The effect of temperature and time of extraction on the quality of Semi Refined Carrageenan (SRC)

Euchema cottonii is a good source of kappa-carrageenan and can be found cultivated in the Indonesia coastal areas in which one of them is in Banten Province. Carrageenans have many applications and are utilized in human food and pet-food industry. Carrageenans are also utilized in non-food industry such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, printing and textile formulations. Hence, the present study features on the cooking process cooking time and cooking temperature. The effects of these parameters on carrageenan quality such as gel viscosity and gel strength were studied. The process of extraction of carrageenan was conducted with variations temperature: 60, 70, and 80 °C and the variation of time: 1, 2, and 3 hours. Alkaline substance used was KOH with 8% concentration and the ratio of solvent to dry seaweed 8:1. From the present investigation, it was observed that SRC extraction reached the best condition at temperature 70 °C for 2 hours with the value of yield 30.20%, 5.90% moisture content, 18.34% ash content, sulfate content of 6.94%, viscosity of 190 cP, and the gel strength 714.45 g / cm2. The treatment of temperature and extraction time significantly affected the quality of the SRC yield parameter, viscosity and gel strength.

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Kualitas Ekstrak Karaginan Dari Rumput Laut “Kappaphycus alvarezii” Hasil Budidaya Di Perairan Pantai Kartini Dan Pulau Kemojan Karimunjawa Kabupaten Jepara

BULETIN OSEANOGRAFI MARINA ◽

10.14710/buloma.v6i2.16556 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 88 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Endang Supriyantini ◽

Gunawan Widi Santosa ◽

Agus Dermawan

Keyword(s):

Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Ester Group ◽

Gel Strength ◽

Quality Level ◽

Spectra Analysis ◽

Sulphate Content ◽

The Stability ◽

Kappa Carrageenan

Karaginan merupakan senyawa hidrokoloid yang diekstraksi dari rumput laut merah jenis Kappaphycus alvarezii. Karaginan dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kestabilan bahan pangan baik yang berbentuk suspensi (dispersi padatan dalam cairan), emulsi (dispersi gas dalam cairan). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui Kualitas ekstrak karaginan hasil ekstraksi rumput laut K. alvarezii dari dua lokasi sampling yang berbeda. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus 2015 sampai bulan Januari 2016, di perairan Pantai Kartini, Jepara dan peraian Kemojan Karimunjawa, Jepara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan analisis spektra FTIR produk telah memenuhi spesifikasi karaginan standar karena gugus-gugus fungsi yang terdapat pada spektrum sampel yang dihasilkan sama seperti gugus pada kappa karaginan yaitu gugus ester sulfat, OH, ikatan glikosidik. Hasil analisis sifat fisik-kimia karaginan (rendemen, kadar air, kadar abu, kadar sulfat, viskositas, dan kekuatan gel) yang paling baik yaitu karaginan dari perairan Kemojan Karimunjawa dibandingkan karaginan Pantai Kartini. Kadar sulfat Pantai Kartini dan Kemojan Karimunjawa masih dibawah kadar mutu yaitu 15-40 %, Sedangkan kekuatan gel kedua perairan yaitu Kemojan Karimunjawa 78,57 g.cm-2 dan Pantai kartini 61,86 g.cm-2 masih jauh di bawah baku mutu yaitu 685,50 g.cm2. Carrageenan is a hydrocolloid compounds extracted from red seaweed types Kappaphycus alvarezii. Carrageenan can be used to improve the stability of food in the form of suspension or emulsions. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of the extract of carrageenan extracted from K. alvarezii at two different sampling locations. This research was conducted in August, 2015 and January, 2016. Samples of seaweed obtained from two different waters, namely Kartini Beach and Kemojan Karimunjawa Island, bolt at jepara regency. The results showed the FTIR spectra analysis of the product met the specifications for a standard carrageenan functional groups contained in the sample spectrum as expressed in clusters of kappa carrageenan namely sulphate ester group , OH , glycosidic bond. The results of analysis of the physical-chemical properties of carrageenan ( yield, moisture content , ash content , sulphate content , viscosity and gel strength ) the best quality of carragenan was obtained from carrageenophyte taken from Kemojan Karimunjawa Island, although sulphate content from two different waters was under quality level at 15 – 40%, while the gel strength kartini 61.86 g.cm-2 and Kemojan 78.57 g.cm-2 both were still far below the of carrageenophyte quality at 685.50 g.cm-2.

