scholarly journals The effect of vegetation canopy on canopy storage capacity with different rainfall intensity

2018 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
A.M. Nur Syahida ◽  
A.B. Azinoor Azida
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Barren Land ◽  
Vital Component ◽  
Land Covers

Canopy Interception is one of the vital component in hydrological cycle and underestimating the interception process can significantly affect the water balance. A study of rainfall interception was conducted using rainfall simulator called hydrology apparatus. Three different rainfall intensities were used in this study; 90 mm/hr, 140 mm/hr and 180 mm/hr. These intensities were produced by 8 nozzles. The test were first carried out on the barren land without the existence of canopy cover. To study the effect of canopy cover on canopy storage capacity, broadleaf plant (Scindapsus Aureus) was used to cover the barren land. The differences between the amount of water discharge between these two different land covers were observed to determine the quantity of water stored in the canopy. Results indicated that Scindapsus Aureus intercepted more water at lower intensity than at higher intensity. The lowest intensity was 90 mm/hr stored 1.6mm of rainwater while 140 mm/hr retained 0.8 mm. 180 mm/hr was the highest rainfall intensity used in this study intercepted 0.3mm of total precipitation. Therefore, this study proved that rainfall intensity is one of the main factors that influence the rainfall interception process.

Can old growth alpine forests be biophysical barriers against current heat waves?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Montagnani ◽  
Nikolaus Obojes ◽  
Gert Wolf ◽  
Glenda Garcia Santos
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Current Heat

<p><strong>Can old growth alpine forests be biophysical barriers against current heat waves?</strong></p><p>The current climate crisis requires an urgent understanding of ecosystem features dampening and alleviating the increasing radiation forcing. To this end, emission of latent heat from forests emerges with its relevance among the terrestrial ecosystem properties. It is not clear, however, if the different forest structures and ages act similarly, depending on the species composition, or if their structure has a role.</p><p>We performed a research on the hydrological cycle in the highly instrumented research facility in Renon forest, Italian Alps, belonging to the ICOS European infrastructure. The site is covered by a dense but structurally heterogeneous spruce forest, characterized by a young sector, with 30 years trees and an old forest sector composed by 200 years old trees.</p><p>Energy and water balance are quantified by eddy covariance instrumentation, 12 sap flux sensors in trees representative of the forest tree ages and 20 below-canopy pluviometers in each of the two forest structures. With these pluviometers, we quantified the relative role of canopy interception as a function of LAI density, precipitation intensity and duration. Water discharge and fog interception measurements allowed the closure of the water cycle at catchment scale.</p><p>Interestingly, we found that the water cycle is largely decoupled from the ground. In the old forest section, the fraction of water reaching the ground in the old sector is the 0.42±0.17 (vs. 0.67±0.17 in the young sector) of incoming precipitation. This suggests that in old alpine forests the hydrological cycle takes place largely in the crown and the old forest is using a large fraction of precipitation to dissipate heat.</p><p>Our results support the view of stand age as emerging property in the atmosphere-biosphere interaction and highlight the relevance of old forests in dampening the recurrent heat spells spreading across Europe, with the Alps and their remaining old growth forests standing as biophysical barriers.</p>

scholarly journals Estimation and testing of linkages between forest structure and rainfall interception characteristics of a Robinia pseudoacacia plantation on China’s Loess Plateau

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changkun Ma ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
Mingan Shao ◽  
Xiaoxu Jia
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Interception Loss

