geno-types for their tolerance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. One-year-old wood was collected at monthly intervals from October until January of `Royal Ann', `Corum', and a number of cherry rootstock. The rootstock included; F/12–1 and Giessen (GI) and M × M selections. A 2-cm incision (“^”-shaped flap) was made on each twig. A 20-μl droplet of inoculum or water was placed onto each incision. The inoculum was prepared with one avirulent (K4) and three virulent strains (W4N54, AP2, B15) concentrations (105, 106, or 107 cfu). Inoculated twigs were placed in test tubes and incubated at 15C in high relative humidity for 3 weeks. After incubation, twigs were evaluated for gummosis production (0–3, 0 = no gummosis), incision browning (1–4, 1 = yellow pith), and callus production (0–1, 0 = no callus). The concentration of bacterial suspension had no effect on symptom development. No gummosis or browning was observed on twigs inoculated with water or the avirulent strain. Based on the gummosis and browning ratings, rootstock M × M 2, M × M 39, M × M 60, GI 148-1, GI 154-2, and GI 154-4 were found to be resistant to these three strains of P. syringae in this assay. Root-stock F 12-1, GI 169–15, GI 172–9, and GI 173-9 were found to be tolerant.

Growth of scale for juvenile coho salmon in the Bolshaya River (West Kamchatka)

2014 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-84
Author(s):  
Victor F. Bugaev ◽  
Nadezhda V. Yarosh
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Water Cooling ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Growth Season ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
The Third ◽  
One Year ◽  
June July ◽  
In The Beginning

Structure of scale is investigated for juvenile coho salmon. The samples were collected in the lower part of the Bolshaya River (West Kamchatka) in 2007-2012. The first scleritis bounding the central plate of scale is formed when body length of coho underyearlings achieves 38 mm, on average. In the investigated area, seasonal growth of scale starts and formation of next annuli of juvenile coho scale happens usually in the third 10-days of May: in the beginning of this period for one-year-old fish and in its end for two-years-old fish. The seasonal growth becomes slower again with water cooling in the last half of September, until its complete stagnation in October. Each scleritis forms in similar time, independently on age of juveniles: in 11.3 days for the underyearlings (data for in June-September), 10.1 days for one-year-old fish (data for June-September), and 11.2 days for two-years-old fish (data for in June-July). Additional zones of dense sclerites could form on the scale of juvenile coho within the growth season.

THE CROSS-VENTILATED TUNNEL SMOKEHOUSE

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
E. P. Linton ◽  
A. L. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Steam Consumption ◽  
The Cross ◽  
One Year ◽  
Short Time

A tunnel smokehouse with an output of 3000 lb. of smoked fillets per nine hour day has been in operation about one year. The temperature, relative humidity, and smoke velocity are controlled at optimum values independent of climatic conditions. Hence the colour and shrinkage of the product may be standardized and losses from cooking and dropping of the fish avoided. The relatively short time of smoking of two to three hours reduces spoilage of the fish to a minimum with resulting improvement in quality. Power and steam consumption have been kept as low as feasible.

scholarly journals Microbiome in an Office Building Using a Cooling Trench as an Outdoor Air Duct

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 06045
Author(s):  
Mizuki Niimura ◽  
U Yanagi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Principal Coordinate Analysis ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Metagenomic Analysis ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Energy Saving Technique ◽  
Building Cooling

Subterranean temperature at a depth of 10 m is almost equal to the average outdoor air temperature of the same area. Therefore, if a building cooling trench is used as an outdoor air duct, outdoor air can be cooled in summer and warmed in winter. This energy-saving technique is often used in Japan. However, since the relative humidity in a cooling trench is high, microbe numbers tend to increase in summer. The present study sought to characterize the microbiome status in the cooling trench of such an office building in Japan. Specifically, we performed a metagenomic analysis in which we analyzed DNA directly upon collection from the environment, without intervening cultivation. The results showed the presence of bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Nesterenkonia, Staphylococcus, Deinococcus, Acinetobacter, Enhydorobacter, and Corynebacterium. Bacteria of the genera Nesterenkonia, Deinococcus, Enhydorobacter, and Corynebacterium predominated on the surface of the trench. Notably, bacteria of the genus Nesterenkonia constituted >50% of the organisms on the surface of the downstream end of the cooling trench. Principal coordinate analysis was used to compare bacterial inhabitants of outdoor air, indoor air from 2nd- and 3rdfloor offices, and the region downstream of the cooling trench. The results suggested that the microbiome of air in this cooling trench influenced indoor air within the building.

Indoor and outdoor air concentrations of BTEX and determinants in a cohort of one-year old children in Valencia, Spain

2010 ◽  
Vol 409 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Esplugues ◽  
Ferran Ballester ◽  
Marisa Estarlich ◽  
Sabrina Llop ◽  
Virginia Fuentes-Leonarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outdoor Air ◽  
One Year ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor ◽  
Air Concentrations

scholarly journals Tropospheric water vapour and relative humidity profiles from lidar and microwave radiometry

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 10481-10510
Author(s):  
F. Navas-Guzmán ◽  
J. Fernández-Gálvez ◽  
M. J. Granados-Muñoz ◽  
J. L. Guerrero-Rascado ◽  
J. A. Bravo-Aranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Microwave Radiometer ◽  
Radiosonde Data ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Raman Lidar ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Lidar Measurements ◽  
One Year ◽  
Humidity Profiles

Abstract. In this paper, we outline an iterative method to calibrate the water vapour mixing ratio profiles retrieved from Raman lidar measurements. Simultaneous and co-located radiosonde data are used for this purpose and the calibration results obtained during a radiosonde campaign performed in Summer and Autumn 2011 are presented. The water vapour profiles measured during nighttime by the Raman lidar and radiosondes are compared and the differences between the methodologies are discussed. Moreover, a new approach to obtain relative humidity profiles by combination of simultaneous profiles of temperature (retrieved from a microwave radiometer) and water vapour mixing ratio (from a Raman lidar) is addressed. In the last part of this work, a statistical analysis of water vapour mixing ratio and relative humidity profiles obtained during one year of simultaneous measurements is presented.