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SIFAT FUNGSIONAL SEMI REFINED CARRAGEENAN (SRC) DARI RUMPUT LAUT EUCHEUMA COTTONII ASAL KABUPATEN SANGIHE

Jurnal Ilmiah Tindalung ◽

10.54484/jit.v6i1.388 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 31-36

Author(s):

Obyn Pumpente ◽

Jaka Frianto Putra Palawe

Keyword(s):

Functional Properties ◽

Potassium Hydroxide ◽

Gel Strength ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Economic Potential ◽

Sulfate Content ◽

Eucheuma Cottonii

Rumput laut merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan sektor perikanan karena permintaan yang terus meningkat untuk kebutuhan dalam negeri maupun untuk ekspor. Untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah dan harga jual, maka pengolahan rumput laut menjadi produk karaginan perlu dilakukan. Tetapi meskipun rumpu laut cukup melimpah di Kabupate Sangihe, sejauh ini belum ada penelitian mengenai kualitas tepung karaginan yang diolah dari rumput laut asal pesisir Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi KOH yang menghasilkan karaginan terbaik dan mengkarakterisasi sifat fungsional karaginan rumput laut Eucheuma cottonii asal Kampung Bulo, Kecamatan Tabukan Selatan, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe sedangkan manfaat dari penelitian ini dapat memberikan informasi tentang prospek pengembangan usaha budidaya rumput laut di Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe dan prospek usaha karaginan sebagai bahan baku berbagai industri. Metode Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif, dengan mengamati sifat fungsional dari pesisir Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe, prosedur penelitian dilakukan menggunakan dua tahap yaitu pada tahap pertama pengolahan SRC dengan perlakuan konsentrasi potasium hidroksida 4%, 6%, 8% dan 10%, suhu 80°C dan waktu proses 2 jam, tahap kedua yakni analisis sifat fungional dan rendemen. Penggunaan kalium hidroksida pada proses pembuatan SRC telah memenuhi standar mutu. Kisaran nilai rendemen sebesar 48.49-52.04%, nilai kekuatan gel yakni sebesar 279.59-394.22g/cm2, nilai viskositas didapatkan sebesar 22.08-35.79 cP, nilai kadar sulfat berkisar 18.13-25.43%. Nilai sifat fungsional SRC dari rumput laut Eucheuma cottonii asal Kampung Bulo, Kecamatan Tabukan Selatan, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe memenuhi standar yang ditetapkan oleh FAO dan BSN. Seaweed is one of the promising fisheries commodities because of its increasing demand for both domestic and export needs. To increase added value and price, it is necessary to process seaweed into carrageenan products. However, despite the economic potential of carrageenan and the abundance of seaweed in Sangihe Islands, no research has addressed the quality of carrageenan from seaweed of this region. This study aimed to obtain the best KOH concentration for producing the best carrageenan from Euchema cottonii of Bulo village Nusa Tabukan district Sangihe Islands and to characterize its carrageenan functional properties. The benefit of this research included to provide information regarding the prospects of developing seaweed cultivation in the regency and semi refined carrageenan (SRC) supply as raw material for various industries. The functional properties of semi SRC were determined by using two step analyses. First, SRC was treated with different concentration of potassium hydroxide (4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) KOH at 80°C and for 2 hours. Then, it was followed by analysis of SRC’s functional properties and yields. The results showed yield of 48.49 to 52.04%, gel strength of 279.59-394.22g /cm2, viscosity of 22.08-35.79 cP and sulfate content of 18.13-25.43%. These SRC’s functional properties of E. cottonii from Sangihe Islands Regency and the KOH concentration used in this study met the standards set by FAO and BSN.

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Analisis Parameter Fisika dan Kimia Karaginan Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty 1985 (Florideophyceae : Solieriaceae) Dengan Variasi Ekstraksi dari Perairan Bluto

Journal of Marine Research ◽

10.14710/jmr.v8i4.25275 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 409-415

Author(s):

Nursiana Suci Wulandari ◽

Rini Pramesti ◽

AB. Susanto

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Alkaline Solution ◽

Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽

Treatment Method ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Gel Strength ◽

Ash Content ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Kappa Carrageenan