AbstractUnderstanding the interaction between canopy structure and the parameters of interception loss is essential in predicting the variations in partitioning rainfall and water resources as affected by changes in canopy structure and in implementing water-based management in semiarid forest plantations. In this study, seasonal variations in rainfall interception loss and canopy storage capacity as driven by canopy structure were predicted and the linkages were tested using seasonal filed measurements. The study was conducted in nine 50 m × 50 m Robinia pseudoacacia plots in the semiarid region of China’s Loess Plateau. Gross rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were measured in seasons with and without leaves in 2015 and 2016. Results show that measured average interception loss for the nine plots were 17.9% and 9.4% of gross rainfall during periods with leaves (the growing season) and without leaves, respectively. Average canopy storage capacity estimated using an indirect method was 1.3 mm in the growing season and 0.2 mm in the leafless season. Correlations of relative interception loss and canopy storage capacity to canopy variables were highest for leaf/wood area index (LAI/WAI) and canopy cover, followed by bark area, basal area, tree height and stand density. Combined canopy cover, leaf/wood area index and bark area multiple regression models of interception loss and canopy storage capacity were established for the growing season and in the leafless season in 2015. It explained 97% and 96% of the variations in relative interception loss during seasons with and without leaves, respectively. It also explained 98% and 99% of the variations in canopy storage capacity during seasons with and without leaves, respectively. The empirical regression models were validated using field data collected in 2016. The models satisfactorily predicted relative interception loss and canopy storage capacity during seasons with and without leaves. This study provides greater understanding about the effects of changes in tree canopy structure (e.g., dieback or mortality) on hydrological processes.

scholarly journals Relation of influencing variables and weather conditions on rainfall partitioning by birch and pine trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-466
Author(s):  
Katarina Zabret ◽  
Mojca Šraj
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Boosted Regression Trees ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Birch Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Abstract General weather conditions may have a strong influence on the individual elements of the hydrological cycle, an important part of which is rainfall interception. The influence of general weather conditions on this process was analysed, evaluating separately the influence of various variables on throughfall, stemflow, and rainfall interception for a wet (2014), a dry (2015), and an average (2016) year. The analysed data were measured for the case of birch and pine trees at a study site in the city of Ljubljana, Slovenia. The relationship between the components of rainfall partitioning and the influential variables for the selected years was estimated using two statistical models, namely boosted regression trees and random forest. The results of both implemented models complemented each other well, as both indicated the rainfall amount and the number of raindrops as the most influential variables. During the wet year 2014 rainfall duration seems to play an important role, correlating with the previously observed influence of the variables during the wetter leafless period. Similarly, during the dry year 2015, rainfall intensity had a significant influence on rainfall partitioning by the birch tree, again corresponding to the influences observed during the drier leafed period.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Three Canopy Interception Models for a Leafless Mixed Deciduous Forest Stand in the Eastern United States

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas P. Klingaman ◽  
Delphis F. Levia ◽  
Ethan E. Frost
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Maximum Wind Speed ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Maximum Wind

Abstract Canopy interception of incident precipitation is a critical component of the forest water balance during each of the four seasons. Models have been developed to predict precipitation interception from standard meteorological variables because of acknowledged difficulty in extrapolating direct measurements of interception loss from forest to forest. No known study has compared and validated canopy interception models for a leafless deciduous forest stand in the eastern United States. Interception measurements from an experimental plot in a leafless deciduous forest in northeastern Maryland (39°42′N, 75°50′W) for 11 rainstorms in winter and early spring 2004/05 were compared to predictions from three models. The Mulder model maintains a moist canopy between storms. The Gash model requires few input variables and is formulated for a sparse canopy. The WiMo model optimizes the canopy storage capacity for the maximum wind speed during each storm. All models showed marked underestimates and overestimates for individual storms when the measured ratio of interception to gross precipitation was far more or less, respectively, than the specified fraction of canopy cover. The models predicted the percentage of total gross precipitation (PG) intercepted to within the probable standard error (8.1%) of the measured value: the Mulder model overestimated the measured value by 0.1% of PG; the WiMo model underestimated by 0.6% of PG; and the Gash model underestimated by 1.1% of PG. The WiMo model’s advantage over the Gash model indicates that the canopy storage capacity increases logarithmically with the maximum wind speed. This study has demonstrated that dormant-season precipitation interception in a leafless deciduous forest may be satisfactorily predicted by existing canopy interception models.

scholarly journals Expected changes in water resources availability and water quality with respect to climate change in the Elbe River basin (Germany)

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 321-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Krysanova ◽  
Fred Hattermann ◽  
Anja Habeck
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Elbe River ◽  
Elbe River Basin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Elbe River

