scholarly journals Ionic liquids as tunable refractive index fluids

2021 ◽  
Vol 255 ◽  
pp. 05002
Author(s):  
Carlos Damián Rodríguez-Fernánde ◽  
Elena López Lago ◽  
Christian Schröder ◽  
Luis M. Varela
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Charge Delocalization ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tunable Refractive Index ◽  
Range Of Values

In this contribution we simulate the refractive index of several ion combinations yielding ionic liquids. The results show that their structural tunability can be exploited to successfully design liquids with task-specific refractive indices over a wide range of values, even higher than 2.0. Some designing clues are provided, being charge delocalization and the presence of fluorine atoms key factors to reach ion combinations with the highest refractive index possible.

Towards a Better Understanding of 'Delocalized Charge' in Ionic Liquid Anions

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina I. Izgorodina ◽  
Maria Forsyth ◽  
Douglas R. MacFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Proton Affinity ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Charge Delocalization ◽  
Range Of Values

One of the main characteristics that are attributed to ionic liquids (especially those with a low melting point) is that the anions comprising the ionic liquids possess a certain degree of charge delocalization as compared to anions in traditional molten salts. Based on the proton affinity equilibrium we proposed a new energetic criterion that can be used as a measure of charge delocalization. The proposed proton affinity comparison quantifies the extent to which ionic liquid anions are delocalized. Thus it should lead to a better understanding towards the design of task-specific ionic liquids. Therefore, this criterion can be applied to newly designed anions to assure that the extent of charge delocalization falls within the same range of values on the proton affinity scale as other commonly used ionic liquid anions.

scholarly journals Refractometric study on binary, ternary, and quaternary solutions made by water, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, D-glucose monohydrate (DGMH), sucrose, and sodium chloride at T = 293.15 K and atmospheric pressure

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fardad Koohyar ◽  
Javad Nasiri ◽  
Farhoush Kiani
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Empirical Equation ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Glycerol Water ◽  
Binary Solutions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Water Glycerol ◽  
Semi Empirical

The glycerol, D-glucose monohydrate (DGMH), sucrose, and sodium chloride are used in food industries and the measurement of properties for these components and their aqueous solutions can be important. In this research work, the refractive indices for binary solutions of (methanol + glycerol), (ethanol + glycerol), ternary solutions of (water + glycerol + DGMH), (water + glycerol + sucrose), (water + sucrose + DGMH), (water + sucrose + ethanol), (water + ethanol + DGMH), (water + NaCl + DGMH), (water + methanol + NaCl), (water + ethanol + NaCl), (water + NaCl + glycerol), (water + sucrose + NaCl), and quaternary solutions of (water + ethanol + sucrose + DGMH), (water + ethanol + sucrose + glycerol), (water + NaCl + sucrose + glycerol) were measured in wide range of mole fractions at T = 293.15 K and atmospheric pressure. For binary solutions of this study, the changes of refractive index on mixing, ∆nD, were calculated in each mole fraction at T = 293.15 K. Also, the refractive index of binary solutions was fitted by a semi-empirical equation. The constant of this equation, Kr, was represented by Koohyar et al. in 2011. This constant can be used to investigate power of interactions between solute and solvent molecules. For ternary and quaternary solutions of this study, a semi-empirical equation was used to determine refractive indices at given temperature. The comparison between calculated and experimental refractive indices shows that there is a good agreement between them especially in lower molal concentrations.    