Regeneration of Natural Pine Forest - Review of Work Done After the 1989 Fire in Mount Carmel, Israel

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Ne'eman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
One Year

In September 1989 a fire burned a large natural Pinus halepensis Mill. forest on Mt. Carmel, Israel. This paper summarizes the main results of five years of research, in which the effects of natural factors and management on the development of the forest and the vegetation were studied. It was found that the burned pine tree skeletons were correlated with the spatial pattern of seed germination.. Fewer pine seedlings were found one year after the fire near the burned trunks, but the survival and growth rate of these young pine trees was higher in the following four years. Pine ash was found to inhibit post-fire seed germination, offering a possible explanation for the apparent effect of the old burned trees on the spatial pattern of the new pine seedlings. Both laboratory experiments and field measurements indicate that the high pH of the ash, is the main factor responsible for the inhibition of germination. We examined several management regimes designed to enhance the growth of the young post-fire pine trees and assess their influence on the recovery of the forest. The results revealed that four years after fire, and three years after treatments, forest regeneration was mainly affected by the natural process while management had only a marginal effect. Management such as cutting and leaving, or cutting and removing the burned trunks and twigs from the plots, had almost no effect on species composition and cover. However, thinning of Pinus and Cistus seedlings increased survival and growth of remaining seedlings.

scholarly journals Weather Conditions Associated with the Release and Dispersal of Zymoseptoria tritici Spores in the Argentine Pampas Region

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Cordo ◽  
C. I. Mónaco ◽  
R. Altamirano ◽  
A. E. Perelló ◽  
S. Larrán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Spore Release ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Relationship

The abundance of Zymoseptoria tritici ascospores and conidia in a field was examined throughout two one-year periods (1998-1999 and 1999-2000) establishing the relationship between spore release and weather variables. Radiation, temperature, intensity of rainfall, and relative humidity significantly affected the dispersal of ascospores and pycnidiospores of this pathogen. Spore traps collected both types of spores, at weekly intervals, at two different stages of the wheat crop (vegetative and wheat stubble stages) and different distances from the sources. Ascospores were the predominant sources of inoculum in the field. The numbers of ascospores and pycnidiospores declined with the increase of distance from the sources. The release of pycnidiospores was associated with the increase in rainfall intensity 7 days before the released event and the increase in radiation 60 days before the same event. Relative humidity 3 and 15 days before the release event was positively correlated with ascospores release and negatively correlated with radiation and temperature in all the sampling interval. Also for the first time, a positive correlation between radiation and pycnidiospores dispersal is reported. Understanding the relationship between environment conditions and spores dispersal event could improve the control strategies of the disease.

scholarly journals What properties of non-electrolyte solutions does a DNA molecule feel?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
George G. Malenkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Hyperfine Splitting ◽  
Solvent Polarity ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
Hyperfine Splitting Constant ◽  
Splitting Constant ◽  
In The Beginning

As early as in 1953 it was reported that at low relative humidity of the atmosphere (about 70 %) DNA films were in A-form, while at higher humidity (more than 80%) they were in B-form. Relative humidity of the atmosphere corresponds to the water activity in the system. It was found in the beginning of the 70th that DNA transfers to the A-form when non-electrolytes, such as monoatomic alcohols, dioxane, tetrahydrofurane were added to water. It was reasonable to suppose that B to A transition of DNA occurs in the non-electrolyte solutions at the same values af water activity as in the moist atmosphere. This prediction was borne out. But in water solutions of very polar non-electrolytes such as methanol and ethylene glycol B to A DNA does not occur even at very low water activity values. It was supposed that A form of DNA can arise only in the medium with sufficiently low polarity. We used hyperfine splitting constant (A) of a nitroxide spin label determined from the EPR spectra as a measure of the liquid solvent polarity. It was found that DNA transition into B form occurs when A reached a certain value. Polarity of methanol and ethylene glycol is much higher than that of the solutions in which B to A DNA transition takes place. This transition also occurs in water solutions of trifluoroethanol. But in these solutions the transition takes place at hyperfine splitting values, which are much greater than in other non-electrolyte solutions. Water activity in the zone of B-A DNA transition in trifluoroethanol solutions does not correspond water activity which was calculated for other nob-electrolyte solutions in which B-A transition is observed.

scholarly journals Continuous bubble streams for controlling marine biofouling on static artificial structures

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11323
Author(s):  
Grant A. Hopkins ◽  
Fletcher Gilbertson ◽  
Oli Floerl ◽  
Paula Casanovas ◽  
Matt Pine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Measurements ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Artificial Structures ◽  
Marine Biofouling ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
One Year ◽  
Shear Stress Field

Biofouling accumulation is not proactively managed on most marine static artificial structures (SAS) due to the lack of effective options presently available. We describe a series of laboratory and field trials that examine the efficacy of continuous bubble streams in maintaining SAS free of macroscopic biofouling and demonstrate that this treatment approach is effective on surface types commonly used in the marine environment. At least two mechanisms were shown to be at play: the disruption of settlement created by the bubble stream, and the scouring of recently settled larvae through shear stress. Field trials conducted over a one-year period identified fouling on diffusers as a major issue to long-term treatment applications. Field measurements suggest that noise associated with surface mounted air blowers and sub-surface diffusers will be highly localised and of low environmental risk. Future studies should aim to develop and test systems at an operational scale.

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