Kappaphycus alvarezii merupakan rumput laut merah penghasil karaginan yang dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai industri dan diperoleh melalui ekstraksi. Ekstraksi umumnya menggunakan larutan alkali sebagai pelarut dalam proses pemanasan maupun perendaman. Ekstraksi tanpa larutan alkali masih jarang dilakukan. Ekstraksi cara alkali, non-alkali maupun pre-treatment alkali mempengaruhi kualitas karaginan sehingga penelitian ini perlu dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian untuk memperoleh karaginan kualitas terbaik dari 3 metode ekstraksi. Parameter yang diambil meliputi rendemen, kadar air, kadar abu, kekuatan gel, viskositas dan analisis FTIR. Karaginan dihasilkan melalui ekstraksi secara alkali dengan pemanasan KOH, pre-treatment alkali dengan perendaman KOH sebelum pemanasan dan ekstraksi native pemanasan dengan air suling. Hasil penelitian didapatkan nilai rendemen terbaik dengan metode alkali (36,68±2,33%). Kadar air terbaik metode pre-treatment (3,91±0,84%). Kadar abu terbaik metode alkali (32,7±2,42%). Kekuatan gel terbaik dengan metode alkali (519±29,01g/cm2). Viskositas terbaik metode native (70,43±0,74 cPs). Hasil FTIR menunjukkan sampel yang dihasilkan jenis kappa karaginan. Kappaphycus alvarezii produces carrageenan which is widely used for industrial and obtained through extraction. Generally the extraction is using an alkaline solution as a solvent of heating or soaking process. Extraction without alkaline solution is infrequently performed. Different extraction methods affect the quality of the carrageenan, therefore the research has to be done. The purpose of this research is to obtain the best quality carrageenan from 3 different extraction methods. The parameters performed yield, water content, ash content, gel strength, viscosity and FTIR analysis. Carrageenan are produced through alkaline extraction treatment with KOH, pre-treatment alkaline with KOH and native extraction with distilled water. The results showed the best yield was alkaline method (36.68±2.33%), the best water content was pre-treatment method (3.91±0.84%), the best ash content was the alkaline method (32.7±2.42%), the best gel strength was the alkaline method (519 ± 29.01g/cm2), the best viscosity was the native method (70.43±0.74 cPs). Analysis FTIR showed the samples produced kappa carrageenan.

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Perbedaan NaOH Terhadap Kualitas Gracilaria verrucosa, Greville, 1830 (Florideophyceae : Gracilariaceae)

Journal of Marine Research ◽

10.14710/jmr.v10i1.28541 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 97-101

Author(s):

Akmal Nasrulloh ◽

Rini Pramesti ◽

Gunawan Widi Santosa

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Alkaline Solution ◽

Extraction Method ◽

Food Industry ◽

Gel Strength ◽

Ash Content ◽

Gracilaria Verrucosa ◽

Food Thickener

Gracilaria verrucosa merupakan salah satu jenis rumput laut yang berpotensi sebagai penghasil agar bernilai tinggi. Senyawa ini banyak digunakan sebagai pengental atau penstabil makanan dalam industri makanan. Jenis ini umumnya ditemukan di alam maupun dibudidayakan di tambak. Faktor fisik lingkungan dan parameter perairan dapat mempengaruhi kualitas agar yang dihasilkan. Informasi tentang kualitas agar dari rumput laut yang tumbuh di laut masih sedikit ditemukan, sehingga diperlukan penelitian. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi NaOH terhadap kualitas agar G. verrucosa. Metode ekstraksi dilakukan dengan merendam sampel dalam larutan alkali (NaOH) hingga didapatkan agar, kemudian dikeringkan dan ditepung. Semua data dianalisis secara statistik yaitu normalitas, homogenitas dan two way ANOVA. Hasil ekstraksi agar didapatkan rendemen sebesar 18,44-20,35%, kadar air 13,22-15,06%, kadar abu 2,65-6,78% serta kekuatan gel 55,18-210,26 g/cm2. Hasil FTIR menunjukkan gugus galaktosa yaitu 3,6-anhidro-L-galaktosa yang menandakan sampel mengandung komposisi agar. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi NaOH berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen, kadar abu dan kekuatan gel (p<0,05) kecuali kadar air. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi NaOH maka rendemen, kadar air, kadar abu dan kekuatan gel akan semakin tinggi. Gracilaria verrucosa is one type of seaweed that has the potential to produce of high-value agar. This compound is much used as a food thickener or stabilizer in the food industry. This species is generally found in nature and cultivated in ponds. Factor of physical environmental and water parameter can affect the quality of produced agar. Information about quality of agar from seaweed that grows in the sea still rarely found, so research is needed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different NaOH concentrations on the quality of agar G. verrucosa. The extraction method is done by soaking seaweed in an alkaline solution (NaOH) to obtain agar, then dried and turned into flour. All data were analyzed statistically with normality, homogenity and two way ANOVA. The results extraction of agar obtained yields 18,44-20,35%, water content 13,22-15,06%, ash content 2,65-6,78% and gel strength 55,18-210,26 g/cm2. FTIR results showed a galactose group of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose which indicated the sample contained agar composition. The results showed that NaOH concentration significantly affected yield, ash content and gel strength (p<0,05) except water content. The higher concentration of NaOH therefore the yield, water content, ash content and gel strength would be higher.