Reliable modelling of climate–water interactions at the river basin and regional scale requires development of advanced modelling approaches at scales relevant for assessing the potential effects of climate change on the hydrological cycle. These approaches should represent the atmospheric, surface and subsurface hydrological processes and take into account their characteristic temporal and spatial scales of occurrence. The paper presents a climate change impact assessment performed for the Elbe River basin in Germany (about 100 000 km2). The method used for the study combines: (a) a statistical downscaling method driven by GCM-predicted temperature trend for producing climate scenarios, and (b) a simulation technique based on an ecohydrological semi-distributed river basin model, which was thoroughly validated in advance. The overall result of the climate impact study for the basin is that the mean water discharge and the mean groundwater recharge in the Elbe basin will be most likely decreased under the expected climate change and diffuse source pollution will be diminished. Our study confirms that the uncertainty in hydrological and water quality responses to changing climate is generally higher than the uncertainty in climate input. The method is transferable to other basins in the temperate zone.

Terrestrial laser scanning‐derived canopy interception index for predicting rainfall interception

Ecohydrology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Yu ◽  
Tian Gao ◽  
Jiaojun Zhu ◽  
Xiaohua Wei ◽  
Qinghua Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Rainfall Interception

How sensitive are rainfall interception models to the canopy parameters of semi-arid forests?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinos Eliades ◽  
Adriana Bruggeman ◽  
Hakan Djuma ◽  
Maciek W. Lubczynski
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Optimal Parameter ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Zero Bias ◽  
Calibration Period ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Semi Arid

<p>Quantifying rainfall interception can be a difficult task because the canopy storage has high spatial and temporal variability. The aim of this study is to examine the sensitivity of three commonly used rainfall interception models (Rutter, Gash and Liu) to the canopy storage capacity (S) and to the free throughfall coefficient (p).  The research was carried out in a semi-arid Pinus brutia forest, located in Cyprus. One meteorological station and 15 manual throughfall gauges were used to measure throughfall and to compute rainfall interception for the period between January 2008 and July 2016. Additionally, one automatic and 28 manual throughfall gauges were installed in July 2016. We ran the models for different sets of canopy parameter values and evaluated their performances with the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and the bias, for the calibration period (July 2016 - December 2019). We validated the models for the period between January 2008 and July 2016. During the calibration period, the models were tested with different temporal resolutions (hourly and daily). Total rainfall and rainfall interception during the calibration period were 1272 and 264 mm, respectively. The simplified Rutter model with the hourly interval showed a decrease of the NSE with an increase of the free throughfall coefficient. The bias of the model was near zero for a canopy storage between 2 and 2.5 mm and a free throughfall coefficient between 0.4 and 0.7. The Rutter model was less sensitive to changes in the canopy parameters than the other two models. The bias of the daily Gash and Liu models was more sensitive to the free throughfall coefficients than to the canopy storage capacity. The bias of these models was near zero for free throughfall coefficients over 0.7. The daily Gash and Liu models show high NSE values (0.93 – 0.96) for a range of different canopy parameter values (S: 0.5 – 4.0, p: 0 – 0.9). Zero bias was achieved for a canopy storage capacity of 2 mm and above and a free throughfall coefficient between 0 and 0.7. Total rainfall and rainfall interception during the validation period were 3488 and 1039 mm, respectively. The Gash model performed better than the Liu model when the optimal parameter set (highest NSE, zero bias) was used. The interception computed with the Gash model was 987 mm, while 829 mm with the Liu model. This study showed that there is a range of canopy parameter values that can be used to achieve high model performance of rainfall interception models.</p>

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF MODIS NDVI AND RAINFALL RELATION OVER THE LAND USE AND LAND COVERS OF TAMIL NADU, INDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W6 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
P. J. Prajesh ◽  
B. Kannan ◽  
S. Pazhanivelan ◽  
R. Kumaraperumal ◽  
K. P. Ragunath
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Seasonal Rainfall ◽  
Surface Reflectance ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Barren Land ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Dry Spell ◽  
Land Covers