Development of a Methodology for Adaptation of Refractive Index Under Controlling Kinematic Viscosity for PIV

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuya Shida ◽  
Hiroyuki Kosukegawa ◽  
Makoto Ohta
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysm ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Sodium Iodide ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Blood Flow Modeling

Blood vessel diseases such as ischemic cardiac disease or cerebral aneurysm are life-threatening disorders and as large a cause of death as cancer in many countries. The rupture of a cerebral aneurysm usually causes subarachnoidal hemorrhage the mortality of which is very high. Previous studies have proved that the genesis and growth of aneurysm are related to hemodynamics. Especially, in endovascular therapy for cerebral aneurysms using medical devices such as coils or stents, hemodynamics in an aneurysm are related to thrombosis formation in the aneurysm and to its repair. In vascular research using a biomodel (blood vessel phantom with mechanical properties similar to a human artery) for treating cerebral aneurysm, the working fluid, termed Blood-Mimicking Fluid (BMF), should mimic human blood with respect to viscosity so as to obtain realistic blood flow modeling in in vitro measurements. Moreover, refractive indices of BMF must be adjusted to fit biomodel materials because the materials used for Particle Image Velocimetry, one of the best tools for measurement of flow, have various refractive indices. For simultaneous adjustment of the two parameters, i.e. kinematic viscosity and refractive index, an aqueous mixture of glycerol and sodium iodide has been used in previous research. In this paper, we develop a systematic way to precisely find the two targeted parameters of BMF by showing the measurement values of the refractive index and the viscosity of the two aqueous solutions. The refractive index to light of fluorescent was measured with a critical angle refractometer while temperature of sample was also measured. And a vibration-type viscometer was used to obtain the dynamic viscosity under the same condition as refractive index measurement. These measurements were carried out at room temperature and pressure, respectively. As a result of detailed measurements at various proportions, refractive indices of the aqueous solution of glycerol (Gly. aq.) increase monotonically. On the one hand, the kinematic viscosity of Gly. aq. increases very slightly with its proportion and that of the aqueous solution of sodium iodide (NaI aq.) exhibits unique behavior. The results of combining Gly. aq. and NaI aq. indicate that the mixture has a wide range of kinematic viscosity, including the value of blood (around 3.8 mm2/s), at the targeted refractive index. In conclusion, this mixing method is useful for BMF preparation with the adjustment of refractive index and kinematic viscosity.

Solubility Parameters Based on Refractive Index Data of Ionic Liquid

2014 ◽  
Vol 917 ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syamsul Bahari Abdullah ◽  
Zakaria Man ◽  
L. Ismail ◽  
Mohammed Ibrahim Abdul Mutalib ◽  
Mohamad Azmi Bustam
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Carbon Number ◽  
Parameters Estimation ◽  
Solubility Parameters ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Alkyl Side Chain ◽  
Refractive Index Data

This article reports on the estimation of solubility parameters using refractive index for a series of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) and their dependencies on the carbon number of alkyl side-chain of cation and anion. Gathering about 35 ILs of refractive indices data from the literature, the solubility parameters estimation fit well with the suggested correlation. The precision of the estimated solubility parameters obtained indicates that the refractive index-solubility parameters correlation can be an alternative tool to estimate solubility parameter value for ILs.

scholarly journals Influence of Small Quantities of Water on the Physical Properties of Alkylammonium Nitrate Ionic Liquids

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7334
Author(s):  
David Ausín ◽  
Juan J. Parajó ◽  
José L. Trenzado ◽  
Luis M. Varela ◽  
Oscar Cabeza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ethylammonium Nitrate ◽  
Potential Applications

This paper presents a comprehensive study of two alkylammonium nitrate ionic liquids. As part of this family of materials, mainly ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and also propylammonium nitrate (PAN) have attracted a great deal of attention during the last decades due to their potential applications in many fields. Although there have been numerous publications focused on the measurement of their physical properties, a great dispersion can be observed in the results obtained for the same magnitude. One of the critical points to be taken into account in their physical characterization is their water content. Thus, the main objective of this work was to determine the degree of influence of the presence of small quantities of water in EAN and PAN on the measurement of density, viscosity, electrical conductivity, refractive index and surface tension. For this purpose, the first three properties were determined in samples of EAN and PAN with water contents below 30,000 ppm in a wide range of temperatures, between 5 and 95 °C, while the last two were obtained at 25 °C. As a result of this study, it has been concluded that the presence of water is critical in those physical properties that involve mass or charge transport processes, resulting in the finding that the absolute value of the average percentage change in both viscosity and electrical conductivity is above 40%. Meanwhile, refractive index (≤0.3%), density (≤0.5%) and surface tension (≤2%) present much less significant changes.