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Peningkatan kualitas karagenan rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii dengan metode budidaya keranjang jaring

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.15.2.124-131 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 124 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ismail Failu ◽

Eddy Supriyono ◽

Sugeng Hari Suseno

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽

Gel Strength ◽

Daily Growth Rate ◽

Daily Growth ◽

Cultivation Method ◽

Yield Value ◽

Carrageenan Quality ◽

Seaweed Culture

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the quality of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed carrageenan cultured using methods basket nets in waters of Baruta, Sangia, Wambulu, District of Buton, Southeast Sulawesi. The study consisted of three treatments in triplicates. Seaweed culture used different cultivation net-basket forms i.e. net-basket box, net-basket lantern, and longline without net-basket (control). Quality of K. alvarezii seaweed obtained in this study varied from each treatments. Daily growth rate in each treatment were not significantly different. Production of seaweed with a net-basket box (201.61 g/m2) was higher than the net-basket lanterns (183.22 g/m2), but not significantly different from control (196.98 g/m2). Carageenan yield value of control (46.74%) was the highest of all treatments. The water content of carrageenan in each treatment was not significantly different and it ranged from 17.20–17.39%. The viscosity of carrageenan in net-basket lantern (179.40 cPs) was the highest of all treatments. Carrageenan gel strength was the best treatment (702.53 g/cm²). As conclusion, using the net-basket lantern as cultivation method provided quality improvement of carrageenan in K. alvarezii seaweed. Keywords: Kappaphycus alvarezii, cultivation methods, carrageenan quality ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kualitas karagenan rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii yang dibudidaya menggunakan metode keranjang jaring di perairan Baruta, Kecamatan Sangia, Wambulu, Kabupaten Buton Sulawesi Tenggara. Penelitian terdiri atas tiga pelakuan dan tiga ulangan. Pemeliharaan rumput laut dilakukan dengan metode keranjang jaring berbeda yaitu metode keranjang jaring kotak, keranjang jaring lampion, dan longline tanpa menggunakan keranjang jaring (kontrol). Hasil pengamatan kualitas rumput laut K. alvarezii dalam penelitian ini bervariasi dari setiap perlakuan yang diberikan. Laju pertumbuhan harian pada setiap perlakuan tidak berbeda nyata. Produksi rumput laut dengan metode keranjang jaring kotak (201,61 g/m2) lebih tinggi dibandingkan jaring lampion (183,22 g/m2), namun tidak berbeda nyata dengan kontrol (196,98 g/m2). Nilai rendemen karagenan kontrol (46,74%) lebih tinggi dari perlakuan lainnya. Kadar air karagenan pada setiap perlakuan tidak berbeda nyata yaitu berkisar 17,20–17,39%. Viskositas karagenan perlakuan metode keranjang jaring lampion (179,40 cPs) lebih tinggi dibandigkan perlakuan lainnya. Kekuatan gel karagenan perlakuan metode keranjang jaring lampion (702,53 g/cm²) lebih tinggi dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode keranjang jaring lampion memberikan peningkatkan kualitas karagenan rumput laut K. alvarezii yang dibudidayakan. Kata kunci: Kappaphycus alvarezii, metode budidaya, kualitas karagenan

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Transcriptomic and Metabolic Profiling of High-Temperature Treated Storage Roots Reveals the Mechanism of Saccharification in Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22136641 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (13) ◽

pp. 6641

Author(s):

Chen Li ◽

Meng Kou ◽

Mohamed Hamed Arisha ◽

Wei Tang ◽

Meng Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Transcriptome Sequencing ◽