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Vegetation is a part of terrestrial ecosystem that plays an important role in stabilizing global environment. Their needs to be a reliable information on the status of vegetation, which is needed for solving environmental problems. In this present study, vegetation growth and development were monitored over the land covets of Tamil Nadu, India during the crop growing season viz., <i>Kharif</i> season and <i>Rabi</i> season of 2017 using MODIS satellite derived surface reflectance product (MOD09A1) which is available at 500 m resolution and 8-days temporal period. Based on the surface reflectance data, NDVI was extracted for monitoring vegetation greening and browning. In order to correlate the relation between vegetation growth and influence of rainfall over the land covers, averaged seasonal rainfall was extracted from TRMM based rainfall product. It was noticed that NDVI response from the land covers showed a good range of temporal variations in vegetation biomass condition, however NDVI values appears to have increasing variations which indicated presence of high biomass intensity in Tamil Nadu. The seasonal NDVI response under non-vegetated/barren land class and moderate vegetation class was well related to shortage of dry spell and deficiency in precipitation that occurs due to abrupt changes in climate within the season. While the seasonal rainfall distribution over the land covers suggested that, compared to <i>Kharif</i> season, <i>Rabi</i> season received maximum amount of rainfall in Tamil Nadu during the cropping season of 2017. However, it was also observed that due fluctuation in intensity and duration of rainfall, the seasonal rainfall distribution over the land covers suggested that, compared to <i>Kharif</i> season, <i>Rabi</i> season received maximum amount of rainfall in Tamil Nadu during the cropping season of 2017.</p>

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Change on the Hydrology of the Forested Watershed That Drains to Lake Erken in Sweden: An Analysis Using SWAT+ and CMIP6 Scenarios

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1803
Author(s):  
Inmaculada C. Jiménez-Navarro ◽  
Patricia Jimeno-Sáez ◽  
Adrián López-Ballesteros ◽  
Julio Pérez-Sánchez ◽  
Javier Senent-Aparicio
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case

Precipitation and temperature around the world are expected to be altered by climate change. This will cause regional alterations to the hydrological cycle. For proper water management, anticipating these changes is necessary. In this study, the basin of Lake Erken (Sweden) was simulated with the recently released software SWAT+ to study such alterations in a short (2026–2050), medium (2051–2075) and long (2076–2100) period, under two different climate change scenarios (SSP2-45 and SSP5-85). Seven global climate models from the latest projections of future climates that are available (CIMP 6) were compared and ensembled. A bias-correction of the models’ data was performed with five different methods to select the most appropriate one. Results showed that the temperature is expected to increase in the future from 2 to 4 °C, and precipitation from 6% to 20%, depending on the scenario. As a result, water discharge would also increase by about 18% in the best-case scenario and by 50% in the worst-case scenario, and the surface runoff would increase between 5% and 30%. The floods and torrential precipitations would also increase in the basin. This trend could lead to soil impoverishment and reduced water availability in the basin, which could damage the watershed’s forests. In addition, rising temperatures would result in a 65% reduction in the snow water equivalent at best and 92% at worst.

scholarly journals Modelling and measurement of two-layer-canopy interception losses in a subtropical evergreen forest of central-south China

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Zhang ◽  
G. M. Zeng ◽  
Y. M. Jiang ◽  
G. H. Huang ◽  
J. B. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
South China ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Sparse Model ◽  
Subtropical Evergreen Forest ◽  
Interception Loss ◽  
Central South ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. The original Gash analytical model and the sparse Gash's model were combined to simulate rainfall interception losses from the top- and sub-canopy layers in Shaoshan evergreen forest located in central-south China in 2003. The total estimated interception loss from the two canopy layers was 334.1 mm with an overestimation of 39.8 mm or 13.5% of the total measured interception (294.3 mm). The simulated interception losses of the top- and sub-canopy suggested that the simulated interception losses in the stages of ''during storms'' and ''after storms'' were in good agreement with the published ones. Both the original Gash model and the sparse model overestimated the interception losses, but the sparse model gave more accurate estimates than the original Gash model.

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