Light microscopy of ceramics

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 908-909
Author(s):  
Walter C. McCrone
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Complete Coverage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lower Refractive Index

An excellent chapter on this subject by V.D. Fréchette appeared in a book edited by L.L. Hench and R.W. Gould in 1971 (1). That chapter with the references cited there provides a very complete coverage of the subject. I will add a more complete coverage of an important polarized light microscope (PLM) technique developed more recently (2). Dispersion staining is based on refractive index and its variation with wavelength (dispersion of index). A particle of, say almandite, a garnet, has refractive indices of nF = 1.789 nm, nD = 1.780 nm and nC = 1.775 nm. A Cargille refractive index liquid having nD = 1.780 nm will have nF = 1.810 and nC = 1.768 nm. Almandite grains will disappear in that liquid when observed with a beam of 589 nm light (D-line), but it will have a lower refractive index than that liquid with 486 nm light (F-line), and a higher index than that liquid with 656 nm light (C-line).

Application of the turbidity ratio method in the spherical particle size determination in the range m ∈ and α ∈

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 2064-2078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blahoslav Sedláček ◽  
Břetislav Verner ◽  
Miroslav Bárta ◽  
Karel Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Spherical Particle ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Relative Refractive Index ◽  
Particle Size Determination ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Given ◽  
Turbidity Ratio ◽  
Selection Of

Basic scattering functions were used in a novel calculation of the turbidity ratios for particles having the relative refractive index m = 1.001, 1.005 (0.005) 1.315 and the size α = 0.05 (0.05) 6.00 (0.10) 15.00 (0.50) 70.00 (1.00) 100, where α = πL/λ, L is the diameter of the spherical particle, λ = Λ/μ1 is the wavelength of light in a medium with the refractive index μ1 and Λ is the wavelength of light in vacuo. The data are tabulated for the wavelength λ = 546.1/μw = 409.357 nm, where μw is the refractive index of water. A procedure has been suggested how to extend the applicability of Tables to various refractive indices of the medium and to various turbidity ratios τa/τb obtained with the individual pairs of wavelengths λa and λb. The selection of these pairs is bound to the sequence condition λa = λ0χa and λb = λ0χb, in which b-a = δ = 1, 2, 3; a = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ..., b = a + δ = -1, 0, 1, 2, ...; λ0 = λa=0 = 326.675 nm; χ = 546.1 : 435.8 = 1.2531 is the quotient of the given sequence.

Mechanistic Investigation of the Synergy of a Wide Range of Salinities and Ionic Liquids for Enhanced Oil Recovery: Fluid–Fluid Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 3011-3031
Author(s):  
Ali Esfandiarian ◽  
Ali Maghsoudian ◽  
Mahsa Shirazi ◽  
Yousef Tamsilian ◽  
Shahin Kord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Mechanistic Investigation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fluid Interactions

scholarly journals Entanglement entropy in cubic gravitational theories

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Cáceres ◽  
Rodrigo Castillo Vásquez ◽  
Alejandro Vilar López
Keyword(s):  
Entanglement Entropy ◽  
Gravitational Theory ◽  
Riemann Tensor ◽  
Holographic Entanglement Entropy ◽  
Gravitational Theories ◽  
Entropy Functional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Splitting Problem ◽  
Range Of Values

Abstract We derive the holographic entanglement entropy functional for a generic gravitational theory whose action contains terms up to cubic order in the Riemann tensor, and in any dimension. This is the simplest case for which the so-called splitting problem manifests itself, and we explicitly show that the two common splittings present in the literature — minimal and non-minimal — produce different functionals. We apply our results to the particular examples of a boundary disk and a boundary strip in a state dual to 4- dimensional Poincaré AdS in Einsteinian Cubic Gravity, obtaining the bulk entanglement surface for both functionals and finding that causal wedge inclusion is respected for both splittings and a wide range of values of the cubic coupling.

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