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Storage Roots ◽

Metabolic Analysis ◽

Cooking Process

The saccharification of sweetpotato storage roots is a common phenomenon in the cooking process, which determines the edible quality of table use sweetpotato. In the present study, two high saccharified sweetpotato cultivars (Y25, Z13) and one low saccharified cultivar (X27) in two growth periods (S1, S2) were selected as materials to reveal the molecular mechanism of sweetpotato saccharification treated at high temperature by transcriptome sequencing and non-targeted metabolome determination. The results showed that the comprehensive taste score, sweetness, maltose content and starch change of X27 after steaming were significantly lower than those of Y25 and Z13. Through transcriptome sequencing analysis, 1918 and 1520 differentially expressed genes were obtained in the two periods of S1 and S2, respectively. Some saccharification-related transcription factors including MYB families, WRKY families, bHLH families and inhibitors were screened. Metabolic analysis showed that 162 differentially abundant metabolites related to carbohydrate metabolism were significantly enriched in starch and sucrose capitalization pathways. The correlation analysis between transcriptome and metabolome confirmed that the starch and sucrose metabolic pathways were significantly co-annotated, indicating that it is a vitally important metabolic pathway in the process of sweetpotato saccharification. The data obtained in this study can provide valuable resources for follow-up research on sweetpotato saccharification and will provide new insights and theoretical basis for table use sweetpotato breeding in the future.

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The effect of temperature and time of baking to sensory quality of banana-based food bars

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/672/1/012058 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 672 (1) ◽

pp. 012058

Author(s):

T Rahman ◽

R Luthfiyanti ◽

A C Iwansyah ◽

N A Choiriyah ◽

D Ishartani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sensory Quality ◽

Effect Of Temperature

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Evaluation of nutritional value and microbiological safety in commercial dog food

Veterinary Research Communications ◽

10.1007/s11259-021-09791-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Katarzyna Kazimierska ◽

Wioletta Biel ◽

Robert Witkowicz ◽

Jolanta Karakulska ◽

Xymena Stachurska

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Value ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Microbial Count ◽

Pet Food ◽

Microbiological Safety ◽

Dog Food ◽

Number Of Microorganisms ◽

Contaminated Food ◽

Dry Food

AbstractIn addition to properly balancing nutritional value in accordance with the needs of a dog, estimating the microbiological quality of dog food is crucial in providing healthy and safe foods. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of dry food for adult dogs, with particular reference to: (1) evaluating the nutritional value and compliance with nutritional guidelines for dogs, (2) comparing the nutritional value of dog foods, with particular emphasis on the division into cereal and cereal-free foods, and (3) evaluating their microbiological safety. All thirty-six evaluated dry dog foods met the minimum European Pet Food Industry FEDIAF requirement for total protein and fat content. The total aerobic microbial count in the analyzed dry dog foods ranged from 2.7 × 102 to above 3.0 × 107 cfu/g. In five (14%) dog foods the presence of staphylococci was detected; however, coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CPS) was not found. Mold presence was reported in one cereal-free dog food and in six cereal foods. In none of the analyzed foods Enterobacteriaceae were found, including coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Bacteria of the genus Listeria and Clostridium as well as yeasts were also not detected. In conclusion, the evaluated dry dog foods had varied microbiological quality. The detected number of microorganisms may have some implications for long-term consumption of contaminated food. The lack of European Commission standards regarding the permissible amounts of microorganisms in pet food may result in insufficient quality control of these products.

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EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND GAS COMPOSITION ON QUALITY OF GARLIC BULBS

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.2007.746.8 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 77-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Nei ◽

N. Nakamura ◽

H. Umehara ◽

P. Roy ◽

H. Okadome ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Gas Composition

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Effect of Temperature during Grain Filling Stage on Endosperm Structure and Apperance Quality of Aromatic Rice

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.460.286 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 460 ◽

pp. 286-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhen Jiang Xu ◽

Li Zhong Xiao ◽

Hong Liu ◽

Yong Hao Ren ◽

Zhi Lin Li

Keyword(s):

Grain Filling ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Aromatic Rice ◽

Starch Granules ◽

Filling Stage ◽

Appearance Quality ◽

Endosperm Structure ◽

Grain Filling Stage

Based on the experiment of two inbred aromatic rice varieties and one hybrid aromatic rice line treated under four different temperatures( daymean temperature 21°C, 23°C, 26°C and 30°C respectively) during grain filling stage in phytotrons, the shape and arrangement of endosperm starch granules in rice grain transection were observed by scanning electron microscope and the related characteristics of rice grain qualities of chalky percent and chalkiness were analyzed at the same time. The results showed that under the lower temperature( daymean temperature21°C and 23°C), many large compound starch granules with clear angulars packed together regularly without significant natural gaps bewteen starch granules in the tansectional endosperm. However, with the increase of temperature, starch granules in the transectional endosperm were changed from regularly shaped and closely and orderly arranged to various shaped and chaoticly arranged with obvious natural gaps between starch granules, which was closely consistent with the poorer appearance quality under the higher temperature, which indicated that the endosperm structure is closely related with appearance quality of aromatic rice.

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